Diabetes Management and Complications

This assignment requires a summary of several research papers on diabetes. The papers delve into topics like managing hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes, the protective effects of GLP-1 on the glomerular endothelium, mitochondrial biogenesis regulation, and the role of diet in autoimmune diabetes. Additionally, the assignment explores the impact of famine exposure on type 2 diabetes risk and investigates the selective IL-2 responsiveness of regulatory T cells in type 1 diabetes.

Diagnosis and management
(Diabetes)

ABSTRACT
Diabetes is referred as a disorder that is characterized by increased level of blood glucose
levels in the body. It is generally caused due to lack of proper production of insulin. The report has
included physiological characteristics associated with type 1 and type 2 diabetes. It also explored
various treatment and investigative process to diagnose the presence of diabetes.

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION................................................................................................................................4
1.1 Physiological origin of diabetes ..........................................................................................4
1.2 Signs and symptoms of diabetes...........................................................................................4
1.3 Contributory factors to the onset of diabetes........................................................................4
2.1 Process of referral to identified specialist services in diabetes.............................................5
2.2 Investigative processes and procedures in diabetes..............................................................5
3.1 Care services available in diabetes.......................................................................................5
3.2 Roles and responsibilities of the professionals in relation to diabetes ................................5
3.3 Ranges of treatment available for patients with diabetes.....................................................6
3.4 Monitoring processes involved for diabetes........................................................................6
4.1 Extent to which an individual diagnosed with diabetes would need to adapt his/her lifestyle.6
4.2 Range of strategies that would help individuals cope with lifestyle changes caused by
diabetes........................................................................................................................................6
4.3 Prognosis and potential long term outcomes for the individual for diabetes.......................6
CONCLUSION....................................................................................................................................7

INTRODUCTION
Diabetes commonly associated with the sugar level is defined as the disease which is
characterized by increased sugar levels in blood due to two main reasons (Xu and et.al, 2013). The
first reason is that the body is not able to produce sufficient amount of insulin which is required by
the body to function normally. The second reason is that the cells and tissues associated with the
pituitary glands are not able to respond properly to insulin (Morino and et.al, 2012).
The overall report will be based on diagnosis and treatment of diabetes. It will include
physiological aspects related to diabetes. I will also include diagnosis, investigative process and
treatment to cure diabetes.
1.1 Physiological origin of diabetes
Diabetes is diagnosed as the long term condition which is reported to contain high level of
glucose and sugar levels in body. There are generally two types of diabetes. Type 1 diabetes is
generally known as diabetes insipidus whereas type 2 diabetes in referred as diabetes mellitus
(Mima and et.al, 2012). Diabetes insipidus is generally not prevalent and is caused due to
insufficient production of insulin in the body. Majority of individuals who suffers from diabetes are
reported to be suffering from type 2 diabetes. In both the cases, patient suffers from frequent
urination, frequency of thirst, hunger and unusual weight loss (Antenor-Dorsey and et.al, 2013).
1.2 Signs and symptoms of diabetes
There are various signs and symptoms which can help in identifying the disease at a very
early stage. The prime symptom is increased in the frequency of urination at short intervals of time.
The condition of polyuria is accompanied by polydipsia in which the frequency of thirst is also
increased (Morino and et.al, 2012). In many cases symptoms tends to appear very soon but it can
also be delayed due to various reasons. Other indications include blurriness in vision, severe
headache issues, fatigue, excessive high levels of glucose in blood, slow recovery and healing of
wounds and injuries. Diabetes also causes skin irritation and rashes that persists throughout the day.
1.3 Contributory factors to the onset of diabetes
There are many contributory factors that are responsible fro developing diabetes in a person.
Type 1 diabetes is generally caused due to lack of sufficient production of insulin into the body.
This is also regarded as autoimmune disorder that attacks the immune system (Inzucchi and et.al,
2012). Genetic susceptibility is also one of the major issue which increases the chances of person
encountering diabetes. Certain genes have the property of changing the protein codes which causes
illness in many individuals. Obesity, physical inactivity and other environmental factors are also
responsible which leads to develop type 1 and type 2 diabetes in current generation (Albiero and
et.al, 2014)

.
2.1 Process of referral to identified specialist services in diabetes
There are many recommendations which are identified in order to improve the quality of
care provided to all the patients who have encountered type 1 and type 2 diabetes. The nurse and
other specialist should identify and integrate various community based programmes so that
secondary care is provided to all the patients (Yu and et.al, 2015). All the individuals who are
suffering from diabetes should be given proper training and education so that awareness about the
diseases is increased. The specialist who are involved in treating diabetes should deliver care
services with full efficiency so that the prevalence of disease is reduced.
2.2 Investigative processes and procedures in diabetes
There are several investigative procedures which are involved in testing and screening of
diabetes in healthcare centres. The most effective test used in determining the presence of diabetes
is plasma glucose level test (Travers and et.al, 2013). It is generally conducted when a person is
fasting. Another simple test is oral glucose tolerance test which is conducted by in-taking sugary
solution two hours prior to the diagnosis. Other test involves recording of arterial pH values, serum
bicarbonate test, urine analysis and thyroid test. Depending upon the results drawn from the test, the
physicians or GP identifies the types of diabetes a person is suffering from (Inzucchi and et.al,
2012).
3.1 Care services available in diabetes
There is variety of care services available for patients who are suffering from type 1 and
type 2 diabetes. It is very important to provide effective medical assistance to all the individuals
who have developed diabetes (Antenor-Dorsey and et.al, 2013). A joint effort by multidisciplinary
team will help in delivering better care services. They can increase the awareness related to diabetes
by organising various health programmes and foundation associations. All the individuals who are
suffering from diabetes and hypertensions should get themselves registered in GP so that they are
able to avail services from GP which is managed by different communities. They can also be
managed by their own GP or nurses. Inpatients of diabetes and hypertension are provided care
coordination so that their case is managed and can help all patients able to navigate safely. It also
handles cost effective outcomes and communication so that they are able to manage hospital
services effectively.
3.2 Roles and responsibilities of the professionals in relation to diabetes
In recent times all patients who are suffering from diabetes are aware that care for diabetes is
usually given by primary healthcare providers. Majority of care is provided by generalists who can
manage diabetes to enormous levels. It is the responsibility of all care persons to avoid all the

complications related to diabetes. Although handling situation in diabetes vary from patient to
patient. One of the main roles of all the professionals is to provide support all the patients so that
their condition is improved
People with diabetes are likely to suffer from discrimination at various stages of life, hence it is the
role and responsibility of healthcare professional to provide them with effective care services ices
so that they are treated equally (van Abeelen and et.al, 2012). All the health officials involved in
diabetes treating practice should develop plan and strategies which can reduce the impact of
diabetes on a patient. According to various research the prevalence of diabetes is bidirectionally
linked to depression and anxiety in person. A multidisciplinary team should be established by all
healthcare organisation so that care services provided to all the patients helps them in recovering at
a speedy rate.
3.3 Ranges of treatment available for patients with diabetes
Treatments for both the diabetes vary depending upon the severity and causes associated
with it. Treatment usually involves controlling the diet, physical activeness and regular blood
glucose check-up at home and hospitals (Travers and et.al, 2013). In many of the cases injections of
insulin is needed to cure or lower down the level of glucose in the blood. It is very important tot
coordinate and control the activities in daily life so that mental and physical health is balanced
appropriately.
3.4 Monitoring processes involved for diabetes
It is very important to monitor blood glucose levels on regular basis in order to avoid severe
complications associated with diabetes in later stages of life. Monitoring involves regularly
reviewing the blood sugar levels, blood pressure, serum and albumin status in liver and other
qualitative analysis (Patrick and et.al, 2013). All these analysis can be practised in home and as well
as in hospital. If a person is diagnosed with diabetes mellitus then his/her care professional will
regularly follow a HbA1c test IT can be done with the help of blood glucose meter, lancet device to
measure sugar level and strip test.
4.1 Extent to which an individual diagnosed with diabetes would need to adapt his/her lifestyle
It is very important for all the individual to maintain a proper lifestyle so that they are not
prone to encountering various diseases at early or alter stages of life. Diabetes is one of the most
dangerous diseases which are prevalent in many individuals around the world (Albiero and et.al,
2014). Patients who have encountered this illness should control and balance their lifestyle ion such
a way that there complications are not increased. They should follow a proper diet chart which can
help in maintaining their weight and basal metabolic index. They should be physically active so that
chances of obesity are decreased to minimum (Patrick and et.al, 2013).

4.2 Range of strategies that would help individuals cope with lifestyle changes caused by diabetes
Different strategies and plans help in managing diabetes to a greater extent. These strategies
also help in preventing the illness if it is diagnosed at initial stages. Dietary factors play a major role
in coping with diabetes. People should be involved in more and more physical activity so that they
do not increase the risk of getting obese (Xu and et.al, 2013). Boosting the immunity level will
gradually increase the production of insulin in body. This will help in maintaining the blood glucose
level to a normal range. Increasing the intake of fibre in daily food supplements will decrease the
risk of diabetes in later stage of life.
4.3 Prognosis and potential long term outcomes for the individual for diabetes
The most common long term outcome of diabetes is that it produces macro-vascular damage
such as injury to blood vessels, blood cells, brain damage and renal failure. Eye problem in eduction
in vision efficiency can also be one of the severe complications of diabetes (Inzucchi and et.al,
2012). A person who is suffering from high blood glucose level will also have higher risk of
encountering chronic heart diseases (Long term complications of diabetes, 2016).
CONCLUSION
The study was conducted fro diagnosing and managing diabetes in various individuals. It
further included the physiological characteristics and origin related to type 1 and type 2 diabetes.
Signs and symptoms were also included in the report which helped in diagnosing and treating the
illness effectively. Other contributory factors which can increase the chances of blood sugar level
were also discussed in the report. Various investigative procedures, such as blood test, urine test,
physical examination and non laboratory test were explored in the study.

REFERENCES
Books and Journals
Albiero, M. and et.al., 2014. Diabetes causes bone marrow autonomic neuropathy and impairs stem
cell mobilization via dysregulated p66Shc and Sirt1. Diabetes. 63(4). pp.1353-1365.
Antenor-Dorsey, J.A.V. and et.al., 2013. White matter microstructural integrity in youth with type 1
diabetes. Diabetes. 62(2). pp.581-589.
Inzucchi, S. E. and et.al., 2012. Management of hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes: a patient-
centered approach: position statement of the American Diabetes Association (ADA) and the
European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD)."Diabetes Care 35(6). pp.1364-1379.
Inzucchi, S.E. and et.al., 2012. Management of hyperglycaemia in type 2 diabetes: a patient-
centered approach. Position statement of the American Diabetes Association (ADA) and the
European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD).Diabetologia. 55(6). pp.1577-1596.
Mima, A. and et.al., 2012. Protective effects of GLP-1 on glomerular endothelium and its inhibition
by PKCβ activation in diabetes. Diabetes. 61(11). pp.2967-2979.
Morino, K. and et.al., 2012. Regulation of mitochondrial biogenesis by lipoprotein lipase in muscle
of insulin-resistant offspring of parents with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes. 61(4). pp.877-887.
Patrick, C. and et.al., 2013. Promotion of autoimmune diabetes by cereal diet in the presence or
absence of microbes associated with gut immune activation, regulatory imbalance, and altered
cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide.Diabetes. 62(6). pp.2036-2047.
Travers, M.E. and et.al., 2013. Insights into the molecular mechanism for type 2 diabetes
susceptibility at the KCNQ1 locus from temporal changes in imprinting status in human
islets. Diabetes. 62(3). pp.987-992.
van Abeelen, A.F. and et.al., 2012. Famine exposure in the young and the risk of type 2 diabetes in
adulthood. Diabetes. 61(9). pp.2255-2260.
Xu, Y. and et.al., 2013. Prevalence and control of diabetes in Chinese adults. Jama. 310(9).pp.948-
959.
Yu, A. and et.al., 2015. Selective IL-2 responsiveness of regulatory T cells through multiple
intrinsic mechanisms supports the use of low-dose IL-2 therapy in type 1
diabetes. Diabetes. 64(6). pp.2172-2183.
Online
Long term complications of diabetes. 2016. [Online] Available through:
<https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/patientinstructions/000327.htm>. [Accessed on
29th April 2016].