Diabetes Mellitus: Types, Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment

This presentation provides an overview of Diabetes Mellitus, including its types, symptoms, causes, and treatment options. It discusses the pathophysiology and pharmacology of the disease, as well as different treatment approaches. The presentation also emphasizes the importance of lifestyle changes and non-pharmacological interventions in managing Diabetes Mellitus. References are provided for further reading.

DIABETES MELLITUS
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
• PHYSIOLOGY
• TYPE 1 DIABETES MELLITUS
• TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS
• SYMPTOMS OF DIABETES MELLITUS
• CAUSES OF DIABETES MELLITUS
• PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
• PHARMACOLOGY
• TREATMENT
• CONCLUSION
• REFERENCES

NORMAL PHYSIOLOGY
• Diabetes mellitus is most commonly referred as diabetes, which is a
chronic disorder categorized by high blood glucose level for an
extended period of time (Australia, 2019).
• Diabetes can be either acquired or inherited disorder, cause due to
deficiency of total insulin production by pancreas.
• Two chief types of diabetes mellitus is present namely:
1. Type 1 diabetes mellitus
2. Type 2 diabetes mellitus

TYPE 1 DIABETES MELLITUS
It is previously known as Insulin- Dependent Diabetes Mellitus (IDDM)
and is considered as an autoimmune disorder.
This type of diabetes is caused due to the following reason (Katsarou et
al., 2017):
• Consumption of medicine during pregnancy.
• Smoking
• Early consumption of cereals and cow’s milk.
In type 2 diabetes mellitus no insulin is produced by the pancreases.

TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS
It is previously known as Non Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus
(NIDDM).
Type 2 is caused due to the following reason (Defronzo et al., 2015):
• Decrease in the number of insulin receptors
• Disturbance in insulin response in the cells
• Obesity
• Inappropriate physical activity or exercise

SYMPTOMS OF DIABETES MELLITUS
The symptoms of diabetes mellitus is as follows (Betterhealth.vic.gov.au, 2019):
• Amplified thirst
• Recurrent urination
• Extreme starvation
• Weight loss
• Tiredness
• Irritability
• Unclear vision
• Frequent infections
• Slow-healing wounds

CAUSES OF DIABETES MELLITUS
The factors causing diabetes mellitus are as following (Malone & Hansen,
2019):
• Sedentary lifestyle
• Excess consumption of food
• Obesity
• Acute stress
• Family history of diabetes mellitus
• Increasing age
• Pregnancy

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF TYPE 1
Viral Infection
Alteration of self cells
Auto immune response
Destruction of beta cells
Insulin deficiency (type 1 diabetes mellitus)

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF TYPE 2

PHARMACOLOGY
There are various oral anti-diabetic drugs that is used for treating diabetes mellitus.
The drugs are classified as:
• Insulin secretagogues
• Biguanides
• Thiazolidinediones
• Alpha-glucosudase inhibitors
• Amylin analog
Drug class- Biguanides
Drug name- Metformin

MECHANISM OF ACTION OF
METFORMIN
Metformin
Activates AMPA-PK
Reduces production of hepatic glucose
Lower blood glucose level

PHARMACOTHERAPY
Pharmacokinetics of metformin:
• Orally absorbed
• Half life of 1.5 to 3 hours
• It is excreted by kidneys
• Metformin is metabolized in liver
Pharmacodynamics of metformin:
• Decrease the production of hepatic glucose
• Decreases intestinal absorption of glucose
• Increases insulin sensitivity

Indication:
• Metformin is used for the treatment of renal dysfunction
• Chronic liver disorder, lactic acidosis, alcohol abuse, congestive heart
failure and acute myocardial infraction.
Contraindication (Dujic et al., 2015):
• Hepatic impairment
• Heart failure
• Renal impairment
• Alcoholism

Side effects:
• Anorexia
• Weight loss
• Vomiting and nausea
• Abdominal discomfort
• Diarrhea
• Dyspepsia and
• Flatulence

TREATMENT OF DIABETES
MELLITUS
There are two types of treatment approaches for diabetes mellitus that
include (Jenkins et al., 2019):
1. Pharmacological treatment- Pharmacological treatment include
consumption of insulin and glycemic medication.
2. Non-pharmacological treatment- Non-pharmacological treatment
include better diet and lifestyle changes such as adaption of yoga
and exercise, meditation and physical activity.

CONCLUSION
• Diabetes mellitus is defined as a chronic disorder of protein, fat and
carbohydrates metabolism that result due to insulin deficiency or may
be due to abnormality in the response of insulin.
• The symptoms of diabetes mellitus vary from person to person and
also depends on the types of diabetes mellitus
• If the condition is not treated properly, it can lead to various
complications that can be either long term or short term
• Different treatment approaches are available that can either be
pharmacological or non-pharmacological.

REFERENCES
• Australia, H. (2019). Type 1 diabetes.
• Betterhealth.vic.gov.au. (2019). Diabetes. Retrieved from https://
www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/diabetes
• DeFronzo, R. A., Ferrannini, E., Groop, L., Henry, R. R., Herman, W. H., Holst, J. J., ... & Simonson, D. C.
(2015). Type 2 diabetes mellitus. Nature reviews Disease primers, 1, 15019.
• Dujic, T., Zhou, K., Donnelly, L. A., Tavendale, R., Palmer, C. N., & Pearson, E. R. (2015). Association of organic
cation transporter 1 with intolerance to metformin in type 2 diabetes: a GoDARTS study. Diabetes, 64(5), 1786-
1793.
• Jenkins, A. J., Scott, E., Fulcher, J., Kilov, G., & Januszewski, A. S. (2019). Management of diabetes mellitus.
In Comprehensive Cardiovascular Medicine in the Primary Care Setting (pp. 113-177). Humana Press, Cham.
• Katsarou, A., Gudbjörnsdottir, S., Rawshani, A., Dabelea, D., Bonifacio, E., Anderson, B. J., ... & Lernmark, Å.
(2017). Type 1 diabetes mellitus. Nature reviews Disease primers, 3, 17016.
• Malone, J. I., & Hansen, B. C. (2019). Does obesity cause type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM)? Or is it the
opposite?. Pediatric Diabetes, 20(1), 5-9.
• Wang, Q., Zhang, M., Torres, G., Wu, S., Ouyang, C., Xie, Z., & Zou, M. H. (2017). Metformin suppresses
diabetes-accelerated atherosclerosis via the inhibition of Drp1-mediated mitochondrial fission. Diabetes, 66(1),
193-205.