SOP and Traffic Light Circuit Design using Logic Gates

This article explains the SOP and Traffic Light Circuit Design using Logic Gates. It includes block diagrams, truth tables, boolean expressions, K-Maps, NAND gate design, JK flip flops, and OP amp parameters.

Task 1
SOP;
F(A,B,C,D) = ΣM (4,8,9,12,13,14)
=A’B’C’D’+AB’C’D’+AB’C’D+AB’C’D+ABC’D+ABCD’
=A’B’C’D’+A (B’C’D’+B’C’D) +AB (C’D’+C’D+CD’)
=A’B’C’D’+A (B’C’ (D’+D)) +AB (C’ (D’+D) +CD’))
=A’B’C’D’+AC’ (B’+B) +ABCD
=AC’+B
This circuit below satisfies the equation
The circuit can be redesigned using NAND gates as below

Task 2:
1. Block diagram for the traffic sequence
2. Truth table for outputs
3. Boolean expressions for each light

We can derive outputs of each lamp:
Red= ABC’D’
Amber= A’BC’D
Green = A’B’CD’
4. Using K-Maps to minimize each expression
This gives output as:
RED = A
AMBER= A’.B
GREEN=A’.B’
HALT= A’.B’= WALK
5. Use AND, OR and NOT GATES to show outputs:

6. Label all the outputs of the logic circuit at question 5.Outputs are”
RED= A
AMBER= A’.B
GREEN= A’.B’
HALT= A’.B=WALK
WALK=A.B’
7. NAND gate design
8. Outputs of NAND GATES
P= AB.’
Q=A’.B
9. NAND GATES for General traffic lights

10. JK flip flops
Q10, Q11, Q12 and Q13-I did them on the simulation and logic analyzer in multisim as per instruction
given. The screen shots are the solutions. (Q10, Q11, Q12 and Q13)

Q12. SIMULATION-OF-THE-CIRCUIT-via –MULTISIM of JK flip flops screen shots
Q13. Logic analyzer of the JK flip flop in multisim screen shots

Task 3
Q1.
V1= 9V is the input voltage also R1=470Ω, C1=50μF and R2047kΩ are input componets.They are
used in excitation of Q2.The outputs areX5C1 which is used to glow red, yellow and greens.V1 is
power supply,our pulse generator for tQ2.Timing of the glow of different lights depends upon
the pulse generator timer. The components R3, R4, Q1 and C2=5 making output IC.They will
depend on period of positive peaks of the clock signal.
Q2.
The diagram above show the ideal OP amp and one parameter is it does not have a power
source. It has also infinite voltage gain because of its input voltage will be amplified to output

mega gain while a real one can produce infinite gain. The ideal OP amp has zero output
impendences while a real one has some low impendence.
Ideal OP amp has infinitely high input impendences while the real one has finite input
impendences.
Q3
 The current gain, af, in the ideal op amp is supposed approximate to 1 while in the real
op amp in production of sound is approximated to 0.980 and 0.998
 In the ideal op amp the total input is supposed to be equal to the output while in the
real op amp the output is less than the input due to losses.