Developing Workplace Critical Thinking

This report discusses the importance of critical thinking in the workplace and how it can be developed. It includes an overview of AndiCars, key management theories such as system theory, contingency theory, bureaucratic management theory, scientific management, and behavioural/human relation approach. The report also discusses the difference between beliefs, attitudes, and values within a workplace context and provides recommendations for improving workplace attitudes, beliefs, and values.

Developing Workplace
Critical Thinking
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Executive Summary
Critical thinking is an intellectual approach through which leaders and managers can find
efficient solution to the problem by applying, synthesizing, conceptualization and observing the
situation. From this report it has been identified that value, believes and attitudes play important
role for an organisation through which they can solve problems in an instant basis. It is essential
for leaders and managers to include analytical thinking, technological and technical thinking,
rational thinking and moral towards organisation in order to effectively resolve any form of mis-
understanding among employees and employers. By respecting employees believes, attitudes and
values and encouraging them towards good direction overall success can be assured. This report
identifies that there are number of management approaches with the application of which
company can ensure higher productivity. From this report it has been identified that behaviour
relation management theory helps in building relationship through which company can resolve
issues like conflicts and can increase productivity at greater extent. Present report is conducted
on AndiCars which is a largest taxi in private hire company. This report recommended that
AndiCars is required to implement behavioural relationship management theory in order to
overcome the challenges that has been posted by covid-19 in order to create more Residency
towards future operations.
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Executive Summary.........................................................................................................................2
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................4
MAIN BODY...................................................................................................................................5
Organisation overview............................................................................................................5
Key management theory or theories.......................................................................................6
Applying the key theory/theories to AndiCars.......................................................................8
Critical evaluation of the theory/theories to assess how someone with different beliefs,
attitudes and values might interpret the theory differently...................................................11
Recommendations with valid justifications..........................................................................12
CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................13
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................14
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INTRODUCTION
Critical thinking is defined as a concept which is an intellectual approach that allow
managers to identify any solution of the problems with the help of conceptualising, observing,
reasoning, reflecting, experiencing and synthesizing with the help of communication (Bangun
and Pragholapati, 2021). Critical thinking allows organisation leaders and managers to maintain
guide or believe in order to undertake efficient actions against issues. This mainly includes
certain form of evaluation of different structure in order to identify the root cause behind
problem. Critical thinking mainly includes analytical thinking, technical thinking, scientific
thinking, economic thinking, rational thinking and moral thinking towards organisation, in order
to resolve any form of misunderstanding among employer and employees. It is essential for
organisation to develop critical thinking in organisational workplace structure in order to
enhance organisational productivity. There are different types of critical analytic tools that helps
in improving thinking of organisational workplace structure in which employees engaged in the
form of critical thinking can perform their roles and responsibility in a competent and
independent manner. With the help of developing critical thinking company can encourage
employees to logically connect with ideas evaluate and scrutinize inconsistency and identify
solution of the errors. This approach allows organisation to make workforce be more self-aware
and allow them to develop foresight. Present report is conducted on AndiCars which is offering
high quality services to customers.
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In this report formative discussion has been conducted on key management theories along
with its application to the selected organisation. Along with this report include critical evaluation
of theory in order to access different leaves attitude and values. At last significant
recommendation is being included in this report for organisation in order to make changes in
terms of attitude believes and value system through which company can tackle the challenges
imposed by covid-19.
MAIN BODY
Organisation overview
AndiCars is an organisation which is a largest taxi and private hire company. This
organisation was founded in 1977 and incorporated as AndiCars Limited in 1988. This
organisation is widely recognised as private hire company and offer premier local service to
customers in a cost-effective manner. This organisation is engaged in the operations of providing
high quality services to their customers. This company is providing services as taxi, airport and
executive in which consumers have number of options such as checking the status of their
booking, easy cancelling, tracking, managing previous booking and managing their favourite
address. It is a largest taxi provider with number of employees from different geographical
location, those who are conducting their roles and responsibilities with different attitude, beliefs
and values. This organisation is having main aim through which they serve their consumers and
clients with higher and best quality services in order to enhance their overall loyalty towards
organisation. With the help of offering high quality services company is becoming a leading taxi
provider and engaging consumers in a well-defined and effective manner.
Difference between - beliefs, attitudes, and values within a workplace context
Beliefs:
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It has been evaluated that, beliefs confined by an individual convince him to keep up with
existence for certain various principles that are shifted from other individual or local area. One
maintains some wonderful hypothesis that are not experimentally demonstrated (Basavaraj and
Aranha, 2021). In addition to this, it has been underlined that, beliefs urge individuals to
recognize right and wrongs by which beliefs they duly hold. For example, self-realizations,
religious beliefs, soul beliefs, superstitions beliefs, and assumes that gets an individual by
traditionally or hierarchically.
Attitudes:
Attitudes are defined as those developments of individuals that they utilize their everyday
life in practices, habits, customs, civility support and so forth. Individuals by their attitude
present themselves as positive or negative individual (Bisel and Rush, 2021). They communicate
their thoughts as right or wrong individual to be accepted or not. Perspectives are those quality
that holds an individual. They duly shows their attitude in their day by day exercises of conduct
with men. It is an articulation of what convictions and qualities person contains. Individuals
express his qualities, contemplations, sees inside their attitude those they hold as a main priority.
Our qualities are reflected by our perspectives to humanity and our day-by-day exercises in
genuine or virtual life. It has been evaluated that, a man requires some appreciative attitude by
their entire existence with some liberal experience. Each worker of a global business
organization ought to treasure the best attitude to help the clients in huge numbers business
organization ought to treasure the best attitudes to help the clients in huge numbers.
Values:
It has been determined that, values are considered to foster working environment abilities
of critical thinking and effectively aid in resolving unusual form of conflicts that takes places.
Furthermore, it has been underlined those values are blends of different beliefs that are made
slowly in individual life. Along with this, values are basically of a few beliefs they contain in
their everyday life and he shows the qualities by their mentalities. It has been evaluated that,
values are psychological characteristics of hearings, seeing, doings, and some other exercises
individuals use in their day-by-day life (Chen, 2021). Furthermore, values can be clarified by
two class like instrumental qualities and terminal values. Instrumental qualities urge individuals
to tackle their job intentionally and terminal qualities brings about their specific exercises.
Values contained by the individuals identified with business firm comprise of some
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unprecedented characteristics like liberality of conduct, dedicative attitude to address any issues
with customers, devastated misjudging with clients, smiley appearances to the clients, flattering
with waver clients and so on that clearly affirms the advancement of the establishment.
Thus, according to the above-mentioned analysis it has been identified that believe, value
and attitudes are playing a greater role in an organisational workplace premises. It has been
underlined that workplace behaviour mainly include serving the best by the workers, discipline
environment of working, safety, employee and employer better relation, ensuring privileges to
improve safety and security management especially for women workers and self-reliving
mentality of consumer service. It has been identified that belief, attitude and values are three
terms which is important for organisation specially those who are engaged in the services of
providing direct facilities to customers. With the help of having positive believes, values and
attitudes employees can effectively provide quality services to customers. It is essential for
organisation leaders and managers to emphasize upon the three elements in the daily activities in
order to manage employees. It has been underlined that both leaders and managers are required
to effectively listen to the employees’ views, attitudes and their values in order to provide better
workplace environment while overcoming the issues. Both of these executives are also required
to engage employees in decision making, as it will make employees feel and important part of
business. This effectively changes their beliefs and attitudes towards organisation through which
they can provide more satisfactory performance. It has been identified that a good working
environment grows by an arrangement of attitude, beliefs and values hold by employers and
employees in which every employee within a workplace remises is being significantly impacted
by their attitude, believes and values. Thus, by practicing good behaviour and respecting every
employee believe, attitude and value can provide a better workplace environment and can
support business growth in an effective manner.
Key management theory or theories
System theories
It has been evaluated that, this theory is mainly a theory of connecting measures and the
manner in which they impact each other over the long run to allow the progression of some
bigger entirety. This has been underlined those systems act in order to proceed. Along with this,
systems change on the grounds that their own equilibriums are not ideal or in light of the fact that
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they are affected by different frameworks. In term with system theory, it is mainly derived from
the need of the marketing and management as a mean to investigate the connection between the
company and their respective form of environment comprehensively. In addition to this, it has
been evaluated that systems theory additionally engaged with investigating of the manner in
which society adjusts to its current circumstance through changes in its construction, with
significant ramifications for the comprehension of social request (Cui, 2021). System theory
uncovers the intricacy of social development and, on this premise, focuses on the restricted
chance of directing society. Then again, in light of the fact that society is incomprehensibly mind
boggling, the social researcher can regardless have an enthusiasm for the enormous scope of
versatile opportunities for social frameworks.
Contingency theory
This theory is a worked-on model of recognizing the hierarchical controlling force and
adequacy of the procedures those they embraced. It is essential for organisations those who
follow this theory to accomplish suitable bearings and arrangements for driving its procuring
powers for future advancement of the association for both of the insightful and expanding
achievement. This model of the executives solely gathers those viable recipes that clearly assist
the administrators with picking right thing for the organization. The administrators attempt to
acquire plausible assets of the board and advertising approaches and permit the workers from all
divisions to perform by and large so they acquire their objectives. The contingency theory
applies the possibility of hierarchical constructions and frameworks of command over both the
internal and external environment that has a place with the organization. Contingency theory
underline on the plans of preparation and controlling framework which is situational resolved for
the association. The point of this form of applicative theory is for essentially bookkeeping the
executives of an association.
Bureaucratic management theory:
This theory has been coined by Max Weber, who is known as father of bureaucracy. He
(1864-1920) is a German humanist distributed his theory of bureaucracy to design the
construction of government and private area organization the board framework. He investigated
two sorts of approaches by that he portrays the internal administrative structure in an office. He
duly clarified d hierarchical structure of the management, and government rules to conceptualize
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the unmistakable design of the administration, he stressed the need of company to work in an
office with normal personalities (Flores and Haire, 2021). Max Weber noticed a normal way
instead of following the "self-assertive impulses" or unreasonable stand to deal with the
individuals from the association by the managers as well as owners. However, it has been
evaluated that bureaucratic management at times not be similarly useful for both management as
well as structural approaches for a company.
Scientific management:
It has been evaluated that, prior to industrial revolution, the majority of the organization’s
firms run by the ability of the owners also, they enlisted workers for a brief time. However, with
the modern upheaval has drastically changed elements of the working environment around the
world. Furthermore, it has been stated that. Frederick Winslow Taylor has presented the business
world to the scientific environment of the work environment possessions. He depicted that the
employees ought to be assessed by level of performance and they need to satisfy an objective of
selling. In this technique, managers are required to work perseveringly and notice the laborers
exercises in understanding with their duties. This guaranteed that employees to be paid for their
presentation just as their yields not by their occasions. The fundamental object of this logical
model is to find out the most extreme flourishing of the association by each and every worker
related their duties. This logical development dispatched progressive changes for the time-
thoughts for worker preparing, and execution of normalized super practices in the manufacturing
plant to create at high level quality items (Grenier, 2021). Taylor's hypothesis clearly a logical
model by which the advertiser to dissect, synthase, to notice normally and consistently of issues
happened in the organization.in 1909, Taylor propounded The Principles of Scientific
management. He thought that usefulness would increment if the positions are enhanced and
effectively entrance. One of the primary centre rules of this model is that the employees are
conceived into their own advantage and abilities
Behavioural/ Human relation approach
It has been evaluated that; human behavioural theory is likewise viewed as human relations
management due this model examine about the degree of execution of the exercises performed
by human. Early administration hypotheses were designed on the thought that if the board may
appropriately set up, arrange and control occupations and associations, usefulness may
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increment. This side is obviously clear inside crafted by old style scholars like Fredric W.
Taylor, Frank and Lillian Gilbreth and so forth consequently, it is not stunning that theory
subsequently fostered that tested some of the first essentials (Mistree and Allen, 2021). Two
branches developed all through this period known in light of the fact that the human relations and
social scholars appears as things to same measurements being centres in close to home execution
as opposed to the post. Human relations depict the manners by which managers duly interact and
help out the subordinate workers within company.
Applying the key theory/theories to AndiCars
Behavioural/ human relation theory:
Behaviour management sometime also known as human relations movement as it
effectively addresses the dimension of human work. According to this theory it has been
believed that better form of understanding of human behaviour at work like expectation,
motivation, group dynamics and conflict helps in improving productivity. This theory mainly
emphasizes upon organisational thoughts that emphasizes upon informal workplace organisation,
employee satisfaction and means of influencing employee productivity. According to the
analysis of this theory it has been identified that human relationship is mainly a relationship
among human resources of the company. It incorporates, employees-employee relationship and
management -employee relationship. This approach mainly deals with psychological variables of
functioning of organisation with an aim to make significant increase in organisation efficiency.
Abraham Maslow state that it is essential to recognise needs of human within organisational
workplace structure in order to completely satisfy them as to make them motivated. According to
Maslow this needs get broken down into five specific areas which include psychological needs,
safety needs, belonging and love, esteem need and self-actualization needs (Noor-Ilander, 2021).
It is essential for managers and leaders of AndiCars to effectively undertake study of the
behaviour of individuals at work, as according to human relation theory proper and efficient
study of individual behaviour at workplace effectively allow company to enhance motivation of
workers while accomplishing their expectation and removing the issues that create conflicts. This
theory is playing important role for organisation like AndiCars, as it helps in building
relationships that developed professional environment and allow company to directly enhance
overall level of productivity. With the help of good relationship AndiCars, can significantly
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enhance productivity of employees by making them happy and incorporating measures to
improve individual satisfaction.
Contingency Management Theory:
Contingency Management Theory act as a unique approach of leadership. According to
this theory it has been identified that there is no efficient or best way to lead a company, as there
are number of internal as well as external factors that will lead leaders to make alteration in their
leadership strategies in order to take advantage of the best measure to lead organisation
according to the situation. In simple terms this theory states that leadership styles of leading in
organisation is overall depend upon the situation in order to undertake the best course of action,
by making evaluation of the situation in an effective manner. According to Fred Fiedler it has
been stated that there was a direct correlation of the trait of leader and leader effectiveness.
According to him there are certain form of leadership traits that effectively help leader in crisis in
which leaders are required to make changes in the leadership style according to the new set of
circumstances. According to Fred Fiedler contingency theory there is not an effective measure or
way to manage and organisations. According to this theory it is essential for leaders of AndiCars
to effectively able to identify the leadership or management style according to the particular
situation. In this company leaders are needed to effectively understand external as well as
internal factors and undertake advantage of technology, leadership style and the manner in which
organisation can adopt the changes in strategies. While in terms with managers they are required
to have task oriented or relationship-oriented strategies and effectively needed to know their
subordinates along with their strength. Contingency states as an immediate agent circumstances
in which it is essential for leaders and managers of any cause to tailor their planning. lead and
control the particular circumstances in an effective manner (Osbjer, 2021). It also helps leaders
and managers of organisation to potentially learn from specific situation and use the lessons in
order to influence future management of similar situation in effective manner. With the help of
this theory AndiCars can effectively manage performance of employees and organisation in an
effective manner without facing major changes or issues.
Systems Theory:
The Systems Approach to management theory is usually saw as the establishment of
development of organisation, sees the association as an open framework comprised of
interrelated and between subordinate parts that interface as sub-frameworks. Consequently, the
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company includes a bound together particular framework comprised of these subsystems. For
instance, a firm is a framework that might be made out of sub-frameworks like creation,
showcasing, money, bookkeeping, etc (Prezioso and Margherita, 2021). All things considered,
the different sub-frameworks ought to be concentrated in them between connections rather, than
in confinement from one another. The framework overall is influenced by inward components
(parts of the sub-units) and outer components. It is receptive to powers from the outer climate.
The framework is viewed as open, as associations get shifted types of contributions from
different frameworks. For instance, an organization gets supplies, data, crude materials, and so
forth These data sources are changed over to yields that influence different frameworks. By and
large, the frameworks approach evaluates the general viability of the framework as opposed to
the adequacy of the sub-frameworks. This takes into account the utilization of framework ideas,
across authoritative levels in the association - as opposed to just centring upon the targets and
exhibitions of various offices (subsystems). It has been evaluated that success of organisation
relies on company and relationship between the subsystems, collaboration between the sub-
frameworks, and cooperation between inside segments (shut framework) and outer segments
(inward framework). The system approach suggests that choices and activities in one
organisation region will influence different regions. For instance, if organisation purchasing unit
does not secure the right amount and nature of data sources, the production unit will have the
option to take care of its work. In relation to this approach, it is essential for AndiCars to
effectively relies upon environment for effective inputs. Along with this, company leaders and
managers are required to ensure that each and every subsystem work togethers effectively to
make up a single whole system. In this AndiCars leaders and managers must undertake effective
decisions as any decision make in subsystem have tendency to affect entire system.
Critical evaluation of the theory/theories to assess how someone with different beliefs, attitudes
and values might interpret the theory differently
It has been identified that cultural differences can play a big challenge for managers those
who are performing their business operations with wide variety of staff, those who are having
different set of values, believes, attitudes and more. In this even a smallest thing can lead
towards miscommunication and mis- interpretation that can affect overall goal or target. In this it
has been evaluated that manages those who are working with diverse range of staff, in this
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situation most of the individual does not think the same. In this it is essential for managers and
leaders of Andicars to effectively realise that there is always a solution to solve every problem in
an effective manner. Within this it is important for manager of respective organisation to make
time for reward and recognise staff members for the work that has been done by them and further
provide them encouragement. This significantly towards enhancing overall motivation of staff
members. Furthermore, it has been underlined that it is essential for leaders to emphasize upon
believes values and attitudes of every individual and further guide them in effective manner, by
identifying the way of the problem (Yasin, a2021). There are different forms of leadership styles
through which leaders can effectively show genuine concern as well as respect for staff
members. With the help of taking advantage of efficient leadership strategy leaders and
managers of respective organisation can effectively fulfil goals.
Furthermore, it has been underlined that behavioural theory mainly emphasize upon the
manner in which leaders behave with an organisational workplace to this lead their other dictate
the things that has to be done or effectively involve team members in the process of decision-
making, as to support and encourage and motivate them. It has been underlined that there are
various types of managers in which some are making decisions without taking consultants of
team members, as they did not bother if their staff members are satisfied with their roles and
responsibilities or not, as they only focus upon accomplishing goals with successful outcomes.
However in context with AndiCars, it is essential for managers and leaders to effectively
emphasize upon involving staff members in the process of decision making in order to take
positive outcome. Teamwork plays most important role that not only increases productivity but
also enhancing overall satisfaction of staff members. This will not only encourage lot of ideas
but also enhance innovativeness and creativity. Thus, according to the analysis has been
identified that managers and leader’s behaviour has significant tendency and their behaviour
impact on their effectiveness in the readers who undertaker advantage of different type of
behavioural style and uses these styles for each situation can assure successful outcomes by
respecting every individual believe, value and attitude.
Recommendations with valid justifications
Cultural thinking act as an essential and common component of organisation mission
statement. Critical thinking plays a central role for organisations in batch managers are required
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to conduct a daily basis responsibility, with the help of focusing upon number of information and
data in order to adopt knowledge to solve problems and situation in an effective manner with the
help of engaging in efficient decision making. It is essential for organisational leaders and
managers to be highly skilled in the level of thinking and have effective reasoning ability in
order to deal efficiently with the higher demand as well as greater accountability. Furthermore, it
has been identified that attitude, believes and values have tendency to affect workplace
behaviour. It has been underlined that due to the outbreak of covid-19 it is essential for
organisations around the business to effectively tackle the workplace changes with the help of
creating more resilient business in future. It is essential for managers and leaders to understand
the fact that there is no particular form of silver bullet solution for perfect working environment.
In this it is essential for them to emphasize upon the fact that every individual have their own
believe and values. This effectively help company leaders and managers to plan accordingly and
adapt changes to tackle the challenges that has been facing by them.
In context to this it is recommended to the managers and leaders of AndiCars to take
advantage of behavioural relationship management Theory, as with the help of this they can
effectively build better form of relationship with employees as well as consumers. Furthermore,
it has been underlined that by making application of this theory in the organisational workplace
premises both leaders and managers can maintain proper form of communicating relationship. It
effectively helps in identifying and values, believes and attitude of different employees in a well-
defined an effective manner. By taking advantage of the behavioural relationship management
theory leaders and managers of AndiCars can enhance overall level of job satisfaction of
employees. Along with this they are also recommended to update communication management
with stakeholders of business. Furthermore, they are also recommended to engage employees in
the process of decision making and encourage employees with standardized behaviour that
effectively allow organisation to maximise their productivity at greater extent.
It has been identified that behavioural theory effectively emphasise upon the manner in which
leaders behave with employees. In relation to this leader of AndiCars are recommended to
engage employees in the process of decision making in order to motivate and encourage their
values, behaviour and attitude. Thus, according to the analysis it has been identified that by
emphasizing upon our recommended practices for leaders and managers of AndiCars can
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significantly provide a healthy workplace environment and can effectively overcome with the
challenges that has been imposed by covid-19, as with the help of taking advantage of
behavioural Relationship Management Theory AndiCars can implement changes while engaging
employees and enhancing their awareness. This not only increases their level of motivation and
moral to work towards organisational objectives, but also encourage them to undertake decisions
with the help of innovative ideas through which they can take all challenges with more
resiliency. Along with leaders and managers are also recommended to provide training programs
like learning with entertainment, skill development, teaching programs, excursion to refresh
employees, formal and informal meetings in order to have a balanced workplace environment.
CONCLUSION
According to the above-mentioned report it has been concluded that critical thinking plays
important role for an organisation through which company can encourage employees to be
independent competitive and reflective towards their roles and responsibility. By developing
critical thinking in an organisational workplace structure organisation can facilitate workforce to
logically connect with ideas and identify issues of the complex problem. Critical thinking helps
organisation to make improvement in decision making and encourage self-reflection that help in
boosting productivity. However due to covid-19 there are number of changes which is essential
for organisation to implement in order to perform their roles and responsibilities in an effective
manner with more readily. In this it is essential for organisation to satisfy the needs and demands
of consumers while identifying their beliefs and attitudes in an effective manner. For this
company can effectively undertake use of certain theories such as human relation theory,
contingency management theory and system theory in order to interact with workers, as to build
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better form of relation with them. Application of these theories in an effective manner with an
organisational workplace structure effectively allow organisation to provide a safe working
environment to their workers in which they enjoy working and giving their highest interest
towards their roles and responsibility. It has been identified from this report that Maslow
hierarchal structure theory also plays important role in connecting with employees and fulfilling
their potential means. In this it is essential for leaders and managers to utilise best form of
leadership and management approach in order to effectively satisfy the needs of workforce. With
the help of having positive attitude believes and values in workplace and application of all the
management theories in an effective manner company can effectively maintain better form of
relationship with employees and can enhance productivity at greater extent.
REFERENCES
Books and Journals
Bangun, A.V. and Pragholapati, A., 2021. Enhancing Critical Thinking Skills in Nursing Higher
Education in Preparation for the Industrial Revolution 4.0. KnE Life Sciences, pp.793-804.
Basavaraj, S. and Aranha, R.H., 2021. Workplace ostracism, complacency and career plateau–
impediment in the career path of a dignified clerk. Emerald Emerging Markets Case Studies.
Bisel, R.S. and Rush, K.A., 2021. Communication in organizations. In Oxford Research
Encyclopedia of Psychology.
Chen, R.H., 2021. Fostering Students’ Workplace Communicative Competence and
Collaborative Mindset through an Inquiry-Based Learning Design. Education Sciences, 11(1),
p.17.
Cruz, G and et. al.,
Cui, Y., 2021. The role of emotional intelligence in workplace transparency and open
communication. Aggression and Violent Behavior, p.101602.
Flores, D. and Haire, E., 2021. The development of an organizational safety culture in the United
States Forest Service. Journal of Forestry. https://doi. org/10.1093/jofore/fvab025.
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Grenier, R.S., 2021. Identifying and Measuring Expertise in Organizations. Expertise at Work:
Current and Emerging Trends, pp.57-69.2021. What critical thinking skills and dispositions do
new graduates need for professional life? Views from Portuguese employers in different
fields. Higher Education Research & Development, 40(4), pp.721-737.
Mistree, F. and Allen, J.K., 2021. Non-technical Competencies for Succeeding as a Designer in a
Digitally Transforming Workplace. In Design for Tomorrow—Volume 2 (pp. 243-250). Springer,
Singapore.
Noor-Ilander, K., 2021. Leading and Designing the Change Experience in Workplace
Transformation.
Osbjer, J., 2021. Maintaining an organizational culture during a workforce expansion: A case
study at a software product development scaleup.
Prezioso, G. and Margherita, E.G., 2021. Exploring Organizational Strategies for Development
of Digital Skills: A Case Study. In The Big Data-Driven Digital Economy: Artificial and
Computational Intelligence (pp. 243-259). Springer, Cham.
Yasin, Y a2021. The Effect of Audiovisual Learning System on Self-Efficacy and Critical
Thinking Ability in Science Lessons on Human Digestive System Materials Science. Journal of
Social Science, 2(3), pp.328-339.
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