Autoimmune Diabetes Mellitus Type 1 Research 2022

Autoimmunity with focus on Type 1 diabetes mellitus

Introduction:
Type 1 diabetes(Diabetes mellitus) is an autoimmune and organ specific
disease.Pancreatic islets were unable to produce required insulin or completely stop
insulin production by undergoing self destruction in pancreas.Individuals are genetically
susceptible due to inflammation resulting in insulin deficiency(Paschou et.al,2014).Type
1 diabetes is more often seen in children and young adult generation.It is most
prevalent in Northern European countries like Sweden and Finland followed by USA.
Type 1 diabetes mainly accounts 15% of the total population.The incidence rate is
increasing from 2% to 5 % every year and this is mainly because of unhealthy
environment.The nature of risk factors is currently under research investigation. (Floyel,
Kaur & Pociot, 2015).Beta cells undergo self destruction because of immune system
failure and it is observed in the age group between 11 to 13 years.Currently people
suffering from type 1 diabetes requires insulin injections for the rest of their lives in order
to remain alive.
Autoimmunity:
The immune system present in the body of an individual will undergo self destruction
mechanism of insulin producing beta cells and it is referred to as autoimmunity.Due to
this individual become sensitive and develop infections resulting in increased blood
glucose levels.This weakens the defense mechanism of the immune system and also
lead to other problems like body becoming more vulnerable to the infection,decrease in
blood flow and nerve gets damaged.Individuals suffering from this disease should be
injected with insulin into their body on a daily basis.Glycemic levels should be in control
in order to avoid the risks associated with diabetic condition (Cryer,2014).
It is necessary to slow down the self destruction process of beta cells in the pancreas
and for this treatment procedures like Diamyd is currently in use to stop or slow down
the autoimmune process of destruction in individuals(Donath,Hess & Palmer,2014). The
process to stimulate new beta cells generation is possible through combination of
Diamyd with other drugs.
carbohydrates & lipid metabolism pathways and correspondent hormones that are
activated and inhibited:
Type 1 diabetes is characterized by improper functioning of metabolism and are mainly
influenced by hormones and enzymes.There are several metabolic pathways which are
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regulated by maintaining balance between insulin at one side and epinephrine and
glucagon on other side.Cyclic AMP (cAMP),intracellular secondary messenger serve as
a parameter which maintains balance.
Cyclic AMP is formed by activation of adenylate cyclase by glucagon and
epinephrine.Cleavage of Cyclic AMP is enhanced by activation of phosphodiesterase by
insulin.If there is a lack of insulin it results in increase in Cyclic AMP level which further
activates Protein Kinase A.
Both Cyclic AMP and Protein Kinase A control the target protein fructose-2,6-
bisphosphate/phosphofructokinase-2 is referred to as bifunctional enzyme.
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