Database Fundamentals: ERD, Normalization, Queries

This document explains the basics of Database Management System, Entities, Attributes, Relationship, Business Rule, Normalization, and Queries. It covers topics like ERD, Normalization, Queries, and more. The report concludes that the database management is required for making a business structure that is efficient. The normalization is one of the major parts of the database management that help for improving the performance.

Running head: DATABASE FUNDAMENTALS
DATABASE FUNDAMENTALS
Name of the Student
Name of the University
Author Note

DATABASE FUNDAMENTALS 1
Table of Contents
Database management system:..................................................................................................2
ERD:...........................................................................................................................................2
Entities:..................................................................................................................................2
Attributes:...............................................................................................................................2
Relationship:..........................................................................................................................3
Business rule:.............................................................................................................................3
Normalization:............................................................................................................................4
1NF:........................................................................................................................................5
2NF:........................................................................................................................................5
3NF:........................................................................................................................................5
Database, keys and data:............................................................................................................5
Queries:......................................................................................................................................9
Query 1:..................................................................................................................................9
Query 2:..................................................................................................................................9
Query 3:................................................................................................................................10
Conclusion:..............................................................................................................................10
Bibliography:............................................................................................................................11

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Database management system:
The database management system is one of the system packages that are designed for
manipulating, defining, managing as well as retrieving data within a database. Generally, a
DBMS can manipulate the data itself, name of the fields, format of data, structure of file and
structure of record. This can also define the rules that are for validating and manipulating the
data. A database management system can relieve the framing program users for the
maintenance of data. The data independence is always provided by the DBMS. Any of the
changes that are in the storage mechanism as well as formats that are performed without
modification of the whole application. There are basically four major types of database
organisation, they are rational database, , object oriented database, flat database and
hierarchical database.
ERD:
The ER model can be represented by the ER diagram. Any of the objects such as
entities, relationship sets, attributes of an entity and the attributes of the relationship sets are
able to be represented by the help of ER diagram.
Entities:
The entities can be represented by a rectangle. The rectangles can be named with the
set of entity as they will be represented.
Attributes:
The attributes are known as the properties of the entities. The attributes can be
represented through the meaning of the ellipses. Each of the ellipses is able to represent one
of the attributes as well as it is connected directly to the entity of this. If all of the attributes

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are composite, further they can be divided in a structure that is like tree. Each of the nodes
need to be connected to the attributes.
Relationship:
The relationship can be represented by the boxes that are of diamond shaped. The
name of the relationship can be written within the diamond shaped box. All of the entities
that are taking part in the relationship are connected to one another by one line. Each of the
entities are involved in the relationship, the all-over participation can be represented by the
double lines.
Business rule:
At the most basic level, the business rule is a specific directive which is having the
ability to constrain and define an activity of a business. There are some of the rules of
business, with the help of that the databases can be properly managed. Before creating an
entity relationship diagram, the creator needs to make proper rules for the business for
relating the various entities. It can be said that base of the database management system is
business rules. This can help for controlling or influencing the structure of the business.
Actually, those rules can describe the operations as well as constrains that apply to any of
companies.

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Normalization:
The normalization is for structuring the rational database with the association of some
of the forms that are normal. The major motive of the normalization is reducing the
redundancy of data as well as increasing the performance. There are basically three major
anomalies they are insertion anomaly, update anomaly and deletion anomaly.

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1NF:
The first normal form, the domains of the attributes can contain only the values that
are atomic.
2NF:
The relation is remaining in the normal form that is the second one, this does not have
any of the attributes that are non prime.
3NF:
This relation can be said to be the third normal form. The main purpose of this is to
remove the transitive dependency.
Normalization:
Department (ID (pk), Name)
Degree (Code (pk), Title)
Student (Code (pk), Name, Address, Contact no, Age)
Enrolment (ID (pk), StudentCode (fk), DegreeCode (fk), Enrolment date)
Teacher (Code (pk), Name, Degree, ID (fk), Mobile, Address)
Module (Code (pk), Title, Credits, EmployeeCode (fk), ID of departement (fk), AssessorID
(fk), Code of degree)
Class (ID (pk), Time, Code (fk))
Attendance (Attendance (pk), Code (fk), ClassID (fk))
Database, keys and data:
Attendance:

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Classes:
Degree:
Department:
Enrol:

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Module:
Student:
Teachers:
Form:

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Report:

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Queries:
Query 1:
Query 2:

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Query 3:
Conclusion:
Thus, it can be concluded from the entire report that the database management is
required for making a business structure that is efficient. The organisations and companies
that are large utilize the above mentioned fundamentals for managing the data in a way that is
proper. The normalization is one of the major parts of the database management that help for
improving the performance.

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management system. In Proceedings of the 2017 ACM International Conference on
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