Report on Decision-Making: Models, Process, and Techniques

This report delves into the multifaceted realm of decision-making, presenting a comprehensive overview of the decision-making process, various models, and associated techniques. It begins by outlining the fundamental steps involved in making effective decisions, emphasizing the importance of proble...Read More

DECISION
THINKING

Decision Making Process
 Recognize the problem and the need for a decision
 Identify the objective of the decision
 Gather and evaluate data and diagnose the situation
 List and evaluate alternatives
 Select the best course of action
 Implement the decision
 Gather
 Feedback
 Follow up

Models of Decision-Making
a timely decision that meets a
desired objective and is
acceptable to those individuals
affected by it (Shepherd,
Williams & Patzel, 2015).
Rational
modelBounded
Rational model
Garbage Can
model

Six Steps in Making an Effective
Decision
ANALYZE THE SITUATION
• What are the key elements in the
situation?
• What constraints affect the
decision?
• What resources are available?
SET OBJECTIVES
• Is the problem stated clearly?
• Do people understand what they
will work on?
• By what criteria will decision
making be judged?

Six Steps in Making an Effective
Decision
SEARCH FOR ALTERNATIVES
• Do people involved in the problem
make the decision?
• Have they sought complete
information?
• Do those with information make
the decision?
• Do they use diversity to generate
ideas?
• Are all ideas encouraged?
EVALUATE THE ALTERNATIVES
• Do participants know that they
are evaluating?
• Are criteria for assessment clear
and understood?
• Are differences of opinion
included in evaluation?
• Are some alternatives pilot
tested?

Six Steps in Making an Effective
Decision
MAKE THE DECISION
• Do employees know that they are
making the decision?
• Are they aware if they are
satisficing or optimizing?
• Do action plans fit with the
decision?
• Are they committed to the
decision?
EVALUATE THE DECISION
• Are responsibilities for data
collection, analysis, and reporting
clear?
• Is there a comprehensive
evaluation plan?
• Is there an evaluation schedule?

Maintenance Successful
Process

Delphi Technique
• Problem stated
• Questionnaires
• Anonymous & Independent
• Compile results
• Distribute copies of results
• New round begins
• Does not require physical presence
• Time consuming

Four Stages of Creative Process
Preparation Preparation
• reflective, often unconscious
thought
• experience/ opportunity to
build knowledge base

Four Stages of Creative Process
Illumination Verification
• - thinking, sharing, testing
the decision
• insight into problem

Group Decision-Making
 more knowledge through pooling of group resources
 Increased acceptance & commitment due to voice in decisions
 greater under- standing due to involvement in decision stages

Group Decision-Making
 Amount of time required,
because group is slower than
individual to make a decision
 Domination by one forceful
member or dominant clique
 Pressure in groups to conform
Grou
p A
GATHER
INFORMATIO
N
IDENTIFY
ALTERNATIVE
S
Evalute
Alternatives
Chose ONE

References:
Conway, P., & Gawronski, B. (2013). Deontological and utilitarian inclinations in moral decision making: a process dissociation approach. Journal of personality and social
psychology, 104(2), 216.
Erzurumlu, S. S., & Erzurumlu, Y. O. (2015). Sustainable mining development with community using design thinking and multi-criteria decision analysis. Resources
Policy, 46, 6-14.
Goetsch, D. L., & Davis, S. B. (2014). Quality management for organizational excellence. Upper Saddle River, NJ: pearson.
Johnson, F. A., Williams, B. K., & Nichols, J. D. (2013). Resilience thinking and a decision-analytic approach to conservation: strange bedfellows or essential
partners?. Ecology and Society, 18(2).
Potter, W. J. (2013). An analysis of thinking and research about qualitative methods. Routledge.
Romiszowski, A. J. (2016). Designing instructional systems: Decision making in course planning and curriculum design. Routledge.
Schmoldt, D., Kangas, J., Mendoza, G. A., & Pesonen, M. (Eds.). (2013). The analytic hierarchy process in natural resource and environmental decision making (Vol. 3).
Springer Science & Business Media.
Shepherd, D. A., Williams, T. A., & Patzelt, H. (2015). Thinking about entrepreneurial decision making: Review and research agenda. Journal of management, 41(1), 11-46.

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