Financial Planning and Analysis Report

This assignment delves into financial planning and analysis for a hypothetical business project, exploring various sources of financing, their implications on financial statements, and investment appraisal techniques. It then analyzes the financial performance of J Sainsbury Plc through ratio analysis, highlighting potential areas of concern regarding its ability to meet short-term obligations and efficiency in generating returns.

Managing Financial
Resources and Decisions
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Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION ..........................................................................................................................3
TASK 1............................................................................................................................................3
AC 1.1 Identify the sources of finance available to a business ..................................................3
AC 1.2 Assess the implications of the different sources of finance identified ...........................4
AC 1.3 Evaluate appropriate sources of finance for business project ........................................5
TASK 2............................................................................................................................................6
AC 2.1 Analyse the costs of each of sources of finance which are identified ............................6
AC 2.2 Explain the importance of financial planning and give details of how this financial
planning undertaken.....................................................................................................................6
AC 2.3 Identify and assess the information needs of internal and external decision makers......7
AC 2.4 Explain the impact of finance on the financial statements..............................................8
TASK 3............................................................................................................................................8
AC 3.1 Projected budgets and appropriate decision towards the chosen contract .....................8
AC 3.2 Calculation of unit costs for the chosen contract and make pricing decisions using
relevant information.....................................................................................................................9
AC 3.3 Viability of the chosen contract using different investment appraisal techniques.......10
TASK 4..........................................................................................................................................13
AC 4.1 Main financial statements by explaining what they contain, their purposes and who
makes use of them......................................................................................................................13
AC 4.2 Compare the formats of main financial statements for different types of businesses ..14
AC 4.3 Interpret financial statements and ratio calculation of Sainsbury Plc...........................14
CONCLUSION .............................................................................................................................16
REFERENCES .............................................................................................................................17
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INTRODUCTION
Financial decision making is pivotal for business as it directly links with the profitability
and financial performance of an organization. In order to gain success in the corporate world,
businesses focus on management of financial resources (Hill, 2007). For gaining higher profits
and maintaining a smooth financial performance, companies use various financial tools. This
manuscript is based on a case scenario in which an entrepreneur requires bidding on a business
project but there are not enough financial resources to invest into project, therefore, various
sources of finance need to be searched. The report herewith is going to discuss about different
financial sources that can be used for raising funds for investing into proposed business.
Furthermore, the report represents implication of chosen sources of finance along with their cost.
This unit also represents the importance of financial planning and impact of finance on the
financial statements. Moreover, financial ratio analysis is done for the purpose of interpreting
financial statements and assessing profitability, liquidity, efficiency and investment performance
of J Sainsbury Plc.
TASK 1
AC 1.1 Identify the sources of finance available to a business
According to the given business scenario, an entrepreneur requires total £300,000 for the
purpose of investing into a business project. However, only £20,000 is with him to invest into
business, therefore, the balance needs to be borrowed. For this purpose, entrepreneur is looking
for various sources of finance that could meet the financial needs. Internal and external are two
major sources of finance that could be used; internal sources are those which are acquired from
the business, on the other hand external sources are those sources in which business raises funds
from outside (Zoan, 2014.). Here are some sources of finance that could be used by the
entrepreneur:
Personal capital: The saving available with the business owner can be used to invest in
new project. This will be an internal source of finance for which the business is not required to
pay the financial cost. The cited source of finance is easily available and provides cost benefits.
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Retained earnings: Retained earnings are the part of previous year’s profits and are kept
safe by the business for the purpose of using it in the future. This source of finance can only be
used for existing business and which had earned profits in last year. This is also an internal
source of finance however; its uses are limited in the present case scenario (Wildavsky, 2006).
Issues of shares : Equity financing or issue of share is the external sources of finance in
which company offers shares to public and raises funds to invest in business activities. Through
such sources, large funds can be accessed; however, company has to share ownership with
shareholders (Sources of finance, 2013).
Issues of debenture: Debt issuing is a kind of loan for the company in which debenture
holders are to be paid with interest against their amount. However, business has to do many
formalities to raise funds from such sources.
Bank loan: The organizations or business owners can take loan from financial institutes
however; they have to put securities against loan taken and have to pay the interest.
Venture capital: Venture capitalistic firms provide finance to the business holders
against their unique business idea or a profitable business deal. But, from these sources limited
amount of fund can be raised.
Government grants: The business entities can also raise funds in the form of
government grants, however, there are huge competition in market for acquiring government
grants is the limitation of this source (Cox and Fardon, 2003).
AC 1.2 Assess the implications of the different sources of finance identified
Sources Legal Dilution of Ownership Bankruptcy
Owner's capital
No legal restriction of
fund generation
The power of
controlling will be
diluted.
The business entity will
be financial obliged for
using such sources for
not getting in the
situation of insolvency
Shareholders and No change in Being a part of reserve
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Retained earnings
Board of members
can restrict the use of
retained earnings as it
can reduce the return
of investment
controlling position and surplus, there are no
financial obligations,
however, it can lead to
insolvency situation
(Pavlatos and Paggios,
2009)
Venture capitalist
No such legal
implications
(Parkinson, 2012)
Varies according to the
conditions imposed by
third party
In case if business
becomes unable to pay
their liability, it can be
declared insolvent
Bank loan
Legal formalities are
to be done
Ownership remains with
Bank till the payment of
last instalment
No such financial
obligation
Government grants
It can be used only for
effective proposal
Ownership remains with
business
Loss of image in case of
Bankruptcy
Issue of shares
This is mandatory for
business to be
registered for IPO
Decreases the level of
shareholders ownership
Shareholder will not get
dividend and funds
which they have
invested in bankruptcy
situation (Booker, 2006)
AC 1.3 Evaluate appropriate sources of finance for business project
In the above section, various sources of finance have been evaluated along with their
implications to business. For new business proposal, entrepreneur require £300,000 however,
£20,000 is going to be invested by the owner from his personal capital. Rest of the amount can
be raised from the combination of different sources of finance. For this business project,
entrepreneur is suggested to use Venture capital and Bank loan. The rationale behind suggesting
both the source of finance is that, by using them, the business can get large amount of funds and
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these will be external sources of finance. For bank loan, it has to do various legal formalities.
However, business has to pay interest for using such funds and these both are less risky and
external source of finance.
TASK 2
AC 2.1 Analyse the costs of each of sources of finance which are identified
Source of finance Relative cost Statement
Retained earnings
(Internal sources) Opportunity cost
Retained earning include opportunity cost in
which the company losses an opportunity for
using reserves and surplus for the purpose of
profitable investment. It also reduces the
dividend amount paid to stakeholders.
Equity financing
(External sources) Tangible cost
This financial source include tangible cost in
which company has to pay dividends however,
ownership is to be shared with shareholders
(Zoan, 2014).
Debt financing
(External sources) Financial cost
Against debt financing the company has to pay
interest to debenture holders, however, this
amount is to be paid after a specified time.
Bank loans
(External sources) Interest cost
It includes interest cost as well as has to keep
some securities with banks that are assumed as a
risk for losing securities in case of not repaying
loan (Booker, 2006).
Venture capital
(External sources) Interest cost
It includes interest cost which is to be paid to
venture capitalistic funds. Sometimes business
has to share profits with business .
Personal savings
(Internal sources) Tangible cost Risk of losing saving in case of business failure.
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AC 2.2 Explain the importance of financial planning and give details of how this financial
planning undertaken
Financial plaining has a vital role in making smooth plans to attain financial performance
of business. Making use of financial planning business entity can attain goals of profitability
and so on. This is also called as a major step of mapping out financial future of business. In
respect with the present case financial planing tools are used to assess the sources of finance as
well as effective selection of suitable one. In addition to that, financial planing helps in
identifying current and future needs of business and the ways to improve financial performance.
Budgeting and forecasting methods are the essential parts of financial planning that helps in
identifying future incomes and expenses (Cortes, 2009). With the help of financial planning tools
company can make effective use of financial resources. Investment appraisal tactics which are
related to financial planning can be used in the present case for assessing viability of business
project. The financial planning is to be done on the basis of forecasting the future profits from
the business projects for with investment appraisal tactics can be used. The importance of
financial planning is presented in the following points :
 Assessment of available sources of finance
 Identifying projected incomes and expenses
 Preparing budgets
 Making profitable investment decision
 Having a proper balance between cash outflow and cash inflow (Parkinson, 2012)
AC 2.3 Identify and assess the information needs of internal and external decision makers
The financial information helps in taking decision like as cost reductions, improving
business profitability, increase in sales and making investment decision. The following table
represents the needs of different financial users
Financial information users Needs
Shareholders
Shareholders of business require the information related to
the profitability of business as they can assess the amount of
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dividend. Therefore, shareholders assess income statements
of business.
Investors
Potential investors of business always look for the
information about returns earned by the company as well as
creditworthiness so that they can decide on investing in
business operations (Peterson and Fabozzi, 2004).
Government
Government entities look over the financial statement to
known whether business is paying taxes on time or not. In
addition to that annual reports of company are watched by
regulatory bodies to identity the CSR.
Financial institution
Banks and Venture capital firms always look for
creditworthiness of business to decide whether company is to
be provided credit or not.
AC 2.4 Explain the impact of finance on the financial statements
The sources of finance put a crucial impact of financial statement and affects the financial
information included in the reports. In respect with the present case, entrepreneur is going to use
personal capital, venture capital and bank loan as a source of finance hence, the amount raised
from all sources of finance put a significant impact on business. In case organization uses
personal capital will be used that the amount will be shown in balance sheet as a head of capital.
In addition to that, the use of venture capital put significant impact of income statement
as well as balance sheet. The amount raised from such sources will be included in liabilities
section of balance sheet and the interest paid to such financial institutes will reduce the profits of
business. On the other hand, Bank loan will be ho under the head of long term or short term
liability in balance sheet and interest paid will be shown I debit side of income statement.
TASK 3
AC 3.1 Projected budgets and appropriate decision towards the chosen contract
Table 1: Cash Budget for Sainsbury Plc for 6 months
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Particular
September
(£)
October
(£)
November
(£)
December
(£)
January
(£)
February
(£)
Cash in hand 50000
Balance 19400 27460 35960 45420 55620
Sales 18900 21000 22400 24000 26000 30000
Cash Sales 11340 20160 21840 23360 24500 27000
Credit Sales 7560 8400 8960 9600 10000 11000
Total Income 87800 68960 80660 92920 105920 123620
Purchase 12000 13000 14000 15000 16000 16800
Cash Purchase 1200 12100 13100 14100 15100 16100
Credit Purchase 10800 11700 12600 13500 14800 15200
Cash withdrawal 2000 2000 2000 2000 2000 2000
Expenses 2400 2700 3000 2900 2400 3000
Capital expenditure 40000 8000
Total expenses 68400 41500 44700 47500 50300 53100
Surplus /deficit 19400 27460 35960 45420 55620 70520
The above cash budget is representing that business entity is gaining huge profits in all
the years however, the surplus gained by the company is going to increase in all the months,.
This is all due to increasing sales of company in all the months. The mentioned entity has made
Capital expenditure in the month of September and November.
Table 2: Sales Budget for Sainsbury Plc for 6 months
September
(£)
October
(£)
November
(£)
December
(£)
January(
£)
February
(£)
Forecasted unit sales 1890 2100 2240 2400 2600 3000
Price per unit 10 10 10 10 10 10
Total gross sales 18900 21000 22400 24000 26000 30000
Less- Sales discount 1100 1200 1250 1375 1450 1510
Total Net Sales 17800 19800 21150 22625 24550 28490
Sales Budget herewith designed to forecast future sales of mentioned entity and
interpreting the related expenses. The sales of business are going to be increase in all the months
even company is providing higher percentage of sales discount to its customer. It could be said
that discount offered to the customers is a major reason of increasing sales.
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AC 3.2 Calculation of unit costs for the chosen contract and make pricing decisions using
relevant information
The selling units as per the contracts will be : 10000
Variable cost: £5 per unit
Fixed cost: £20000
Expected profit:10% of cost
VC 5
No. Of units 10000
Total VC 50000
Fixed cost 20000
Total cost 70000
CP per unit 8.24
Profit margin 10.00%
SP per unit 9.064
Units: 10000
VC: £5 per unit
FC: £20000
Expected profit: £15000
Expected demand 10000
SP per unit 9.064
Total Revenue 90640
VC per unit 5
Total Variable cost 50000
FC 20000
Total cost 70000
Expected profit 15000
Contribution (Sales- Variable cost) 40640
Contribution to sales ratio 44.84%
Total cost per unit 7
Total cost per unit at 10% profit margin is $8.24, however, when expected profit are
£15000 then, total cost per unit will be £7
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AC 3.3 Viability of the chosen contract using different investment appraisal techniques
1)Average rate of return
Contract A
Average annual profit after tax 130000+125000+95000+80000 = 430000
Average investment 430000/4
=107500
ARR 107500/300000*100 = 35.83%
Contract B
Average annual profit after tax 120000+100000+90000+800000 =
Average investment
390000/4= 97500
97500/300000*100 = 32.50%
2) Payback period
Table 3: Payback period of Contract A
Year Net Cash flow
Cumulative net
cash flow
Initial investment 300000
1 130000 170000
2 125000 45000
3 95000 -50000
4 80000 -130000
3+ 50000/95000 = 3.52 years
Table 4: Payback period of Contract B
Year Net Cash flow
Cumulative net
cash flow
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Initial investment 300000
1 120000 180000
2 100000 80000
3 90000 -10000
4 80000 -90000
3+10000/ 90000 = 3.11 years3) Net present value
Contract A
Net cash flows
Discounting rate of
10%
Present
value for
discount
factor rate
Year 1 130000 0.909 118170
Year 2 125000 0.826 103250
Year 3 95000 0.751 71345
Year 4 80000 0.683 54640
Total preset value 347405
Initial investment 300000
Net Present value 47405
4)
Contract B
Net cash flows
Discounting rate of
10%
Present
value for
discount
factor rate
Year 1 120000 0.909 109080
Year 2 100000 0.826 82600
Year 3 90000 0.751 67590
Year 4 80000 0.683 54640
Total preset value 313910
Initial investment 300000
Net Present value 13910
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4) Internal rate of return
Net cash flows Net cash flows
-300000 -300000
Year 1 130000 120000
Year 2 125000 100000
Year 3 95000 90000
Year 4 80000 80000
17.82% 12.30%
Decision Criteria
Investment appraisal
techniques
Contract A Contract B
Average Rate of Return Yes No
Net present value No Yes
Pay back period Yes No
Internal rate of return Yes No
On the basis of investment appraisal tactics, it could be said that Contact A is more viable
than Contract B, hence, Contract A is to be chosen by entrepreneur for the investment. The
decision is made on the basis of Net Present Value tactic as it is the most famous tactic and
includes time value of money.
TASK 4
AC 4.1 Main financial statements by explaining what they contain, their purposes and who
makes use of them
Financial reports includes the information of financial transaction conducted by business
and are helpful in portraying the accurate financial health of company. Following points
represent their contain, their purposes and users.
Three major financial
statements
Purpose Contain Users
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Statement of financial
position
Major purpose of
balance sheet is to
provide the
information about
liabilities and assets
Information about
what business owns
and what it is liable
for, in short assets,
liabilities and capital
Government, public,
mangers, fund
providers
Statement of Income To depict the
profitability
postilion of
company
Information of gross,
operating and net
profit (all expenses and
incomes)(Format of a
Financial Statement,
2013)
Shareholder, investors,
employees
Statement of cash flow To represent
information of
inflow and outflows
of business for a
particular time
span(Format of a
Financial Statement,
2013)
Information of
investing, operating
and financial activities
Managers, board of
members
AC 4.2 Compare the formats of main financial statements for different types of businesses
Sole trader
A single business owner who runs business without following
any legal restrictions' and only prepares income statement to
know about the incomes and expenses of business (Cox and
Fardon, 2003).
Partnership firm
Group of people who run a business while sharing profits and
losses. The partnership firm prepares only income statement so
that profits and losses can be divided among the partners. In
addition, individual partner account is also prepared.
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Limited company
A legally registered entity which follows guidelines of
accounting standards and prepares financial reports in
accordance with. It prepares all three financial statement i.e
Balance sheet, Income statement and Cash flow (Format of a
Financial Statement, 2013)
AC 4.3 Interpret financial statements and ratio calculation of Sainsbury Plc
Here, in the following table different types of financial ratios of Sainsbury Plc are
calculated for last 3 years to assess the financial performance of company.
Ratios Formula 2014 2013 2012
Profitability ratios
Gross profit 1377 1277 1211
Operating profit 1009 887 874
Net profit 716 614 598
Net Sales 23949 23303 22294
Gross Profit Ratio (Gross Profit/ Net Sales) *100 5.75 5.48 5.43
Operating Profit Ratio
(Operating Profit/ Net Sales)
*100 4.21 3.81 3.92
Net Profit Ratio (Net Profit/ Net Sales) *100 2.99 2.63 2.68
Liquidity ratios
Current Assets 4362 1901 2032
Current Liabilities 12171 3115 3136
Closing Stock 1005 987 938
Current Ratio
Current Assets / current
Liabilities 0.36 0.61 0.65
Quick Ratio
(Cu. Assets - Cl. Stock)/Cu.
Liabilities 0.28 0.29 0.35
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Efficiency Ratios
Net Sales 23949 23303 22294
Total Assets 16540 12695 12340
Total Assets Turnover
Ratio Net Sales/ Total Assets 1.45 1.84 1.81
Cost of goods sold 22562 22026 21083
Inventory 1005 987 938
Inventory Turnover
ratio COGS/Inventory 22.45 22.32 22.48
Gearing ratios
Debt 2250 2617 2617
Equity 6005 5733 5629
Debt Equity Ratio Debt/ Equity 0.37 0.46 0.46
(Annual Report, 2013.)
The table above depicts that the profitability of company has been improved from last years. In
addition to that, it could be said that the major reason behind increasing profitability is sales of
the business which is quite increased in all the years. In 2014, net profit ratio is 2.99% which was
2.63% and 2.68% in 2013 and 2012 respectively. From the analysis, it could be seen that
liquidity position of business is decreased from last years. Hence, it could be said that company
has loss its ability to meet term financial obligations (Annual Report, 2013). In respect with
efficiency ratios, business has lost its efficiency as it is not getting good returns. The debt equity
ratio is decreased that represents that organization is not using effective balance between equity
and debt financing.
CONCLUSION
The above report represented various sources of finance as well their implications to the
financial statements. In addition to this, different investment appraisal techniques are used to
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ensure viability of business projects. For the business project, company is recommended to make
use of Venture capital and Bank loan. From the ratio analysis of J Sainsbury Plc, it could be said
that company has lost its ability to meet short term financial obligation and its efficiency is
reduced to earn good returns.
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REFERENCES
Books and journals
Booker, J., 2006. Financial Planning Fundamentals. CCH Canadian Limited.
Chen, H. and Ward, C., 2000. Evaluating investment projects: The hurdle rate. Journal of
Corporate Real Estate. 2(4), pp.295 – 303.
Cortes, F., 2009. The use and importance of financial planning in the German private banking
industry. GRIN Verlag.
Cox, D. and Fardon, M., 2003. Management of Finance. Osborne Books.
Cunningham,D.H.,2006. Financial Statements Demystified. Allen & Unwin.
Hill, A. R., 2007. Strategic Financial Management. Bookboon.
Parkinson, A., 2012. Managerial Finance. Routledge.
Pavlatos, O. and Paggios, I., 2009. Management accounting practices in the Greek hospitality
industry. Managerial Auditing Journal. Vol. 24(1). pp.81 – 98.
Peirson, G. and et.al., 2014. Business finance. McGraw-Hill Education Australia.
Peterson, P.P. and Fabozzi, J.F., 2004. Capital Budgeting: Theory and Practice. John Wiley &
Sons.
Thomas, H. G., 2001. Managing financial resources. Open Univ Pr.
Wildavsky, B. A., 2006. Budgeting And Governing. Transaction Publishers.
Zoan, N. G., 2014. Finance - Professional Essays and Assignments. Zoan NG.
Online
Annual Report. 2016. [PDF]. Available through:
<http://www.j-sainsbury.co.uk/media/2064053/sainsbury_s_annual_report_and_accounts_1
3-14.pdf>. [Accessed on 22nd February 2016].
Format of a Financial Statement. 2015. [Online]. Available through:
<http://smallbusiness.chron.com/format-financial-statement-3768.html>. [Accessed on 22nd
February 2016].
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