Sustainable Energy and Transportation

This assignment delves into the realm of sustainable energy and transportation by examining various approaches like electric vehicles (EVs) and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs), as well as district heating systems. It encourages students to analyze the economic, environmental, and societal implications of these technologies, considering factors such as fossil fuel reliance, greenhouse gas emissions, and infrastructure development. The analysis draws upon academic research and industry reports to provide a comprehensive understanding of the challenges and opportunities presented by sustainable energy solutions in the transportation sector.

Development in Oil and Gas
Industries

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
TASK...............................................................................................................................................1
1. Component moving the size or structure of the present oil and gas wholesale sectors.....1
2. Technological change on the energy wholesale company in the next ten year..................3
CONCLUSION................................................................................................................................5
REFERENCES................................................................................................................................6

INTRODUCTION
The offshore gas and oil industry has been proving beneficial to the UK national
economy. Products from this industry underpins the modern society, energy is supplied to the
power industry, fuel for all kinds of transportation to carry people and goods to all over the world
inclusive of raw materials for producing many everyday items in the nation. The extensive
supply chain of the oil and gas industry, hundreds of thousand people are getting employed and
have major contribution towards the economy of United Kingdom in terms of tax revenues,
exports and technology (Lees, 2012). Present report will be analysing the factors that affects the
present size and structure of the oil and fluid wholesale sectors or how it influences the
improving cost of oil. This report also measure the expected of technical modification in the
selling manufacture of force within the upcoming period of time.
TASK
1. Component moving the size or structure of the present oil and gas wholesale sectors
The oil and gas wholesale sector is determine as the sales of petrol and diesel in UK from
the fuel forecourts of retail, that can also be called as Petrol Filling Stations. There have been a
lot of factors affecting the sales of PFS from last 20 years. An overall volume that have enhanced
from approx 28 million tonnes in 1997 to a prime of 19.3 million tonnes in 2007. there face a
fall to this peak rise of sales of petrol and diesel at PFS in UK that reached about 27 million
tonnes in 2011, the decrease was just an amount of 8% overall in that four years. There was a
rise in the volumes of diesel in the retail field whereas there was a decrease in the same for petrol
that have been witnessed by UK economy (Tordo and et.al., 2013). Major changes in the prices
of fuel in retail sector affects the changes in the prices of crude oil. Even though, immensity of
changes keeps varying between both as the prices of crude oil are just a single component that
influences the retail prices of fuels like petrol and diesel. Retail prices of fuels are also a subject
to change in relation to the impacts of the cost of refining crude into products, storage costs,
transportation of the fuels and their distribution along with the taxes and duties on them.
There are some important components of retail prices of fuels, that is, petrol and diesel,
and they are categorized in to three main points:
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 Ex-refinery price: This can also be referred to as the cost of the product that means the
price of petrol and diesel in the wholesale market. This the price at which the retailers
purchase the fuels from wholesalers who directly purchases it from the producers. Ex-refinery spread: This is major component which is inclusive of costs and profits of
the wholesaler who is selling the petrol and diesel as fuels and also the fuel retailers. The
costs significantly includes the transportation charges of the fuels, such as they are to be
taken to terminals or depots , and then they have to be stored safely and distributed later
to the Petrol Filling Stations operating in different regions of United Kingdom (Kumar
and et.al., 2011). The amount that remains are the profit which is later shared between the
wholesalers and the retailers in the fuel industry.
 Duties on fuel & VAT: UK government usually charges certain amount for the
organisation who are trading in the oil and gas company which is relate to the fuels and
there are Value Added Taxes additionally added to their operations and transactions.
The component which is considered to be the largest amongst all of them as per the petrol
and diesel prices in 2011 was fuel duties and value added taxes, then the ex-refiner prices,
followed by ex-refinery spread.
Certain factors that affects in the rise and fall of fuel prices in the retail market of UK
economy. The key drivers of market size are the volumes of petrol and diesel sold and their
wholesale prices the production of fuels in the retain market are given by the following matters:
 Figure of Transport: The whole number of transport certified in UK has increased from
1997 to over 34.6 million by 2011 and now have even risen 36.7 million as of 2015. the
annual growth rate is witnessed to be of just lesser than 2%. The increasing number of
vehicles in the nation is understood as a reflection which decreasing in the number of
households without possessing transport in UK which have fallen from 30% in the mid
90s to 25% by 2005, left over at the same level in 2010. the households owning much
than a vehicles have also fallen from 25% to 33% within the identical time of period .
(Olah, Goeppert and Prakash, 2011).
 Type of Fuel: The fuel type of the overall vehicles that are being circulated can also
create a major impact on the size of market for fuels like petrol and diesel. Some data
collected by Department of Transport Statistics for Great Britain makes it visible that
89% of cars licensed in 1997 had a petrol engine and the rest of the vehicles ran on
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diesel. And by year of 2011. 69% of the overall cars registered in UK were petrol ran and
an increased amount of 31% registered that operated on diesel. The fuel economy and
the favour of taxes towards the vehicles emitting lower CO2 as per this 'dieselisation' of
vehicles. Assumption of having no changes within the legislation related to motor fuels
and continuation of same prices for the fuels is expected to continue in trend in the future.
Average Annual Mileage: Another important determinant of fuel retail volumes are
considered to each vehicle's average annual mileage travelled. With huge rise in the
number of vehicles registered in the country of Great Britain, the National Travel Study
has an estimate of ordinary yearly distance per car has fall from 9,700 on the the past
decade to 8,430 by 2010 (Fidler and Noble, 2012).
 Aggregate Fuel Consumption of Vehicles: The average of fuel consumed by vehicles
can also impact the total volumes of fuels in the retail market. The development of new
technologies by car manufacturers have been improving the fuel consumption in new cars
and have been reducing the overall level of carbon dioxide emitted by the vehicles.
2. Technological change on the energy wholesale company in the next ten year
The changes that can never be equalled that have been occurring in the energy retailing
sector have been proving innovation is an essential aspect for development. Company which are
truly innovative are utilising their ideas of bringing in cutting edge technologies and modern
ways of operations for the production of fresh products and services, improve new organization
factors or to change their customer relations in an ultimate positive way.
Combined Heat and Power systems: Combined heat and power system is a technology
that generates electricity as they also capture certain amount of heat that is usable as the it is
involved in the process of production. This is a conventional way to utilize the vast amount of
heat that has being wasted while in the process of generating electricity. Coal and gas fired
power stations of the present era, two third of the overall energy produced is gone waste in the
same way and sometimes it is even visible as a steamy cloud from the cooling towers of such
industries (Collier, Venables and Venables, 2011). The following are the advantages of using
Combined Heat and Power systems in the energy retailing industry: CHP is Fuel Neutral: As a process that generates energy, CHP is neutral to fuel. CHP
process can be made applicable to both, renewable and fossil fuels. The technologies that
are specially employed and their achieved efficiencies are variable, but considering all
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situations , CHP has an opportunity to exhibit their capability to make much more
effective and effective use of primary resources of energy which are valuable. CHP is Local: Combined Heat and Process plants provides local electricity, heat and
sometimes even cooling to different types of users (Yusuf and et.al., 2013). As the energy
they produce is local, CHP has an additional benefit to avoid efficiency losses incurred
through transmissions and distribution of the power via National Grid and distribution
networks in the locality. Almost a rate of 7% of energy will be lost generally when the
network transports the energy from the source of generation to the user.
 Trigeneration: It is the use of a CHP unit for conjunction with an chiller of absorption for
the provision of electricity, heat and cooling. Demands of continuous and seasonal
cooling in buildings be fulfilled by the installation trigeneration as low carbon and cost
effective way to achieve their needs of heating and cooling. The heat that have been
wasted by the CHP units can give the energy required for the production of chilled water.
District Heating Systems: It is a system that comprises of a network of insulated pipes
that is used to provide heat, in form of steam or hot water, to the final user from where it is
generated which are generally energy centres. These networks can vary in sizes and lengths,
taking this heat just a few hundred metres between residences such as homes and flats, or may be
covering kilometres to supply an entire community such as industrial areas. More heat sources
are added to act as heat providers, so as to extend their reach by distance along the way.
A network of heat probably enables valuable amounts of heat, which are usually wasted
while the process of generating energy or any other industrial processes, that are to be captured
for supplying to households and some businesses. This can replace the needs of generating heat
using another source of energy (Frynas, 2010). It also grants scale economies as the heat
generation in one large plant can be more effective than to produce heat in multiple small sized
plants.
Electric Transport (EV) and Plug In Hybrid Vehicles (PV): Battery powered Electric
Vehicles use an electric motor for propulsion with batteries for storage of electricity. The
batteries consisting energy provides all the power for motion and auxiliary onboard the vehicle.
Those batteries are rechargeable from grid electricity and brake energy recuperation and also has
the potential to get charged from non-grid sources of electricity, for instance, photovoltaic panels
at centres for recharging. Hybrid Electric Vehicles use both a motor and engine, with a capacity
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in its battery to store both the electricity generated by brake energy recuperation or the energy
generated by the engine. The power stored in the batteries is used for motor when it needs, for
the provision of auxiliary motive power to engine or even allows the motor tu turn off, for
example, at low-level speeds.
Battery powered EVs have the advantage of the whole ICE method being removed. Its
drivetrain and fuel tank, provides a great amount of fund of up to 3000 GBP per vehicles as
compared to PHEVs (Ross, 2012). Electric vehicle gives another benefit of essential energy
ratio, with in the lead to thrice efficient engine and drivetrain of accepted ICE transport and over
three times effective than the Hybrid Effective Vehicles. Being the electric prices typical in the
retail sector , the cost of fuels for Electric Vehicles can be far below than that of vehicles with
internal combustion engine (ICE). PHEVs retain the whole ICE scheme, but add battery
capability to enable the extended activity of the electric motor, as compared to HEVs.
CONCLUSION
Present report has been prepared to identify the factors that have been increase the
present size and structure of the oil and gas wholesale field and the impact of these factors on
exploding price of oil. The report has also dealt with the drivers and barriers faced by the oil and
gas retail sectors regarding the technologies which are emerging within the scope of United
Kingdom. The report has also being useful to recognise the potentials of the technological
changes on the energy retailing industry. The District Heating Systems, Electric Transport and
Plug in Hybrid vehicles have been emerging as energy efficient forms of transportation and their
technological advances are also discussed within this report.
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REFERENCES
Books and Journals
Collier, P., Venables, A. J. and Venables, T. eds., 2011. Plundered nations?: Successes and
failures in natural resource extraction. Palgrave Macmillan.
Fidler, C. and Noble, B., 2012. Advancing strategic environmental assessment in the offshore oil
and gas sector: Lessons from Norway, Canada, and the United Kingdom. Environmental
Impact Assessment Review. 34. pp.12-21.
Frynas, J. G., 2010. Corporate social responsibility and societal governance: Lessons from
transparency in the oil and gas sector. Journal of business ethics. 93. pp.163-179.
Husain, I., 2011. Electric and hybrid vehicles: design fundamentals. CRC press.
Khaligh, A. and Li, Z., 2010. Battery, ultracapacitor, fuel cell, and hybrid energy storage systems
for electric, hybrid electric, fuel cell, and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles: State of the
art. IEEE transactions on Vehicular Technology. 59(6). pp.2806-2814.
Kumar, S., and et. al., 2011. LNG: An eco-friendly cryogenic fuel for sustainable development.
Applied Energy. 88(12). pp.4264-4273.
Lees, F., 2012. Lees' Loss prevention in the process industries: Hazard identification, assessment
and control. Butterworth-Heinemann.
Olah, G. A., Goeppert, A. and Prakash, G. S., 2011. Beyond oil and gas: the methanol economy.
John Wiley & Sons.
Peterson, S. B., Whitacre, J. F. and Apt, J., 2010. The economics of using plug-in hybrid electric
vehicle battery packs for grid storage. Journal of Power Sources, 195(8), pp.2377-2384.
Pistoia, G. ed., 2010. Electric and hybrid vehicles: Power sources, models, sustainability,
infrastructure and the market. Elsevier.
Ross, M., 2012. The oil curse: how petroleum wealth shapes the development of nations.
Princeton University Press.
Tordo, S., and et. al., 2013. Local content policies in the oil and gas sector. World Bank
Publications.
Wang, J., and et. al., 2011. Impact of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles on power systems with
demand response and wind power. Energy Policy. 39(7). pp.4016-4021.
Yusuf, Y.Y., and et. al., 2013. The UK oil and gas supply chains: An empirical analysis of
adoption of sustainable measures and performance outcomes. International Journal of
Production Economics. 146(2). pp.501-514.
Online
What is District Heating?. 2017. [Online]. Available Through:
<https://www.theade.co.uk/resources/what-is-district-heating>. [Accessed on 3rd July
2017].
Electric and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles. 2017. [Online]. Available Through:
<https://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/EV_PHEV_Roadmap.p
df>. [Accessed on 3rd July 2017].
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