Diabetes and Technology

This research provides a comprehensive understanding of diabetes, including its types, causes, symptoms, and treatments. It also explores the role of technology, such as insulin pumps and continuous glucose monitoring, in managing the disease. The research emphasizes the importance of utilizing innovative technology to deliver appropriate care services for diabetic patients.

Diabetes and Technology
Abstract
The purpose of this research is to deep understanding about the diabetes. This research
consist Types, Causes, Symptoms and Treatments for a diabetic patient; it is also including
updates for current state on diabetes Technology. These updates include information about
Insulin pump and Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM), in addition with emerged technology such
as mobile apps for diabetes will be reviewed. However, it is favourable to utilise innovative as well
as advanced technology in order to deliver appropriate care services for diabetic patients to make
them wellbeing. It is essential to evaluate actual cause and type of diabetes which helps to provide
accurate medical services for improving health condition of patients with diabetes.
1. Introduction
Diabetes is the chronic metabolic
condition, in which body does not process
food for use as energy. When we eat food,
it turned in (glucose or sugar) for that
human body use as energy (Diabetes: Type
1 Diabetes V/S Type 2 Diabetes, 2020). The
Pancreas is an organ which lies near
human stomach which makes hormone
called insulin, to help glucose get into the
cells of human bodies. In diabetes blood
glucose or blood sugar cause serious
damage to heart, blood vessels, eyes,
kidneys and nervous system. Diabetes is
the seventh leading cause of death in
United Kingdom.
Key words; Diabetes, Remote health
monitoring, e- Health, sensors, mobile
apps.
2. Classification of Diabetes
Diabetes divided in various types, such as
Type 1, Type 2, Gestational and specific
types for other health condition.
2.1 Type One Diabetes
Type 1 diabetes previously known as
insulin-dependent diabetes millitus
(IDDM) or juvenile onset diabetes, 5% to
10% cases of diabetes been fall in this
category (Introduction, 2020).
Risk factors are less defined for type 1
diabetes in comparison of type 2 diabetes.
It’s been noticed that, genetic, autoimmune
or environmental factors are involved in
the development of this type of diabetes.
(Source: Diabetes, 2020)
2.2 Type Two diabetes
The most common type of diabetes is type
2 diabetes, usually diagnosed in adults.
Type 2 diabetes was previously known as
non- insulin -dependent diabetes mellitus
(NIDDM).
Most likely risk factor on type 2 diabetes
included older age people 50 +, obesity,
have family history of diabetes, physical
inactive, impaired glucose tolerance, and

likely race/ethnicity are the most popular
factors are at the high risk for type 2
diabetes (Impact Of Diabetic Complications,
2020).
In past three decades, dramatically type 2
diabetes patient’s cases level has been
risen in various countries. It’s been noticed
that countries whose population income
graph is between low - medium, are more
likely victimised. The patients who are
living within such countries having
diabetes doesn’t have opportunity to avail
easy access to affordable treatments
including insulin is crucial for their
survival.
(Source: Diabetes, 2020)
2.3 Gestational Diabetes Mellitus
(GDM)
This type of diabetes mostly diagnosed in
pregnant women’s usually 26th or 28th
week of pregnancy, there is no likely
symptoms for this type of diabetes because
of gestation.
2.4 Specific Types of diabetes due to
other health reason,
Other specific types of diabetes are
resulted from specific genetic syndromes,
surgery, drugs, infections, neonatal,
maturity – onset, and chemical induced
diabetes (Types Of Insulin :: Diabetes
Education Online, 2020). It’s been globally
agreed that in future the present number of
diabetes and obesity cases going to be rise
by 2050.
Source (ASPE. 2020. Introduction)
429 million people in world have diabetes
and 1.6 million deaths are also directly
caused by diabetes which risen slowly in
last past few years (Schema Evolution In
Data Lakes, 2020).
According to Diabetes UK (2010) most of
the population with diabetes type 2 in UK,
are over 60 years old, and their level of
knowledge and understanding for diabetes
is very poor.
According to Diabetes UK, the patient in
care homes fail to receive diabetes
education and early screening for diabetes
at early stage of diagnose. Study says
every 6 out of 10 diabetic patients in care
home do not have any awareness of any
information in relation with diabetes.
In USA an estimated cost for diabetes is
more than 130 billion dollars every year.
3. Diabetes Causes
Each type of diabetes is associated with
different causes.
3.1 Type One Diabetes
This type of diabetes doesn’t have any
known cause, but it’s been noticed that if
immune system mistakenly attacks and
destroy insulin cells in Pancras, can be a
reason of having type one diabetes.
Generally, it’s been transfer from family,

or it’s been come in inheritance. These are
the most common known reason of type 1
diabetes.
3.2 Type two Diabetes
This type of diabetes targeted those who
have combination of genetic and life style
factors. Excess body weight especially in
belly makes body cells more resistant
effect of the insulin in blood sugar (Non-
invasive glucose monitoring for diabetes: five
strategies under development, 2017). People
who doesn’t have proper time table of
active life activities or any schedule
routine such as unhealthy eating
behaviours, no routine physical activity,
smoking etc. This condition also transfers
from families or family members, share
genetically disease have likely chance of
type 2 diabetes.
3.3 Gestational Diabetes
Many females have gestational diabetes.
they do not develop any symptoms. The
condition diagnosed during in pregnancy
routine, when the test for blood sugar or
blood glucose tolerance done between 24th
or 26th week. In some cases, ladies with
gestational diabetes will also experience
increased of thirst and urine in comparison
of in their normal routine.
2.4 Diabetes and Oxidative Stress
Oxidative stress develops during normal
metabolic process in the human body, it
induced by environmental and social
changing factors in human body (Top 5
Best Diabetes Apps - Diabetic Nation, 2020).
Stress shows a significant effect on human
life and body it is also cause diabetes as
well as diabetes related complications in
human being. (Wilson, 1998).
Stress play a central role in the
pathogenesis of metabolic diseases like
diabetes mellitus and its complication (like
peripheral neuropathy) also in
neurodegenerative disorders like
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and Parkinson
Disease (PD) (Biorkhem et al., 2009;
Eggers, 2009).
4. Symptoms in Diabetes
All type of diabetes always leads to many
complications in many parts of human
body and increase the risk of dying
permanently.
Diabetes always caused by in increase
level of blood sugar in human body.
General symptoms of diabetes are,
 Unusual Hunger
 Unusual Thirst
 Weight Gain
 Weight loss
 Frequent use of loo (urine)
 Blurry Vision
 Sore throat which doesn’t heal.
Diabetes symptoms also vary between
males and females.
4.1 (Diabetes symptoms in men’s)
Including the general symptoms of
diabetes, in men’s may have some few
exceptional such as poor muscle strength,
some gentleman seen with decreased need
of sex drive, erectile dysfunction ED are
few known symptoms (Chaudhry, 2020).
4.2 (Diabetes symptoms in females)
Diabetic woman’s can also have some
symptoms such as Urine Tract Infection
known as (UTI) and dry itchy skin are
more likely symptoms in woman’s.
4.3 Type 1 & 2 Diabetes symptoms
Most of the symptoms are similar in both
type of diabetes. Type 1&2 diabetes
includes,
 Excessive hunger
 Thirst
 Unintentional weight loss
 Frequently need of urine
 Tiredness
 Blurry vision

 Sore throat
5. Complications in Diabetes
Diabetes is a serious and life -threating
disease. It’s can be manged with very well
and proper medical treatments and with a
healthy diet control make difference in
these diseases (Proper, 1997). It is very
necessary for diabetic patient to be aware
with nature of treatment, risk factors and
complication of this disease.
Possible complication includes kidney
failure, leg amputation, vision loss
(blindness), and nerve damage are the
most common reason of diabetes.
Adults with diabetic have more likely risk
of heart attack and stroke. Pregnant
woman’s who did not control their
diabetes during pregnancy are at fatal risk
of death or other complications, such as
premature birth, Jaundice, and low blood
sugar.
In many cases diabetic patients has been
diagnosed with heart disease, loss of
hearing, foot damage, skin infection such
as (fungal infection) depression and
dementia.
Source (diabetes.medicinematters.com. 2020)
These symptoms are diagnosed in millions
cases every year in the world, almost 3%
global blindness can be attribute to
diabetic patient by retinopathy, which
occurs in resulted for long term damage of
blood vessels in retina (Sarah Eggers and et
al., 1878).
Kidney failure is also a leading cause of
diabetes, foot ulcer causes when blood
flow reduces and nerve damaged in feet’s
and this infection also lead to limb for
limb amputation, also patient suffer with
life- time health issues, for rest of their
life.
6. Treatments for Diabetes
There are number of treatments available
in healthcare system to help and manage
diabetes. Every patient has different
symptoms and causes for diabetes and
every diabetes patient lie on different
treatment criteria is different according to
individual need type of disease.
Diabetes is treatable illness, it is curable
with few different medications, some
medicines needs to be taken orally and few
medications are prescribed as injected
(WHO, 2020).
6.1 Type 1 Diabetes treatment
Patients who are diagnosed with type
1diabetes, their treatment routine is always
well-planned and tough, and as lack of
insulin production by the pancreas makes
routine hard for type 1 diabetes carrier.
Type 1 patients need to follow a strict
daily plan, where they need to take
balanced and calorie calculate diet,
physical activity play a vital role in their
life so being an active person a is key
factor for treating diabetes. So, the type 1
diabetes patient must keep hobby of
having physical activity in their daily life
routine, which help them keep diabetes in
control (Molecular Biotechnology, 1995).
Stress is the one of the highlighted cause
for diabetes, so diabetic patient needs to be
mentally relax and tension free which is
hard obviously in real world but there are
so many counselling and the help is
available out there, try to avail all possible
help. Insulin is well known treatment for

diabetes but it varies on type of diabetes.
Multiple prescribed insulins are part of the
treatments, and last not but the least most
important is to keep monitoring their blood
sugar with glucose testing system at home.
Blood glucose monitoring is the essential
routine of the treatment (Gaming Law
Review and Economics, 2016).
Four types of insulin are most
commonly used to treat Type 1 and
Type 2 diabetes.
These insulins are differentiating by the
timing, like how quickly they will start
work in body and how the effect will last
for those insulins according to the
condition of patient and, please always
remember every diabetic patient is vary to
other diabetic patient according to health
condition and requirement.
1. Rapid Acting Insulin start working
within 15 minutes and last for 3, 4 hours.
2. Short Acting Insulin start work within
30 minutes and last for 6,8 hours.
3. Intermediate Acting Insulin start
work within 1 to 2 hours and last for 12 to
18 hours max.
4. Long Acting Insulin start to work in
few hours later after injection and last for
24 hours or longer.
source (Us, A., Us, C., Diabetes, T.,
Diabetes)
6.2 Type 2 Diabetes Treatment
Best remedy to control or mange T2D is
through Healthy Diet and Exercise,
changing life style isn’t just solution to
control diabetes, so patients also need to
take some medication for lower their blood
sugar in different ways. According to
research 40% of patients with T2D require
insulin injections (Papadopoulos, McFadden
and Young, 2020).
Early diagnose of disease is the starting
point of living well with any type of
diabetes. The longer person lives with
undiagnosed and untreated diabetes the
quicker chances will occurs to face worse
consequences with the health. Patient
needs to monitor, examined and treated for
the complications, of diseases and have
facility to easy excess for basic diagnose
such as, blood sugar testing system. All
test should be possible in advance in health
care setting, facilities such as regular
scanning for damage eyes and kidneys are
early stage of treatment.
6.3 Treatment for Gestational diabetes
As this type of diabetes diagnosed in
females during their pregnancy so, the
patient need to monitor their blood sugar at
early stage of pregnancy and need to
monitor blood sugar several times in a day.
If some reason for which sugar level keeps
coming high so just changing diet or doing
some exercise isn’t the solution for
controlling diabetes especially during
pregnancy.
Fact shows that 10% out of 20 % of
women with gestational diabetes will need
to use insulin to bring down the level of
blood sugar. Insulin is also safe for
growing babies.
Healthy Diet is also a big treatment for
diabetes patients (Spanò, Pascoli and
Iannaccone, 2016). Effective approach is
available for everyone for prevent the

sophistications which causes premature
deaths resulting from all types of diabetes.
All population must have to set some
procedures and policies around their home,
workplace, schools which contributes
towards healthier life for everyone
regardless whether they are diabetic or not.
Healthy eating, daily workout, avoiding
smoking and controlling blood sugar are
good examples of living diabetes free
healthy life. In T1D blood sugar level rise
or falls based on choice of food patient
consume daily (Diabetes Treatments, 2020).
Sugary and starchy food always raises
blood sugar very rapidly, so as fats and
proteins causes gradual increase of blood
sugar. It’s been medically advised that
patient with T1D limit their intake of
carbohydrates in everyday meal and try to
balance carbs intake with insulin dose.
Similarly, in T2D right choice of food
possibly help in to control blood sugar in
patient body, it will also help to lose some
body weight. Balanced diet and Carb
intake play an important part in T2D
routine due to that patients with type 2
diabetes always advised to take small
meals portions throughout the day. It is
necessary that patients with type 2 diabetes
include more healthy food such as addition
of extra portion of vegetables, grains, fish,
chicken, olive oils and nuts in their meal.
7. Technology
Technology is playing vital roles in
everybody’s life nowadays. It is observed
that human’s life depends on digital
technology in terms of health,
entertainment, education, socially so as
psychologically.
Technology is a very powerful innovation;
nothing can beat to improve technology
making life easier for world. Without
technology life was very difficult, imagine
life in early days, imagine life before
Electricity power, life before Phone, life
before Transport, life before computer
and smart phones, technology change
definition of everything.
Where technology makes complexity of
life easy it also put some negative impact
on environment, and social life, as well
(Diabetes, 2020).
Source (Proper, H., 1997)
Technology such as computers, laptop,
tablets, and smart phones make
communication easy, communication
became faster and easier, handling money
transactions, making important decisions,
socialising, processing confidential data ,
health treatments, buying and selling
online at home are few examples of
innovative technology . (Quora.com)
7.1 Technology and Health care
Healthcare and technology are working
together to transform global health.
Thanks to the development in technology
which make things possible now having
quick access to advanced health machine
and tools which diagnosed early symptoms
and causes of any disease and make
treatments possible more accurate, easy
and remotely.
Some of the technological and digital
transformations in health care are remote
consultations, telemedicine, AR/VR
supported surgeries and health care
mobiles app (Urbanski, Wolf and Herman,
2008).
Mobile apps allow patients to keep eye on
their life style such as smart choice of food
calorie counted meals, manage heart rate,
and exercise. Through smarts apps now
it’s easy to manage doctors’ appointments.

Some apps also have facilities to upload
Patients prescriptions in advance and they
get medicines deliver at home without
going out and saving money of travel cost
and time to visit the pharmacy.
8. Diabetes & Technology
Technology play an important role in the
everyone life, but it makes life much more
easier for a patients with diabetes now
days, they manage their diabetes through
different types of diabetes supported
technologies like, insulin pen, insulin
pumps and digital glucose monitors called
CGM (Continuous Glucose Monitor)
which help to monitor blood sugar in
patient bodies.
There are lots of different types of
technologies which are designed for
diabetic patients one of these smart
technology or technique which support
mostly our elderly patients, commonly
known as Remote healthcare Patient
Monitoring systems, which allows
healthcare professionals to examine their
patients wireless and patient stay in home
comfort (Deen, 2015). RHPMS (Remote
Healthcare Patient Monitoring System)
provide efficient and cost effective and
alternative clinical monitoring solution for
patient inside their home.
Technology creates better options for
aging people and brings more ease in their
life as we know aging population ratio
around the globe is increasing very
rapidly.
According to WHO (World Health
Organisation), the number of people aged
60 years and above will almost quadruple
to 395 million between now and 2050.
Ageing population is responsible for a
significant impact on social and economic
structure of society in relation of social
welfare and healthcare needs. The cost
associate with healthcare service
continuous to create complications
because cost of prescribed medications and
instruments which use in hospitals and
increase cost of healthcare surcharges
(Who.int. 2020, WHO).
RPMS (Remote Patient Monitoring
System) is a technology help our aging
population to monitor outside the clinical
settings, which allow individual to manage
and improve life with independence,
prevent complication and reduce cost
(Pantelopoulos and Bourbakis, 2010).
RPMS technology use sensors to monitor
human body condition those sensors which
used in respect for diabetic patients are
divided in two main categories, known as,
 Non – Invasive sensors also
distinguished as wearable sensors.
 Invasive sensors distinguished as
Implantable sensors.
8.1 Non - invasive / wearable sensors
Wearable sensors are attracting the
attention of researchers, entrepreneurs and
tech giants in recent years. Wearable
devices easily monitor and record real time
information about physical condition and
motion activities (Alexander, 2018).
Wearable sensors are based on health
monitoring systems have different type of
flexible sensors, which are integrated into
textile fabric clothes, elastic bands and
attached or implant in human body (Deen,
2015). Various wearable products such as
biometric shirts and fitness tracker by Fit
bit are now available at market.
Sensors are capable to monitor and
measure physical signs such as ECG
(Electrocardiogram), EMG
(Electromyogram), HR (Heart Rate), and
body temperature, EDA (electro-dermal
activity), BP (blood pressure) and RR
(Respiration Rate).

Source (Chaudhry, A., 2020)
8.2 Invasive sensors
When we talk about diabetes and
technology we must know about some
invasive sensors such as CGM
(Continuous Glucose Monitor) and FGM
(Flash Glucose Monitor).
Many diabetic patients already use
medications like insulin pens and blood
sugar monitors.
Type 1 & Type 2 patients take insulin,
most common way of taking insulin are
insulin pen, new technology introduced
insulin pumps and smart insulin pens.
Insulin pump is a small electronic device
that gives patient body regular insulin,
according patient needs throughout the day
and night (Diabetes Care, 2017).
source (The Pharmaceutical Journal, 2017)
8.3 Smart mobile app
Smart phones are big revolution in digital
market t, and now smart technology and
healthcare have been coming together
from last few years. AI empowering
healthcare system and scientist and
researchers are constantly developing new
technologies to making health care system
more strong and remote accessible for
humans.
Technology to help and monitor and
manage patient diabetes through smart
phone app like meals carb counting,
physical activity monitor is known
examples of smart app technologies.
These apps ranging from diabetes
monitoring tools to AI powered devices
turning our phones into medical tools and
one-way scientist are helping people to
control the rising cost of health care
system. Diabetes affects more than 4
million populations in the UK at present.
These figures represent 6% of the UK
population or 1 in every 16-people having
diabetes.
There is variety of apps available in
market to download on smart mobile like
Apple phone and other Android phones.
Some apps are freed available to download
and some need referral of you GP (Reed
and Lehmann, 2006).
 Some well know diabetes apps are,
(Diabetic Nation. 2020 )
 Diabetes in check
 Diabetes M:
 My Sugar
 Glooko
 Glucose Buddy
Source (Diabetic Nation. 2020)

There are many more apps that are
available to download, according to
patients needs to be satisfied.
Smart mobile apps are playing a vital role
in promoting and cost effective healthy
life styles.
Telemedicine and m Health are a new era
in medicine
Conclusion
In aim of this study is to understand the
diabetes, risk factors and complications in
details, Diabetes Mellitus is considered a
chronic disease for health. It predicts this
will turn into global epidemic, its
complication causes many devastating
health problems. Number of patients are
increasing day by day every year and
diagnosed with any type1 and type2
Diabetes, especially elderly population
whose risk factor is high according to UK
statistics. There was necessary to take
some initiative to implement new
strategies for support aging population or
the population who have limited sources to
affordable health care facilities to
maximise comfort of healthcare patient’s
especially diabetic patients.
Early diagnose of disease improve general
outcomes of treatment and reduce
complications. Healthy diet, regular
physical activity, avoiding tobacco, losing
weight prevents, delay and treat the onset
of type 2 diabetes. Healthy diet can reduce
consequences of diabetes.
Stress, obesity family inheritance, is
common factors having diabetes in
patients.
Though diabetes is non-curable disease but
we can control and manage the fatal
consequences by doing early diagnose and
taking proper treatment on time. Diabetes
is considered a slow poison which making
human body weak day by day if treatment
doesn’t start on time, it will damage
kidneys, hearts, skin, vision, and limb.
Technologies play a vital role in healthcare
and checking blood sugar, taking
medicines, keeping healthy life style,
smart mobile technology and invasive and
non-invasive sensor are big development
in health care system.
Remote Patient Health Monitoring system
is also great achievements by scientists,
where through AI devices, patients
monitor by healthcare professional’s
through wireless technology in comfort of
their homes, it makes positive impact on
social and economic difference on patient
health and reduces the burden of health
care cost.
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