Decision Support for Management

This document provides an introduction to decision support for management, including system dynamics, analytical models, and simulation models. It discusses the impact of recession on profitability and explores the use of models to combat the problem. The document also includes a simple analytical model and analysis of its results.

Decision Support for
Management

TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
TASK 1............................................................................................................................................1
System Dynamics...................................................................................................................1
System Dynamics Diagram....................................................................................................2
TASK 2............................................................................................................................................2
Identification of decision variables........................................................................................2
Formulating the objective function........................................................................................3
Formulation of set of constraints............................................................................................3
Formulation of set of assumptions.........................................................................................3
TASK 3............................................................................................................................................3
Constructing the simple analytical model..............................................................................3
TASK 4............................................................................................................................................6
Analysing as well as solving the simple analytical model.....................................................6
TASK 5............................................................................................................................................7
Critical evaluation of the simple analytical model.................................................................7
TASK 6............................................................................................................................................7
Revised analytical model........................................................................................................7
TASK 7..........................................................................................................................................11
Critical evaluation of the revised simple analytical model..................................................11
TASK 8..........................................................................................................................................11
Construction of the simulation model..................................................................................11
TASK 9..........................................................................................................................................14
Critically evaluation of the simulation model......................................................................14
TASK 10........................................................................................................................................14
CONCLUSION....................................................................................................................14
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................16

INTRODUCTION
In a company, number of problems and situations arise which hamper its smooth
functioning. In the present study, Tesco is to be chosen which is operating in the retail industry
of UK. The scenario taken for the report is that “in the UK growth rate of economy declines due
to arising situation of recession which effects on the profitability of Tesco firm.” In the current
report case of Tesco is taken in to account under which its problem of earning low profit is taken
in to account. Due to reduction in prices profitability of firm decline. In order to combat with this
problem simulation and analytical model is developed and solution of problem is identified. To
combat the recession, Tesco purchases raw materials in bulk from multiple suppliers which helps
to reduce the cost and price of various products. On the basis of previous costing, simple
analytical model is prepared and with the help of revised costing, simulation model is to be used
for the organisation. The present study provides construction of these two models along with
description and analysis. Along with this, in the current study, application and discussion about
the system dynamics method and modelling are also provided.
TASK 1
System Dynamics
In a firm, there are different kinds of problems arise which affect it in adverse situations
and because of this, level of profitability gets negatively impacted (Hsu, 2012). In order to
overcome the problem of data and evaluate it in an appropriate manner along with deriving
solution, simple dynamics model is used and applied. Hence, in the current case, for resolving
negative impacts of recession on the Tesco, simple dynamics model like simple analytical and
simulation are used.
In the current case study, problem is regarding to the impact of recession on the price of
products and profit level of the Tesco and in this regard model is developed. Key concepts of the
chosen problems are like recession in market, price of products and services as well as
profitability of an entity (Xu and Coors, 2012). Along with this it has been assessed what change
come in the firm profitability if economies of scale is generated in the business.
When the System Dynamics Modelling is used within Tesco, main aspect of this is to
analyse the problem as well as its impact on business in a positive or negative manner. Along
with this, it provides proper instructions and guidance to the manager in terms of deriving
solution (Hinder and et.al., 2013).
1

System Dynamics Diagram
In the current case, through system dynamics diagram and method, it has been identified
that at the time of recession, if company and manager includes shipping cost while deriving
prices of products then, it will be able to deal with the situation of recession (Loyo and et.al.,
2013).
TASK 2
Identification of decision variables
To make and derive decisions of any kind of business problem, there are specific
variables that are to be considered and on the basis of that, solution will be taken in an effectual
manner. In the present study, different number of variables which are taken into account are like
recession, risk, cost of suppliers, profit, shipping cost, price of goods and services as well as
quantity of order (Parmentier and et.al., 2012).
2

Formulating the objective function
By taking base of specific statement and problem, further study is to be done which is
considered as an objective or aim of the analysis. In the present case study, objective of analysis
is like:
To identify the impact of recession on firm's profitability in case economies of scale is
generated in the business.
Formulation of set of constraints
Major constraint for the current study is that in the market, there is recession by which
customers are not purchasing goods and services from the firm. Due to this problem, firm
reduces the price of products which lead to attract more customers (Lee and et.al., 2013). Hence,
basic constraint of the analysis is cost of purchase of raw material that is paid to the supplier side
which cannot change and reduce.
Formulation of set of assumptions
It has been assumed in the study is that with the help of price reduction, company can be
combat situation of recession arises in the market. Apart from this, it can be assumed that cost of
raw materials will be constant for each and every product or service. In addition to this, another
assumption is that if supplier provides more discount to company as compared with others then it
will provide services at lower price (Innis, 2012). In case the contract will be cancelled by Tesco,
then overall cost of raw materials will be ceased and would create a negative impact.
TASK 3
Constructing the simple analytical model
Simple Analytical Model
Product Sub-
Category Unit Price
Shippin
g Cost Sales
Order
Quantity
Sales
value
Sales
cost Profit
Computer
Peripherals 8.46 8.99 140.56 15 261.75 126.9 134.85
Office Furnishings 22.98 7.58
1048.3
9 46
1405.7
6
1057.
08 348.68
Office Furnishings 49.34 10.25 1002.7 21 1251.3 1036. 215.25
3

7 9 14
Office Furnishings 10.06 2.06 178.14 17 206.04
171.0
2 35.02
Telephones and
Communication 125.99 8.99
4158.1
2 37
4994.2
6
4661.
63 332.63
Labels 2.89 0.5 75.57 26 88.14 75.14 13
Paper 6.48 8.19 32.72 4 58.68 25.92 32.76
Office Machines 150.98 13.99 461.89 3 494.91
452.9
4 41.97
Paper 18.97 9.03 575.11 29 812
550.1
3 261.87
Storage &
Organization 9.71 9.45 236.46 23 440.68
223.3
3 217.35
Bookcases 130.98 54.74
4011.6
5 30 5571.6
3929.
4 1642.2
Bookcases 130.98 54.74
4581.5
4 34
6314.4
8
4453.
32
1861.1
6
Telephones and
Communication 65.99 8.99
567.93
6 10 749.8 659.9 89.9
Pens & Art
Supplies 36.55 13.89
1315.7
4 34
1714.9
6
1242.
7 472.26
Scissors, Rulers
and Trimmers 12.98 3.14 310.52 23 370.76
298.5
4 72.22
Office Furnishings 7.38 5.21 184.86 25 314.75 184.5 130.25
Paper 5.98 5.15 267.85 44 489.72
263.1
2 226.6
4

Storage &
Organization 15.42 10.68 528.5 33 861.3
508.8
6 352.44
Office Furnishings 12.64 4.98 586.11 43 757.66
543.5
2 214.14
Binders and Binder
Accessories 24.92 12.98 599.1 24 909.6
598.0
8 311.52
Chairs & Chairmats 320.98 24.49
8955.3
4 31
10709.
57
9950.
38 759.19
Office Furnishings 63.94 14.48
1404.2
2 23
1803.6
6
1470.
62 333.04
Appliances 363.25 19.99 689.74 2 766.48 726.5 39.98
Paper 6.48 8.74 154.35 21 319.62
136.0
8 183.54
Storage &
Organization 20.98 53.03 201.36 7 518.07
146.8
6 371.21
Binders and Binder
Accessories 5.4 7.78 136.77 25 329.5 135 194.5
Envelopes 9.9 1.39 412.62 43 485.47 425.7 59.77
Envelopes 5.68 1.39 108.09 20 141.4 113.6 27.8
Paper 22.84 11.54 55.34 2 68.76 45.68 23.08
Chairs & Chairmats 280.98 57 3950.6 14
4731.7
2
3933.
72 798
Telephones and
Communication 115.99 4.23
884.12
8 9
1081.9
8
1043.
91 38.07
Pens & Art
Supplies 2.21 1 46.94 21 67.41 46.41 21
5

Telephones and
Communication 85.99 0.99
1239.6
3 16
1391.6
8
1375.
84 15.84
Appliances 11.7 6.96 517.93 46 858.36 538.2 320.16
Office Machines 500.98 28.14
15260.
8 39
20635.
68
19538
.22
1097.4
6
Storage &
Organization 178.47 19.99 540.41 3 595.38
535.4
1 59.97
Telephones and
Communication 65.99 19.99 1162.4 22
1891.5
6
1451.
78 439.78
Office Furnishings 7.38 5.21 356.7 45 566.55 332.1 234.45
Appliances 10.89 4.5 210.4 19 292.41
206.9
1 85.5
Chairs & Chairmats 218.08 18.06
1309.5
3 6
1416.8
4
1308.
48 108.36
Storage &
Organization 15.42 10.68 806.37 48 1252.8
740.1
6 512.64
Labels 3.08 0.99 129.49 41 166.87
126.2
8 40.59
Paper 6.48 5.9 202.95 29 359.02
187.9
2 171.1
Telephones and
Communication 125.99 4.2
2753.1
9 26
3384.9
4
3275.
74 109.2
Paper 6.68 5.41 283.65 38 459.42
253.8
4 205.58
6

TASK 4Analysing as well as solving the simple analytical model
The simple analytical model provides information to company that due to changing one
variable or aspect, there is what sort of variation comes in the another variable within workplace.
From the above constructed simple analytical model, it can be analysed that due to involving cost
of shipping in the total production expenses, value of sales declines from previous years which
directly put their impact on the level of profit. Along with this, cost of the sales also get
enhanced where if it declines the price then profitability cannot be increased (Comert, 2013). It
can be analysed that in case of product line which is telephones and communication product
initially sales cost was worth of 4158.12 GBP. After including the shipping cost of it, cost of
sales improves from 4158.12 to 4661.63 GBP. In addition to this, when looking up to the
appliances, initial sales were 689.74 GBP that later enhanced up to 726.5 GBP after adding cost
of shipping which is worth of 19.99 GBP.
In order to resolve these kinds of problems, management of Tesco take decision to order
more number of quantity of that products due to which cost of purchase will reduced because
discount will be received from suplier. Sales cost of telephones and communication products
increase where management order 37 more units which lead to generate profit which is worth of
332.63 GBP (Pan and Connell, 2012). Hence, it can be said that to resolve this obstacle, solution
is taken which improves the quantity of order.
TASK 5
Critical evaluation of the simple analytical model
The simple analytical model provides information about every kind of aspect which
effect the company in positive and negative manner. As per the current study, it has been clearly
identified and assessed by Tesco that because of including shipping cost in the sales price what
kind of impact is there on the sales cost (Akkelin and Sinyukov, 2012). It can be critically
evaluated that this model is time consuming because many kinds of variables are interlinked with
each other. Along with this, highly technical as well as statistical knowledgeable employee or
candidate required to construct the simple analytical model. For this, high payment and salary
has to be provided to the employees which led to improve expenses of Tesco.
TASK 6Revised analytical model
Revised analytical model
7

Mitigation if purchased
Sr. No.
Revised
Product
sub-
category
Revised
Impact
Score
Revised
Likelihood
Score
Revised
Risk
Score
Revised
Level of
Concern
Revised
Risk
Class
Change
in Risk
Class
Effectiven
ess Check
1
Compute
r
Periphera
ls 5 3 32
Moderat
e 2 1 0
2
Office
Furnishin
gs 3 1 23
Moderat
e 2 1 0
3
Office
Furnishin
gs 4 1 33
Moderat
e 2 1 0
4
Office
Furnishin
gs 3 1 21 Low 1 2 0
5
Telephon
es and
Commun
ication 2 2 23
Moderat
e 2 0 1
6 Labels 4 4 21 Low 1 1 0
7 Paper 3 2 14 Low 1 2 0
8

8 Office
Machines 2 0 12 Low 1 2 0
9 Paper 3 2 14 Low 1 2 0
10
Storage
&
Organizat
ion 1 1 22 Low 1 1 0
11 Bookcase
s 4 4 24
Moderat
e 2 0 1
12 Bookcase
s 4 3 22 Low 1 1 0
13
Telephon
es and
Commun
ication 3 2 31
Moderat
e 2 0 1
14
Pens &
Art
Supplies 5 1 33
Moderat
e 2 1 0
15
Scissors,
Rulers
and
Trimmers 4 3 23
Moderat
e 2 1 0
16
Office
Furnishin
gs 2 2 14 Low 1 2 0
17 Paper 4 0 22 Low 1 2 0
9

18
Storage
&
Organizat
ion 1 2 23
Moderat
e 2 0 1
19
Office
Furnishin
gs 2 1 13 Low 1 2 0
20
Binders
and
Binder
Accessori
es 3 1 21 Low 1 1 0
21
Chairs &
Chairmat
s 1 2 11 Low 1 1 0
22
Office
Furnishin
gs 3 0 22 Low 1 2 0
23 Applianc
es 3 4 24
Moderat
e 2 1 0
24 Paper 4 2 24
Moderat
e 2 1 0
25 Storage
&
Organizat
2 2 33 Moderat
e
2 0 1
10

ion
26
Binders
and
Binder
Accessori
es 3 1 21 Low 1 1 0
27 Envelope
s 1 1 13 Low 1 1 0
28 Envelope
s 2 4 24
Moderat
e 2 0 1
29 Paper 5 1 31
Moderat
e 2 1 0
30
Chairs &
Chairmat
s 1 1 12 Low 1 1 0
31
Telephon
es and
Commun
ication 3 2 33
Moderat
e 2 0 1
32
Pens &
Art
Supplies 4 2 24
Moderat
e 2 1 0
33
Telephon
es and
Commun
ication 1 2 13 Low 1 1 0
11

34 Applianc
es 2 3 13 Low 1 2 0
TASK 7
Critical evaluation of the revised simple analytical model
Revised model shows that after taking actions for reducing the problems arising which
kind of impact is observed on the specific variable. The current revised simple analytical model
is to be framed by considering two models which are like simple analytical as well as simulation
model. On the basis of these, it can be evaluated that when company reduces the level of price of
goods and services in recession, then able to reduce the risk (Benjaafar, Li and Daskin, 2013).
Along with this, to enhance level of orders and adopt economic order quantity (EOQ), level of
risk concern gets reduced up to a higher extent which leads to combat situation of the recession.
It can be critically evaluated that the model is little bit typical and time consuming which leads to
decrease efficiency along with productivity of the overall entity. Through revised simple
analytical model, it can be said that level of risk is high in which product price is reduced and
comes at moderate risk level. ence, it can be evaluated that due to reduced price of products
along with purchasing the raw materials in bulk, management is able to give response to the
recession conditions (Tiegna, Amara and Barakat, 2013). Basic reason for the same is that EOQ
helps to reduce carrying and holding cost at workplace.
TASK 8
Construction of the simulation model
Simulation model
Sr.
No.
Product sub-
category Profit
Relative
Impact
(1-5)
Relativ
e
Likelih
ood (1-
5)
Risk
Score
Level
of
Conce
rn
Risk
Class Cost
Impa
ct
Redu
ction
Likeli
hood
Reduc
tion
1 Computer £135 5 4 54 Very 3 £533 0 1
12

Peripherals High
2 Office
Furnishings £349 4 2 42 Very
High 3 £582 1 1
3 Office
Furnishings £215 4 2 42 Very
High 3 £599 0 1
4 Office
Furnishings £35 4 2 42 Very
High 3 £556 1 1
5
Telephones and
Communicatio
n £333
3 3 33 Moder
ate 2
£554
1 1
6 Labels £13 5 5 55 Unacce
ptable 2 £515 1 1
7 Paper £33 5 2 52 Very
High 3 £500 2 0
8 Office
Machines £42 4 2 52 Very
High 3 £529 2 2
9 Paper £262 5 2 52 Very
High 3 £520 2 0
10 Storage &
Organization £217 2 3 23 Moder
ate 2 £584 1 2
11 Bookcases
£1,64
2 5 5 55 Unacce
ptable 2 £555 1 1
12 Bookcases
£1,86
1 5 5 33 Moder
ate 2 £580 1 2
13

13
Telephones and
Communicatio
n £90
3 3 33 Moder
ate 2
£530
0 1
14 Pens & Art
Supplies £472 5 2 52 Very
High 3 £520 0 1
15
Scissors,
Rulers and
Trimmers £72
5 4 54 Very
High 3
£588
1 1
16 Office
Furnishings £130 4 2 42 Very
High 3 £579 2 0
17 Paper £227 5 2 52 Very
High 3 £561 1 2
18 Storage &
Organization £352 2 3 23 Moder
ate 2 £509 1 1
19 Office
Furnishings £214 4 2 42 Very
High 3 £523 2 1
20
Binders and
Binder
Accessories £312
4 2 33 Moder
ate 2
£599
1 1
21 Chairs &
Chairmats £759 3 3 33 Moder
ate 2 £577 2 1
22 Office
Furnishings £333 4 2 42 Very
High 3 £516 1 2
23 Appliances £40 4 4 44 Very
High 3 £571 1 0
14

24 Paper £184 5 2 52 Very
High 3 £522 1 0
25 Storage &
Organization £371 2 3 23 Moder
ate 2 £500 0 1
26
Binders and
Binder
Accessories £195
4 2 33 Moder
ate 2
£504
1 1
27 Envelopes £60 3 2 35 Moder
ate 2 £587 2 1
28 Envelopes £28 3 5 35 Moder
ate 2 £540 1 1
29 Paper £23 5 2 52 Very
High 3 £596 0 1
30 Chairs &
Chairmats £798 3 3 33 Moder
ate 2 £512 2 2
31
Telephones and
Communicatio
n £38
3 3 33 Moder
ate 2
£530
0 1
32 Pens & Art
Supplies £21 5 2 52 Very
High 3 £534 1 0
33
Telephones and
Communicatio
n £16
3 3 33 Moder
ate 2
£579
2 1
34 Appliances £320 4 4 44 Very
High 3 £529 2 1
15

TASK 9
Critically evaluation of the simulation model
Simulation model above provides information that at the time of recession, there is level
of risk that is associated with different product category (Andijani and Duffuaa, 2010). It can be
evaluated that at the cost of computer peripherals worth of £533, level of risk is very high at
which risk score is 54 (Mahmoud, Xiao and Zeineldin, 2012).
TASK 10
CONCLUSION
From the report of decision support for management, it can be articulated that by
considering different kinds of decisions tools and models, Tesco is able to make complex
decisions and improve financial position in the industry. In this context, it can be concluded that
when recession occurs in economy then with the help of simulation as well as simple analytical
model the Tesco entity able to analyse effectiveness of EOQ technique on firm's profitability.
Along with purchasing raw materials in bulk and in the higher quantity suppliers provide
discounts by which firm able to decline the cost of production and prices as well. Hence, it can
be assessed that through both the models and such strategies, company reduces the impact of
recession on it and increases level of profits along with reducing the risk concern.
16

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Mahmoud, Y., Xiao, W. and Zeineldin, H. H., 2012. A simple approach to modeling and
simulation of photovoltaic modules. IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy. 3(1). pp.
185-186.
17

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Online
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<http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09537280110077578?
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18