This article discusses Database Management System, its advantages over conventional storing system, Entity Relationship Diagrams, normalization process and more. It also includes SQL commands and tables. Subject: Computer Science, Course Code: CS101, College/University: Not mentioned.
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Running head: DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM Database Management System Name of Student- Name of University- Author’s Note-
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1DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM Answer of Question 1: Collecting information in an organized way is generally known as database. In a database, the data can be easily accessed, updated, and managed. The data that are put in database are put in rows, tables, and columns and the data are indexed so that the accessing is easier to find the relevant information. The data that are stored in the database can be deleted, expanded, and updated when new information are added. The workloads are created and can also be updated by the processes involved in database and querying of data is also possible with the data in the database. Answer of Question 2: DBMS commonly known as Data Base Management System is a system software used for managing and creating a database. Programmers and users are provided by DBMS in a scheduled way to create the project, retrieve and update the data and also manage the data. The end users gets the ability to delete, creates, update, and read data in database using DBMS. DBMS works as an interface in between the end user and the database or in between the application program so that the data can be organized consistently and can also be accessed easily. Mainly three important things are managed by DBMS. They are: data, the engine of database which helps in data accessible and database schema, in which logical structure of database is defined.
2DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM Answer of Question 3: AscientistE.F.Codd inIBMfirstinventedrelationaldatabaseintheyear1970. Relational database is mainly collection of data that is accessed or reassembled in different ways without organizing the table sin the database. The interface between the application program and the standard user is the Structured Query Language (SQL). Statements that are involved in SQL have interactive queries from the relational database and gather the data for the reports. Set of tables, which has the data fit in the predefined categories of the database, is the relational database. Example: for data entry of a business, a table describes a customer with all the columns for customer name, customer address, phone number and many more details. Answer of Question 4: The advantages of database DBMS over conventional storing system of data are: The flexibility of DBMS is much more than the convectional way of database. The programs and the data that are independent on each other and there is no need of modification of the program when different kinds of unrelated data are generally added or is deleted from database. The physical storage does not change with the alteration of data. The DBMS has a fast response to the information request that is given by the user where as in the conventional process, the response to any request is generally slow. DBMS can have multiple access but the conventional method of data storing does not support multiple access. The software of database allows the data to be accessed in various ways. The training cost of DBMS is comparatively less than giving training to users who are involved in conventional method.
3DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM Answer of Question 5: The importance of Entity relationship diagrams are much more better than any other diagram because: Provides Visual representation of design that is being done ERD make the communication effective as it states all the entities and attributes involved in the design. The ERD is a very simple diagram and it is very easy to understand even if the user is not trained at al. Answer of Question 6: The issues that arise in the database are generally known as the database anomaly, which mainly occurs because of storing the data in flat database and poor planning. This anomaly of the database can be removed by normalization process, which is splitting the tables into simplified form. Answer of Question 7: 1NF (First Normal Form)- I First Normal Form, the columns in a table does not have multiple value. It will only have anatomic value. 2NF (Second Normal Form)- A table is considered to be in 2NF if: The table should be in 1NF. All the non-prime attributesshould be dependenton proper subset on the candidate key of the table.
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4DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM 3NF (Third Normal Form)- Third Normal Form has to satisfy the following conditions: Table should be in 2NF. If there is transitive functional dependency of the non-prime attributes on super key, that should be removed. Answer to Question 8: Entity Relationship Diagram of a hospital Figure:ERD Diagram for the hospital
5DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM ï‚·ERD shows the relationships, primary key, and foreign key in 1NF. This ERD is in 2NF Figure:ERD in 1NF
6DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM ï‚·ERD after removing the anomalies and normalizing the ERD in 3NF Figure:3NF Diagram of the hospital removing the anomalies SQL commands ï‚·CREATE TABLES DOCTOR SQL>CREATE TABLE DOCTOR(D_ID NUMBER(3) PRIMARY KEY, D_NAME VARCHAR(30) NOT NULL, D_CONTACT_NO NUMBER(10), D_TYPE VARCHAR(10), D_HOURS NUMBER, SPECIALIZATION VARCHAR(20));
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10DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM Room Table SQL> INSERT INTO ROOM VALUES (106,'ICU'); SQL> INSERT INTO ROOM VALUES(135,'ICCU'); SQL> INSERT INTO ROOM VALUES(021,'OT'); SQL> INSERT INTO ROOM VALUES(005,'CHECK-UP');
11DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM Patient Status SQL> INSERT INTO PATIENTS_STATUS VALUES (001,'12-JAN-2018','20-JAN-2018',21); SQL> INSERT INTO PATIENTS_STATUS VALUES (002,'26-DEC-2017','05-JAN-2018',5); SQL> INSERT INTO PATIENTS_STATUS VALUES (003,'02-FEB-2018','05-FEB-2018',106);
16DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM Bibliography Al-Masree,H.K.(2015). ExtractingEntityRelationshipDiagram(ERD) fromrelational database schema.International Journal of Database Theory and Application,8(3), 15-26. Batory, D., & Azanza, M. (2017). Teaching model-driven engineering from a relational database perspective.Software & Systems Modeling,16(2), 443-467. Nidzwetzki, J. K., & Güting, R. H. (2016).DISTRIBUTED SECONDO: An extensible highly availableand scalabledatabase managementsystem. FernUniversität,Fakultätfür Mathematik und Informatik. Rajakumari, S. B., & Nalini, C. (2014). An efficient data mining dataset preparation using aggregation in relational database.Indian Journal of Science and Technology,7(S5), 44- 46. Yang, L., & Cao, L. (2016). The Effect of MySQL Workbench in Teaching Entity-Relationship Diagram(ERD)toRelationalSchemaMapping.InternationalJournalofModern Education and Computer Science,8(7), 1. Yunus, M. A. M., Krishnan, S. K. G., Nawi, N. M., & Surin, E. S. M. (2017). Study on Database ManagementSystemSecurityIssues.JOIV:InternationalJournalonInformatics Visualization,1(4-2), 192-194.