Data Collection and Levels of Measurement

This article discusses data collection and levels of measurement in relation to diabetes. It includes three articles that use different types of studies and statistical tests. The article also explains the difference between parametric and non-parametric tests and how reliability and validity are accounted for.

Running head: DATA COLLECTION AND LEVELS OF MEASUREMENT 1
Data Collection and Levels of Measurement
Name of Author
Institutional Affiliation
Date of Submission

DATA COLLECTION AND LEVELS OF MEASUREMENT 2
Data Collection and Levels of Measurement
Introduction
According to Donovan (2017), diabetes is a condition that influences the usage of glucose within
the body and exists in two types (i.e. Type I and Type II). In the United States, it is estimated that
over 30 million people per year are getting affected by this condition. The diabetic condition is
deemed to be a condition when the cells of the body fail to perceive any level of insulin thereby
leading to the build-up of the level of blood glucose in the blood (Anggraini, 2019). In this paper,
three articles relating to diabetes have been selected for discussion in regard to data collection
and levels of measurements.
Quantitative: Anggraini, R., Suryawati, C., & Rachma, N. (2019). Effects of Dietary
Management Education on Self-Efficacy and Caregiver Practice in Dietary Care of Family
Members with Type 2 DM. Jurnal Ners dan Kebidanan Indonesia, 6(3), 43-50.
a. Type of study used
In this second article, both pre and post-test quasi experimental studies were applied to examine
the impacts of the T2DM in dietary management and education for healthcare specialists.
Alongside these two studies, purpose sampling was also applied where 44 healthcare providers
were recruited.
b. Types of statistical tests used and why
The authors of this article used chi-square test. This test was used by the author since it allows
one to test the homogeneity of the features of the subjects in both the control and treatment
groups. Furthermore, the analysis of the data was done using the Mann-Whitney and Wilcoxon

DATA COLLECTION AND LEVELS OF MEASUREMENT 3
rank tests since there was need to compare differences between the independent groups and the
dependent variable without normality.
c. Applicability of the chosen statistical tests and why
The use of Chi- Square test was applicable in this case since author needed to determine if there
existed any significant difference between the treatment groups and the control groups. On the
other hand, the use of both Wilcoxon and Mann-Whitney test was applicable because the author
needed to compare the two related samples which in this case were; actual treatment sample and
the control group sample data (Evans et al., 2015).
d. How the factors of reliability and validity are accounted for
In this article, the reliability and validity are accounted for in different ways. First, the use of a
structured questionnaire with close-ended questions forms addresses the issue of reliability of the
information. Second, the validity is ascertained through the use of the best statistical analyses
and approaches. The application of the appropriate tests such as Chi-square test, Non-parametric
test ensure better results are obtained for references.
e. The difference between parametric and non-parametric tests
Wilcoxon rank test was used since there was need to compare differences between the
independent groups and the dependent variable without normality while Mann-Whitney U test
was used since there was need to compare the two paired groups (i.e. the intervention and control
groups).
Qualitative: Donovan, C. (2017). Challenges In Self-Management Of Type 2 Diabetes
Mellitus (T2dm) In A Rural Community Of Eastern Canada. Perspectives, 39(3), 6.0

DATA COLLECTION AND LEVELS OF MEASUREMENT 4
f. Type of study used
In this article, both observational and interventional studies were applied in examining the
challenges that are faced by the rural person in dealing with type II diabetes. The author has also
applied randomized trial alongside these two study designs to discuss with the healthcare
specialists on their skills and capability in working with rural residents with T2DM.
g. Types of statistical tests used and why
In this article, no statistical test was used by the author however, the data were sorted out in a
manner to suggest the main ideas and results were obtained and recorded in a logical way.
h. Applicability of the chosen statistical tests and why
Since no statistical test was deployed in the analysis and presentation of the information or data,
thus the question of applicability of the chosen statistical test does not apply.
i. How the factors of reliability and validity are accounted for
In regard to reliability and validity issues, various approaches applied to account for. First, the
trustworthiness or the reliability of the data was ascertained via the development of trust with the
patients by pay attention, displaying sincere interest and providing a setting that was conducive
to free manifestation of ideas and emotional state.
j. The difference between parametric and non-parametric tests
#No parametric or non-parametric test was used in this article by the author
Mixed-Method: Moghadam, S. T., Ms, S. S. N., & Ms, S. Y. (2018). The effect of self-care
education on emotional intelligence and hba1c level in patients with type 2 diabetes

DATA COLLECTION AND LEVELS OF MEASUREMENT 5
mellitus: a randomized controlled clinical trial. International journal of community-based
nursing and midwifery, 6(1), 39.
a. Type of study used
In this last article, a randomized controlled clinical trial alongside pre and post-test studies was
used. Regarding the type of study used in collecting the data from the 48 participants with type II
diabetes mellitus, blood testing and bar on questionnaire were applied.
b. Types of statistical tests used and why
In this article, Bonferroni, Chi-Square, Mann- Whitney, Independent sample t-test and repeated
measures tests were used in analyzing the data. Bonferroni tests was used since the author
needed to perform multiple analyses based on the same dependent variable which in this case,
would have resulted to an increase in the level of type one error. So, to prevent this, the author
applied the Bonferroni test. Both Mann-Whitney and Wilcoxon tests were used since there was
need to compare the two paired groups (Lancsar & Swait, 2014). The Chi square test was used to
determine if there existed any significant differences between the intervention and the control
groups (Nakagawa & Santos, 2012). Finally, the independent t-test was slightly used to test the
hypothesis as to whether any significant difference existed between the means of these two
groups of the samples (Aguinis & Bradley, 2014).
c. Applicability of the chosen statistical tests and why
The non-parametric tests (the Mann-Whitney and Wilcoxon rank test) were much applicable for
use since there was need to compare the two paired groups (i.e. the intervention and control
groups). The Chi square test was used to determine if there existed any significant differences
between the intervention and the control groups. Bonferroni tests on the other hand was

DATA COLLECTION AND LEVELS OF MEASUREMENT 6
applicable since the author needed to perform multiple analyses based on the same dependent
variable which in this case, would have resulted to an increase in the level of type one error
(Schmidt et al., 2016). So, to prevent this, the Bonferroni test was much applicable. Finally, the
independent t-test was also applicable in case of testing the hypothesis as to whether any
significant difference existed between the means of the intervention and the control groups.
d. How the factors of reliability and validity are accounted for
The reliability and validity issues that emerged were encountered in this article includes; the
allocation of the participants in a predictable way, extraneous factors affecting the treatment
conditions equally, use of short follow up duration which was restricted to a two months and
finally, the setting of the research which was restricted to one month only. All these have been
accounted for by the use of the best and right statistical analyses. These tests ensures better and
appropriate results which can be relied upon by users of such information (Wood, et al., 2014).
e. The difference between parametric and non-parametric tests used
Mann-Whitney U test was used since there was need to compare the two paired groups (i.e. the
intervention and control groups) while Wilcoxon rank test was used since there was need to
compare differences between the independent groups and the dependent variable without
normality.
Summary of how the chosen studies could be applied within the context of my practice
In summary, the chosen studies are much applicable within context of my practice in many ways.
For instance, the pre and post-test quasi experimental studies can be applied to examine the
impacts of the T2DM in dietary management and education for healthcare specialists. Second,
these studies are much easy to apply and integrate into any system at any level within a given

DATA COLLECTION AND LEVELS OF MEASUREMENT 7
period of time. These studies when used in my field, the participants not to necessarily have the
same chance of being in the experimental or control groups or receiving the treatments.
References
Anggraini, R., Suryawati, C., & Rachma, N. (2019). Effects of Dietary Management Education
on Self-Efficacy and Caregiver Practice in Dietary Care of Family Members with Type 2
DM. Jurnal Ners dan Kebidanan Indonesia, 6(3), 43-50.
Aguinis, H., & Bradley, K. J. (2014). Best practice recommendations for designing and
implementing experimental vignette methodology studies. Organizational Research
Methods, 17(4), 351-371.
Donovan, C. (2017). Challenges In Self-Management of Type II Diabetes Mellitus (T2dm) In A
Rural Community of Eastern Canada. Perspectives, 39(3), 6.0

DATA COLLECTION AND LEVELS OF MEASUREMENT 8
Evans, S. C., Roberts, M. C., Keeley, J. W., Blossom, J. B., Amaro, C. M., Garcia, A. M., ... &
Reed, G. M. (2015). Vignette methodologies for studying clinicians’ decision-making:
validity, utility, and application in ICD-11 field studies. International journal of clinical
and health psychology, 15(2), 160-170.
Lancsar, E., & Swait, J. (2014). Re-conceptualizing the external validity of discrete choice
experiments. Pharmacia-economics, 32(10), 951-965
Moghadam, S. T., Ms, S. S. N., & Ms, S. Y. (2018). The effect of self-care education on
emotional intelligence and hba1c level in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a
randomized controlled clinical trial. International journal of community-based nursing
and midwifery, 6(1), 39.
Moura, N. D. S., Lopes, B. B., Teixeira, J. J. D., Oriá, M. O. B., Vieira, N. F. C., & Guedes, M.
V. C. (2019). Literacy in health and self-care in people with type 2 diabetes
mellitus. Revista Brasileira de Enfermagem, 72(3), 700-706.
Nakagawa, S., & Santos, E. S. (2012). Methodological issues and advances in biological meta-
analysis. Evolutionary Ecology, 26(5), 1253-1274.
Schmidt, S., Herrmann-Garitz, C., Bomba, F., & Thyen, U. (2016). A multicenter prospective
quasi-experimental study on the impact of a transition-oriented generic patient education
program on health service participation and quality of life in adolescents and young
adults. Patient education and counseling, 99(3), 421-428.
Wood, D. L., Sawicki, G. S., Miller, M. D., Smotherman, C., Lukens-Bull, K., Livingood, W.
C. ... & Kraemer, D. F. (2014). The Transition Readiness Assessment Questionnaire

DATA COLLECTION AND LEVELS OF MEASUREMENT 9
(TRAQ): its factor structure, reliability, and validity. Academic Pediatrics, 14(4), 415-
422.
APPENDIX 1: Comparison Table
Article 1
(Qualitative Study)
Article 2
(Quantitative Study)
Article 3
(Mixed Methods)
Title of the Article
“Challenges In Self-
Management Of Type 2
Diabetes Mellitus
(T2dm) In A Rural
Community Of Eastern
Canada.”
“Effects of Dietary
Management Education
on Self-Efficacy and
Caregiver Practice in
Dietary Care of Family
Members with Type 2
DM.”
“The effect of self-care
education on emotional
intelligence and hba1c
level in patients with
type 2 diabetes mellitus:
a randomized controlled
clinical trial.”
Type of Analysis Not Applicable Chi- Square test, Mann- Bonferroni, Chi-Square,

DATA COLLECTION AND LEVELS OF MEASUREMENT 10
Whitney -U test and
Wilcoxon rank test.
Mann- Whitney U test,
Independent sample t-
test and Repeated
Measures tests.
Applicability of Test Not Applicable in this
case since no chosen
statistical test was used
Was applicable because
the author needed to
compare the two related
samples which in this
case was actual treatment
sample and the control
group sample data
These tests were much
applicable for use since
there was need to
compare the two paired
groups (i.e. the
intervention and control
groups). Bonferroni test
was applicable since the
author needed to perform
multiple analyses based
on the same dependent
variable which in this
case, would have
resulted to an increase in
the level of type (I) error
(Schmidt et al., 2016).
Reliability and Validity The validity and
reliability concerning
data was ascertained
The use of a structured
questionnaire with close-
ended questions forms
In this article, all the
evident reliability issues
have been addressed by

DATA COLLECTION AND LEVELS OF MEASUREMENT 11
through development of
trust with the patients.
This was done by paying
attention, displaying
sincere interest and
providing a setting that
was conducive to free
manifestation of ideas
and emotional state.
addresses the issue of
reliability validity in this
article.
Also, reliability and
validity is ascertained
through the use of the
best statistical analyses
and approaches
the use of the best and
right statistical tests in
the analyses. These tests
ensures better and
appropriate findings
which can be relied and
inferred upon by users of
such information.