Diabetes Prevention and Control: Interventions and Integrated Behavioral Model

Running head: DIABETES
Diabetes Prevention and Control: Interventions and Integrated Behavioral Model
Name of the Student
Name of the University
Author Note

1DIABETES
Background of the study
Diabetes
According to the American Diabetes Association (ADA) (2019), diabetes is a
metabolic disorder that results in increase in the level of glucose in the blood. Diabetes can be
classified under two categories. Type 1 Diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is a metabolic disorder that
occurs due to the destruction of the beta cells leading to deficiency of absolute insulin and
thus hampering glucose uptake from blood, promoting hyperglycemia. Type 2 Diabetes
Mellitus (T2DM) create a progressive loss of bet-cells of the Islet of Langerhans, pancreas
and thus hampering the secretion of insulin and increasing the glucose level in blood. In
certain cases, the body develop insulin resistance in T2DM and thus increasing the blood
glucose level (GBL) or causing hyperglycemia. There is another type of diabetes known as
gestational diabetes (GD). This is common among the pregnant women who are in second or
third trimester of pregnancy (ABA, 2019). Centers for Disease Prevention and Control (CDC)
(2019) stated that more than 34 million people or one out of ten people in the USA have
diabetes. Approximately 90 to 95% of them have T2DM. T2DM is adult diabetes that
develops in people who are over 45 years of age. T2DM is popularly known as lifestyle
disease and at present it is becoming increasing popular among the children, teen and young
adults due to poor lifestyle habits.
Type 2 diabetes among African American
U.S Department of Health and Human Services Office of Minority Health (2019)
highlighted in their report that African American Adults are 60% more likely in comparison
to the non-Hispanic white adults to be diagnosed with T2DM. Socio-economic determinant
of health (SDH) is associated with the higher prevalence of the cardio-vascular risk factors
including diabetes among the African American adults. Diabetes is two times more prevalent

2DIABETES
among the lo-income population in comparison to the wealthy population. Patients with
T2DM from low income countries are more likely to get hospitalized due to the management
of the micro and macro-vascular complications of diabetes. The link between the diabetes
vulnerability and financial status is complex. It has been seen that increased diabetes risk is
popular among the low-income groups and this is further associated with increased
prevalence of obesity within this group. (Bijlsma-Rutte, Rutters, Elders, Bot & Nijpels,
2018). In the USA the rate of occurrence of Diabetes is significantly higher among the black
adults in comparison to the while adults and the greatest difference is observed between the
black women and white women. The biological risk factors accounted for the significant
health disparities among the white and black population of the USA. The biological factors
include high body mass index (BMI), fasting glucose, waist measurement, lung function,
blood pressure and lipids. The differences between the whites and blacks in psychosocial,
behavioral and socio-economic factors are also linked with the diabetes development
(Schwartz, 2016).

3DIABETES
(CDC, 2019)
Interventions for Diabetes management
According to the American Family Physician (2019), stated that insulin resistance
among the T2DM population occurs due to defective insulin-mediated glucose uptake and
glucose utilization within the body and this in turn reflects the inhibition of glucose transport.
Both the pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions are used in order to reduce
the insulin resistance. However, non-pharmacological medication is found to promote long-
term result of diabetes management in comparison to the pharmacological interventions.
Common non-pharmacological intervention that is used for the management of T2DM
include low-calories diet, strict weight loss regime and conduction of mild to moderate
physical activity (American Family Physician, 2019).
Scope of the research
In my research into type 2 diabetes, I have identified four different studies to analyze
the effectiveness of the non-pharmacological interventions for the management of type 2
diabetes among the African American adults in the USA. I used multiple databases (PubMed,
JSTOR and Google Scholar) in order to retrieved those four selected articles. The keywords,
that were used for the search of the articles in those databases include: diabetes or Type 2
diabetes AND interventions OR non-pharmacological interventions AND self-management
and African American. The articles that were published within the last 10 years were
included in the study. The inclusion of the articles that are published within the last 10 years
helped in the generation of the evidence-based interventions that are relevant yet authentic. In
all the included studies, the authors included non-pharmacological interventions for the
promotion of the effective management of diabetes.