Dietary Sources of Energy, Solid Fats, and Added Sugars Among Children and Adolescents in the United States

This research identifies top dietary sources of energy, solid fats, and added sugars among 2–18 year olds in the United States. The top sources of energy for 2–18 year olds were grain desserts, pizza, and soda. Identifying top sources of energy and empty calories can provide targets for changes in the marketplace and food environment.

Dietary Sources of Energy, Solid Fats, and Added Sugars
Among Children and Adolescents in the United States
Jill Reedy, PhD, MPH, RD and
Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
Susan M. Krebs-Smith, PhD, MPH, RD
Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
Abstract
Objective—The objective of this research was to identify top dietary sources of energy, solid
fats, and added sugars among 2–18 year olds in the United States.
Methods—Data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), a
cross-sectional study, were used to examine food sources (percentage contribution and mean
intake with standard errors) of total energy (2005–06) and calories from solid fats and added
sugars (2003–04). Differences were investigated by age, sex, race/ethnicity, and family income,
and the consumption of empty calories—defined as the sum of calories from solid fats and added
sugars—was compared with the corresponding discretionary calorie allowance.
Results—The top sources of energy for 2–18 year olds were grain desserts (138 kcal/day), pizza
(136 kcal), and soda (118 kcal). Sugar-sweetened beverages (soda and fruit drinks combined)
provided 173 kcal/day. Major contributors varied by age, sex, race/ethnicity, and income. Nearly
40% of total calories consumed (798 kcal/day of 2027 kcal) by 2–18 year olds were in the form of
empty calories (433 kcal from solid fat and 365 kcal from added sugars). Consumption of empty
calories far exceeded the corresponding discretionary calorie allowance for all sex-age groups
(which range from 8–20%). Half of empty calories came from six foods: soda, fruit drinks, dairy
desserts, grain desserts, pizza, and whole milk.
Conclusion—There is an overlap between the major sources of energy and empty calories: soda,
grain desserts, pizza, and whole milk. The landscape of choices available to children and
adolescents must change to provide fewer unhealthy foods and more healthy foods with fewer
calories. Identifying top sources of energy and empty calories can provide targets for changes in
the marketplace and food environment. However, product reformulation alone is not sufficient—
the flow of empty calories into the food supply must be reduced.
Introduction
In the United States (US) today, over 23 million children and adolescents are overweight or
obese (1,2). Excess body weight, poor diet, and sedentary behavior have been associated
with an increased risk of many chronic diseases, including hypertension, dyslipidemia, type
2 diabetes, as well as depression, poor self-esteem, and associated quality of life issues (3,4).
Author responsible for correspondence/reprint requests: Jill Reedy, PhD, Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences,
National Cancer Institute, 6130 Executive Blvd. MSC 7344, Bethesda, MD 20892, 301-594-6605, 301-435-3710 (FAX),
[e-mail].
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Author Manuscript
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Published in final edited form as:
J Am Diet Assoc. 2010 October ; 110(10): 1477–1484. doi:10.1016/j.jada.2010.07.010.
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Although overweight and obesity are found in all subpopulations, the burden is particularly
striking among children, adolescents, and underserved populations. Children and
adolescents are now experiencing weight-related chronic diseases once seen only among
adults. Additionally, the prevalence of overweight is higher among adolescents compared to
younger children, Mexican-American boys compared to non-Hispanic black or white boys,
and Mexican-American and Non-Hispanic black girls compared to non-Hispanic white girls
(2).
Multiple factors influence overweight and obesity rates, but ultimately, an imbalance
between energy consumed and energy expended is the determining factor. The current
environment (including food stores, restaurants, schools, and worksites) and customs
surrounding food in the US have been labeled “obesogenic” and “toxic” due to the
contributions made to this imbalance by large portion sizes, snacking, away-from-home
meals, and consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages (5–7). Ironically, in a food
environment that supplies an overabundance of energy, there are too few vegetables, whole
grains, fruits, and milk products (8). Therefore, US children and adolescents do not always
consume the types and amounts of food they need to support an active, healthy lifestyle (9).
Recommendations for fruits, vegetables, whole grains and other nutrient-bearing food
groups are available in the 2005 Dietary Guidelines for Americansand MyPyramid (10,11).
These resources also define the concept of a “discretionary calorie allowance” to provide
limits for excess calories from consumption of food groups beyond recommended amounts
andall calories from solid fats, alcoholic beverages, and added sugars (SoFAAS). These
SoFAAS represent empty calories, or sources of energy with virtually no nutritional value,
and have been examined previously in relation to discretionary calorie allowances (12).
Although the discretionary calorie allowance should be considered an upper bound on
consumption of calories from SoFAAS, such intakes far exceed the recommended
discretionary calorie allowances across all sex-age groups in the US population (13). The
purpose of this paper is to identify the top as-eaten food sources of energy, solid fats, and
added sugars among US children and adolescents. “As-eaten” food sources include
composite foods (e.g., cookies), and mixed dishes (e.g., pizza), as well as discrete foods
(e.g., milk or apples).
Methods
Data source and sample
Data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), a cross-
sectional study, were used to examine food sources of total energy (2005–06) and calories
from solid fats and added sugars (2003–04). NHANES is a nationally representative survey
with a complex multistage, stratified probability sample. Trained interviewers conducted in-
person 24-hour dietary recalls with all eligible persons, using automated data collection
systems that included multiple passes. Survey participants ages 12 years and older
completed the dietary interview on their own, proxy-assisted interviews were conducted
with children ages 6 to 11 years, and proxy respondents reported for children younger than
age 5 years (14). The NHANES protocol was approved by the National Center for Health
Statistics Research Ethics Review Board, Hyattsville, Maryland, and all participants
provided informed consent. Further information regarding the design of the NHANES,
including sampling and weighting procedures, can be found at
http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhanes.htm.
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Defining a list of specific foods
NHANES dietary intake data are catalogued according to discrete codes representing foods
as eaten. For this analysis, food codes representing similar foods were combined to provide
an indication of the contribution of distinct foods as-eaten to the consumption of energy,
solid fats, and added sugars. That is, the food codes reported by 2–18 year olds during any
of the years examined were sorted into 96 mutually exclusive food categories, which are
hereafter referred to as specific foods.The list of specific foods (Figure 1) was adapted from
earlier analyses (15–17) and has been used in a previous project (18).
Defining energy from solid fats and added sugars
USDA’s MyPyramid Equivalents Database (MPED) Version 2.0 (19) was used to estimate
energy from solid fats and added sugar (MPED values for grams of solid fat and teaspoons
of added sugars were converted based on 9 kcal/gram and 16 kcal/teaspoon, respectively).
To capture how well diets conform to current guidance, the MPED incorporates data from a
“recipe” file, which disaggregates all foods reported in the survey to individual ingredients,
and assigns those ingredients to MyPyramid groupings. For example, yogurt with fruit is
separated into yogurt, fat, fruit, and caloric sweetener in the recipe file and assigned
corresponding cup-equivalents of milk and fruit, grams of solid fat, and teaspoons of added
sugar. Because MPED is currently available only through NHANES 03–04, energy from
solid fats and added sugars were calculated for those years.
Statistical analysis
Dietary recalls (Day 1 only) for all 2–18 years olds with data deemed reliable by the study
developers were included in this analysis. Appropriate weighting factors were applied to
adjust for differential probabilities of selection and various sources of non-response. Mean
intakes of total energy, energy from solid fats, and energy from added sugars were
calculated. The percentage contribution and mean intake (with standard errors) of specific
foodsto total energy, energy from solid fats, and energy from added sugars were also
estimated. Differences were examined by age (using age groups featured in current guidance
(10,11): 2–3, 4–8, 9–13, and 14–18 years old), sex, race/ethnicity (Non-Hispanic Whites,
Non-Hispanic Blacks, Mexican Americans), and family income based on the federal poverty
income ratio (PIR) (using three PIR categories: less than 130% of PIR, 131% to 185%, and
greater than 185%). The PIR is the ratio of income to the designated poverty threshold for
the family’s composition as defined by the US Census Bureau; family income less than
185% of PIR is considered low-income and qualifies for the Special Supplemental Program
for Women, Infants, and Children and reduced-price school meals, and income less than
130% qualifies for the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (formerly the Food
Stamp Program) and free school meals.
Finally, the contribution of “empty calories”—defined as the sum of energy from solid fats
and added sugars—was calculated and put side by side with the corresponding discretionary
calorie allowance for each sex-age group (11). Low activity levels were assumed, because
most children and adolescents do not achieve the 60 minutes per day of cardiorespiratory
activity recommended in national physical activity guidelines (20). Data analyses were
conducted using SAS (version 9.1, SAS Institute Inc, Cary, NC) and SUDAAN (version
9.0,Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, NC).
Results
Mean intakes of energy, solid fats, and added sugars, along with the contributions
(percentage and absolute intake) of specific foods contributing at least 2%, are available
online at www.riskfactor.cancer.gov/foodsources/energy. Data are provided for persons 2–
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18 years and by age, sex, race/ethnicity, and income level. For ease of presentation in this
paper, mean intakes of energy, solid fats, and added sugars, and results from the top five
sources are summarized in Tables 1 and 2 and Figure 2.
Energy
The top five sources of energy for 2–18 years olds were grain desserts (cakes, cookies,
donuts, pies, crisps, cobblers, and granola bars) (138 kcal/day), pizza (136 kcal), soda (118
kcal), yeast breads (114 kcal), and chicken and chicken mixed dishes (113 kcal) (Table 1).
These foods each contributed more than 5% to energy intake, or more than 100 kcal per
child per day. Combining related specific foods within the beverage category, children and
adolescents consumed 173 kcal from sugar-sweetened beverages (combining soda and fruit
drinks) and 146 kcal from milk (combining whole and reduced-fat versions) (data for fruit
drinks and reduced fat milk do not always appear in the top five sources, so these data are
available online).
These major contributors varied by age group. For example, the top five sources of energy
for 2–3 years olds included whole milk (104 kcal/day), fruit juice (93 kcal), reduced-fat milk
(91 kcal), and pasta and pasta dishes (86 kcal). Pasta and reduced-fat milk were also among
the top five sources of energy for 4–8 years olds (97 and 95 kcal, respectively).
The top contributors of energy also varied by race/ethnicity (Table 2). For example, major
contributors for 2–18 year old Non-Hispanic Blacks included fruit drinks (100 kcal/day) and
pasta and pasta dishes (90 kcal), while Mexican-Americans’ top sources included Mexican
mixed dishes (136 kcal) and whole milk (99 kcal). Non-Hispanic Blacks and Whites
consumed more energy from sugar-sweetened beverages (combining soda and fruit drinks)
than from milk (combining all milks), whereas Mexican-Americans consumed more energy
from milk than from sugar-sweetened beverages (Table 2 and online tables). The top five
sources of energy by income were consistent across income levels, but varied in ranking
order.
Solid Fats
The average daily intake of energy from solid fats among 2–18 year olds is 433 kcal (Table
1). The major sources of solid fat were pizza (50 kcal/day from solid fat), grain desserts (43
kcal), whole milk (35 kcal), regular cheese (34 kcal), and fatty meats (29 kcal). This list
varied by age group, with younger children obtaining a greater share of their solid fat from
both whole and reduced-fat milk and 14–18 year olds getting more from fried potatoes.
Major contributors also included fried potatoes among non-Hispanic Blacks and persons
with PIR between 131% and 185%, Mexican dishes among Mexican-Americans, reduced-
fat milk among non-Hispanic Whites and persons with PIR greater than 185%, and pasta
among persons with PIR greater than 185% (Table 2).
Added Sugars
The average daily intake of energy from added sugars among all 2–18 year olds was 365
kcal (Table 1). The major sources of added sugars were soda (116 kcal/day from added
sugars), fruit drinks (55 kcal), grain desserts (40 kcal), dairy desserts (29 kcal), and candy
(25 kcal). The list does not vary markedly by age and demographic groups, but cold cereals
were among the top sources for 2–8 year old children, Non-Hispanic Whites, and low-
income groups (Table 2).
Sugar-sweetened beverages (soda and fruit drinks) represented the top two sources of
calories from added sugars among nearly all age and demographic groups (Tables 1 and 2).
The consumption of added sugar from sugar-sweetened beverages was 60 kcal/day for 2–3
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year olds, 121 kcal for 4–8 year olds, 169 kcal for 9–13 year olds, and 260 kcal for 14–18
year olds. Among all racial/ethnic and income groups, sugar-sweetened beverages
contributed about 45–50% of added sugars. Non-Hispanic Blacks obtained more added
sugars from fruit drinks and less from soda than other groups.
Empty Calories
Empty calories represented the sum of calories from solid fat and added sugars. Nearly 40%
of total calories consumed (798 kcal/day of 2027 kcal) by 2–18 year olds were in the form of
empty calories (433 kcal from solid fat and 365 kcal from added sugars, as shown in Table
1). This contrasts markedly with the discretionary calorie allowances, which range from 8%
to 20% of total calories. As shown in Figure 2, consumption of empty calories far exceeded
the corresponding discretionary calorie allowance for all sex-age groups.
Among 2–18 year olds, about half of these empty calories came from six specific foods:
soda, fruit drinks, dairy desserts, grain desserts, pizza, and whole milk (Figure 2). Solid fats
and added sugars found in all other foods combined supplied the remainder. Sugar-
sweetened beverages were the largest contributor, providing 22% of empty calories (data
available online). In fact, among both males and females 9–13 and 14–18 years old, the
empty calories consumed from soda and fruit drinks alone effectively “used up” or exceeded
the discretionary calorie allowance.
Discussion
To our knowledge, this is the first paper to provide data on sources of solid fats and added
sugars (collectively, empty calories) as well as total energy, among diets of children and
adolescents, examined by race/ethnicity, income, and age groups. The variables examined
are based on the most recent available data on a nationally representative sample of US
children and adolescents.
Several previously published analyses laid the foundation for this work (15–18,21–25).
Subar et al. examined data from the 1989–1991 Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by
Individuals (15) and found 2–18 year olds in the US consumed 11.7% of energy from milk
and 4.3% of total energy from soda (and 6.5% from all sugar-sweetened beverages). A
higher proportion of energy consumption from soda and all sugar-sweetened beverages
(5.8% and 8.5%, respectively) and a lower proportion of milk (7.1%) were identified in the
current study. These trends regarding an increase in total energy from soda and fruit drinks
are consistent with previous research (24–25). More recently, Wang et al. found that 2–19
years olds consumed 10–15% of energy intake from sugar-sweetened beverages and 100%
fruit juice (25). Although the food groupings and age groupings were slightly different, our
results are consistent with their findings (2–18 year olds consumed 11.1% of energy intake
from sugar-sweetened beverages and 100% fruit juice) (25).
A notable overlap was found between the major sources of energy and major sources of
empty calories: soda, grain desserts, pizza, and whole milk. Soda is made up solely of empty
calories; grain desserts can provide some nutrients but are generally rich in both solid fats
and added sugars; and pizza and whole milk supply needed nutrients but are also rich in
solid fats. Whole milk has more nutrient-dense alternatives: fat-free milk and/or reduced-fat
milk. Pizza and grain desserts are generally made commercially; these foods could benefit
from reformulation to reduce the empty calories and make them healthier.
The landscape of choices available to children and adolescents must change to provide fewer
unhealthy foods and more healthy foods with fewer calories. Several analyses have
attempted to quantify the existing “energy gap,” or energy imbalance that contributes to
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overweight and obesity among children and adolescents (26–27). Whether the energy gap is
150 (26) or 350 kcal/day (27), identifying sources of energy and empty calories can provide
targets for changes in the marketplace and the food environment. Dietitians, nutritionists,
and other health professionals can work to promote healthier food environments for children
and adolescents at multiple levels—at the macro-, community-, school-, and individual-
levels.
Groups such as the Healthy Weight Commitment Foundation, a partnership among major
food and beverage manufacturers, trade associations, retailers, and others, have formed
around the common goal of reducing childhood obesity by 2015 (28). Given recent weight
status trends, this is an ambitious goal, but one that the food industry is uniquely positioned
to influence through the use of product innovation, portion control, and promotions. For
example, a major cereal manufacturer has committed to reducing to single digits the grams
of sugar per serving in sugar-sweetened breakfast cereals advertised to children (29), and
other companies participating in this new initiative may consider smaller-portion packages.
However, such steps will not reduce obesity if they do not significantly reduce the flow of
empty calories into the nation’s food supply, limit unhealthy foods, and provide consistent
messaging about healthy foods. Future studies may investigate links between changes in
empty calories in the food supply and changes in dietary intake.
Limitations
Several caveats are worth noting, to aid in interpretation of the data. First, decisions
regarding how to group or separate foods influenced the rankings. Fat-free milk, reduced-fat
milk and whole milk were analyzed separately, as were soda, fruit drinks, and fruit juices, to
allow for meaningful differences to be seen where they existed (for example, whole milk
was a top source among younger children compared to adolescents). Although it was
informative to examine these as discrete foods, it was also useful to combine them to see
their additive contribution to energy intakes.
Second, the rankings for the specific foods also depended in part on how ubiquitously a
given food was consumed. Foods that contained the most calories, solid fats, and/or added
sugars were not necessarily the major contributors to population intake. Because some foods
were commonly consumed in the population, they contributed more to total intake than
foods that contained more energy (or solid fats or added sugars) per portion. Similarly,
because adolescents require and consumed more energy than smaller children, the rankings
for all ages considered together were heavily influenced by those of older children and
teenagers.
Third, the mean contribution represents the average per capita rather than per user. For
example, all persons age 2–18 consumed an average of 116 kcal/day from soda. If the
analysis was restricted to only those children and adolescents who reported drinking soda on
a given day, average caloric intake from soda would be higher.
Finally, these analyses make use of data from NHANES 2003–04. Although more recent
NHANES data are available, MPED updates have not kept up with NHANES releases. It is
not expected that substantial shifts in sources of energy, saturated fat or added sugars
occurred in the relatively short span between these survey cycles. However, updated
databases for MyPyramid equivalents are necessary to enable monitoring of trends. More
current MPED data also are necessary for any other analysis requiring that food intake be
evaluated in relation to dietary guidance.
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Conclusion
The epidemic of obesity among children and adolescents is now widely regarded as one of
the most important public health problems in the US. Most experts agree that the solution
will involve changes in both diet and physical activity, in order to affect energy balance. For
diet, this means a reduction in energy from current consumption levels. Although reduction
in energy intake from any source could lead to weight change, it would seem imprudent to
advise children to cut down on key nutrient-bearing food groups, such as fruits, vegetables,
whole grains, fat-free milk, and lean meats. This is especially true given that solid fats and
added sugars are consumed in amounts far in excess of allowance levels. This paper
identifies the major sources of overall energy and empty calories, providing context for
dietary guidance that could specifically focus on limiting calories from these sources and for
changes in the food environment.
Acknowledgments
The authors gratefully acknowledge the contributions of Lisa Kahle, Information Management Systems, Inc, for
SAS programming and data analysis, Carmita Signes, NOVA Research, for table and figure preparation, and Anne
Rodgers for thoughtful review.
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Figure 1.
List of specific foods: Result of grouping like foods reported in 2003–2004 and 2005–2006
NHANESa
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Figure 2.
Food sources and mean intake of empty calories for male and female children and
adolescents in the United States, relative to discretionary calorie allowance
Among 2–18 year olds, about half of empty calories came from six specific foods: soda,
fruit drinks, dairy desserts, grain desserts, pizza, and whole milk.
The discretionary calorie allowance for each sex/age group is based on low activity levels,
because most children and adolescents do not achieve the 60 minutes per day of cardio-
respiratory activity recommended in national physical activity guidelines (21).
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Table 1
urces of energy, solid fats and added sugars among children and adolescents in the United States (2–18 years old)
Top five sources
Mean
(kcal) SE #2 %
Mean
(kcal) SE #3 %
Mean
(kcal) SE #4 %
Mean
(kcal) SE #5 %
Mean
(kcal) SE
.8 138 6.7 Pizza 6.7 136 8.5 Soda c 5.8 118 8.7 Yeast breads 5.6 114 6.8 Chicken d 5.6 113 8.1
.1 104 8.2 100% fruit juice e 6.3 93 9.4 Reduced fat milk 6.2 91 10.7 Pasta f 5.9 86 9.4 Grain desserts b 4.6 68 6.6
.6 136 10.8 Yeast breads 5.4 98 5.1 Pasta f 5.4 97 11.4 Reduced fat milk 5.3 95 7.2 Pizza 5.3 95 12.3
.1 145 15.6 Pizza 6.3 128 9.5 Chicken d 6.0 122 13.1 Yeast breads 5.4 109 5.8 Soda c 5.2 105 12.1
.3 226 18.2 Pizza 8.8 213 24.5 Grain desserts b 6.5 157 8.4 Yeast breads 6.2 151 14.5 Chicken d 5.9 143 16.6
1.5 50 3.6 Grain desserts b 9.8 43 2.4 Whole milk 8.2 35 3.2 Regular cheese 7.9 34 2.9 Fatty meats h 6.7 29 2.5
6.7 58 5.6 Fatty meats h 11.1 39 5.0 Regular cheese 8.6 30 6.0 Reduced fat milk 8.1 28 3.8 Grain desserts b 7.2 25 2.4
1.3 45 5.6 Pizza 10.2 41 6.0 Grain desserts b 9.0 36 2.6 Regular cheese 7.0 28 4.5 Reduced fat milk 6.9 28 3.6
1.4 51 6.0 Pizza 11.2 50 5.2 Regular cheese 8.9 40 5.3 Whole milk 6.7 30 4.4 Fatty meats h 6.5 29 2.9
4.7 70 9.3 Grain desserts b 9.7 46 2.8 Regular cheese 7.6 36 3.2 Fried potatoes 6.9 33 2.3 Fatty meats h 5.7 27 3.0
1.8 116 5.3 Fruit drinks 15.0 55 3.1 Grain desserts b 10.9 40 2.3 Dairy desserts 7.9 29 3.4 Candy 6.8 25 2.2
9.3 38 3.7 Soda c 11.4 22 3.3 Grain desserts b 11.3 22 1.7 Candy 8.5 17 2.5 Cold cereals 8.3 16 1.6
9.9 65 7.5 Fruit drinks 17.0 56 5.9 Grain desserts b 11.2 37 2.8 Dairy desserts 10.4 34 5.9 Cold cereals 8.3 27 1.9
0.7 117 11.7 Fruit drinks 13.6 52 5.7 Grain desserts b 12.4 47 5.6 Dairy desserts 8.8 33 5.2 Candy 7.8 30 3.1
4.5 197 9.7 Fruit drinks 14.1 63 5.6 Grain desserts b 9.4 42 2.9 Candy 5.6 25 4.1 Dairy desserts 5.5 24 2.7
ANES 2005–2006, Solid Fats and Added Sugars data from NHANES 2003–2004.
by group by group: Ages 2–18 (n=3778), 2–3 (n=497), 4–8 (n=899), 9–13 (n=1047), 14–18 (n=1335).
by group by group: Ages 2–18 (n=3553), 2–3 (n=424), 4–8 (n=781), 9–13 (n=1001), 14–18 (n=1347).

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a
Energy mean intake (kcal) by group: Ages 2–18 (2027), 2–3 (1471), 4–8 (1802), 9–13 (2035), 14–18 (2427).
b
Includes cakes, cookies, donuts, pies, crisps, cobblers, granola bars.
c
Includes sodas, energy drinks, sports drinks, and sweetened bottled water including vitamin water.
d
Includes chicken and chicken mixed dishes.
e
Excludes orange and grapefruit juice.
f
Includes pasta and pasta dishes.
g
Solid fats mean intake (kcal) by group: Ages 2–18 (433), 2–3 (350), 4–8 (401), 9–13 (450), 14–18 (476).
h
Includes sausage, franks, bacon, and ribs.
i
Added sugars mean intake (kcal) by group: Ages 2–18 (365), 2–3 (197), 4–8 (329), 9–13 (381), 14–18 (444).

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Table 2
urces of energy, solid fats and added sugars among children and adolescents in the United States (2–18 years old), by Race/Ethnicity and Family Income
Top five sources
% Mean
(kcal)
SE #2 % Mean
(kcal)
SE #3 % Mean
(kcal)
SE #4 % Mean
(kcal)
SE #5 % Mean
(kcal)
SE
7.2 152 9.3 Pizza 7.0 148 12.8 Soda d 6.4 134 13.4 Yeast breads 6.1 129 10.5 Chicken e 5.2 109 11.3
8.4 163 13.8 Grain dessertsl 6.3 123 9.3 Pizza 6.1 119 8.6 Fruit drinks 5.1 100 13.8 Pasta f 4.7 90 11.2
7.1 136 8.5 Grain dessertsl 5.9 114 10.8 Pizza 5.5 105 19.2 Whole milk 5.1 99 8.3 Sodam 4.8 92 4.6
6.1 117 9.4 Chickenn 6.0 116 13.7 Pizza 5.9 114 9.6 Sodam 5.3 101 12.8 Yeast breads 5.1 99 4.7
10.1 203 62.7 Sodam 7.0 142 48.6 Grain desserts 6.9 138 13.4 Yeast breads 6.5 131 32.7 Pastao 5.2 104 19.0
7.1 148 9.2 Pizza 6.5 135 12.4 Sodam 5.9 122 7.8 Yeast breads 5.7 119 7.7 Chickenn 5.5 114 9.0
13.0 57 5.3 Grain dessertsl 9.4 41 3.5 Regular cheese 8.9 39 4.1 Reduced fat milk 7.2 32 3.4 Whole milk 6.7 30 4.0
11.4 49 3.2 Grain dessertsl 10.4 45 4.1 Fatty meats h 10.1 44 7.5 Whole milk 8.8 38 3.0 Fried potatoes 6.2 27 1.7
12.0 52 4.5 Grain dessertsl 10.6 45 3.2 Mexican dishes 9.8 42 5.9 Pizza 8.3 36 3.9 Regular cheese 7.1 31 4.1
12.7 56 5.1 Pizza 10.0 44 6.9 Grain dessertsl 9.7 43 3.0 Fatty meatsq 8.4 37 5.2 Regular cheese 7.1 31 2.7
13.7 59 13.8 Regular cheese 10.5 46 16.7 Whole milk 9.0 39 8.8 Grain dessertsl 8.5 37 2.9 Fried potatoes 8.4 36 10.4
12.2 52 5.7 Grain dessertsl 10.2 43 3.3 Regular cheese 7.9 34 2.2 Reduced fat milk 6.3 27 3.2 Pastao 6.3 27 3.5
34.7 130 8.8 Fruit drinks 12.2 46 4.3 Grain dessertsl 10.3 39 3.2 Dairy desserts 8.4 31 4.7 Cold cereals 6.5 24 2.1
24.3 89 3.9 Sodam 21.8 80 6.5 Grain dessertsl 12.1 45 3.7 Candy 9.4 35 4.9 Dairy desserts 7.2 26 4.4
31.5 111 14.0 Fruit drinks 19.0 67 6.1 Grain dessertsl 11.5 40 3.0 Candy 6.1 21 2.0 Dairy desserts 5.8 20 2.4
30.4 110 6.0 Fruit drinks 15.0 54 4.2 Grain dessertsl 11.4 41 4.2 Cold cereals 7.7 28 2.9 Dairy desserts 7.3 27 3.4
32.7 110 8.7 Grain dessertsl 12.3 41 4.9 Fruit drinks 11.9 40 6.8 Cold cereals 8.0 27 3.8 Dairy desserts 7.2 24 3.4
32.6 122 9.2 Fruit drinks 15.5 58 4.4 Grain dessertsl 10.2 38 2.3 Dairy desserts 8.5 32 4.7 Candy 6.8 25 3.1
ANES 2005–2006, Solid Fats and Added Sugars data from NHANES 2003–2004.
by group by group: Non-Hispanic Whites (n=1018), Non-Hispanic Blacks (n=1161), Mexican-Americans (n=1253), <= 130% POV (n=1457), 131–185% POV (n=451), >=186% POV (n=1707).

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e by group by group: Non-Hispanic Whites (n=980), Non-Hispanic Blacks (n=1229), Mexican-Americans (n=1062), <= 130% POV (n=1536), 131–185% POV (n=465), >=186% POV (n=1401).
rted are: Non-Hispanic Whites (NHW), Non-Hispanic Blacks (NHB), and Mexican-Americans (Mex-Am). Family Income groups being reported on are: families with incomes at or below 130% of the poverty level, those between 131–185% of
bove 186% of poverty level.
up: Non-Hispanic Whites (2101), Non-Hispanic Blacks (1941), Mexican-Americans (1930), <= 130% POV (1923), 131–185% POV (2009), >=186% POV (2087).
pies, crisps, cobblers, granola bars.
orts drinks, and sweetened bottled water including vitamin water.
xed dishes.
roup: Non-Hispanic Whites (442), Non-Hispanic Blacks (433), Mexican-Americans (430), <= 130% POV (444), 131–185% POV (433), >=186% POV (425).
and ribs.
by group: Non-Hispanic Whites (376), Non-Hispanic Blacks (368), Mexican-Americans (351), <= 130% POV (361), 131–185% POV (336), >=186% POV (374).