Management Accounting and Financial Analysis

The assignment delves into the realm of management accounting, examining key concepts such as cost analysis, budgeting, and performance evaluation. It further explores various financial analysis techniques that contribute to informed decision-making within organizations. The content includes a discussion on different types of business risks, highlighting their potential impact on financial performance. Illustrative examples are provided to clarify the application of these accounting and financial analysis principles.

MANAGEMENT OF
FINANCIAL

TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................4
TASK 1............................................................................................................................................4
1.1 Interpretation of ratios...........................................................................................................4
1.2 Limitations of ratio analysis and its impact on same............................................................5
1.3 Comparison of Morrison and Sainsbury...............................................................................5
TASK 2............................................................................................................................................6
2.1 Evaluate the different methodologies and approaches to cost the product and services.......6
2.2 Use of marginal cost method to support short term decision making...................................6
2.3 Analysis of role and limitations of traditional budgets.........................................................7
TASK 3............................................................................................................................................7
3.1 Role of activity based management and costing method......................................................7
3.2 Use cost management methodology to support lean enterprise, business excellence and
value chain analysis.....................................................................................................................8
3.3 Preparation of strategic management accounting information to analyze investment in
advanced manufacturing technology...........................................................................................8
TASK 4............................................................................................................................................9
4.1Impact of resource decisions on organization performance and effectiveness......................9
4.2 Identify the process and activities of an organization and use these to improve resource
allocation.....................................................................................................................................9
4.3 Evaluate the use of benchmark for an organization products, process and practice to
identify opportunities to deliver value......................................................................................10
TASK 5..........................................................................................................................................11
5.1 Debate the tensions between financial and strategic objectives..........................................11
5.2 Identify and evaluate alternative source of finance.............................................................11
5.3 Role of treasury management in the financing risk and control of liquidity......................12
TASK 6..........................................................................................................................................12
6.1 Project appraisal..................................................................................................................12
6.2 Calculate organization cost of capital and explain limitation of such calculations............15
6.3 Evaluate investment opportunity and financially appraise strategic proposals...................16
TASK 7..........................................................................................................................................17

7.1 Identify the financial risk of operating in international market..........................................17
7.2 Appraise international investment decisions.......................................................................17
7.3 Sources of finance...............................................................................................................18
TASK 8..........................................................................................................................................19
8.1 Type and sources of risk ....................................................................................................19
8.2 Use of techniques for evaluating and managing organization risk ....................................19
8.3 Prepare and utilize risk management reports......................................................................19
CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................19
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................21
ILLUSTRATION INDEX
Illustration 1: Calculation of pay back period................................................................................14
Illustration 2: Calculation of NPV.................................................................................................14
Illustration 3: Calculation of ARR.................................................................................................14
Illustration 4: Calculation of IRR..................................................................................................15
INDEX OF TABLES
Table 1: Ratios of Morrison.............................................................................................................4

INTRODUCTION
Business finance is one of the most important domain whose tools and techniques are
greatly used by the managers for making tough decisions. In this report, in respect to new
product development in context of Morrison varied techniques are discussed. Along with this,
project evaluation methods are also applied practically. At end of the report, different business
risks associated with concern are discussed briefly.
TASK 1
1.1 Interpretation of ratios
Table 1: Ratios of Morrison
2014 2015
Receivables 200 151
Sales 17680 16816
Debtor turnover ratio 88.40 111.36
Current assets 1430 1144
Current liability 2873 2273
Current ratio 0.5 0.5
Debt 2480 2508
Equity 4692 3594
Debt equity ratio 0.53 0.70
Net profit -238 -761
Equity 4692 3594
ROE -5.07% -21.17%
DPS 0.14 0.13
Current share price 175 198
Dividend yield ratio 0.08% 0.07%

Current share price 175 198
EPS -0.1 -0.3
PE ratio -1458.3 -600.0
Interpretation
It can be seen from the table that debtor turnover ratio of the firm increases from 88.40 to
111.36 which means that firm is taking more time in receiving payment from debtors. Current
ratio value is 0.5 for both years and its value is below standard ratio 2:1. This reflects that
liquidity position of the Morrison is not good. Debt equity ratio elevate from 0.53 to 0.70 which
indicate that proportion of debt increase in capital structure of the firm but it is still less than
equity. Return on equity is negative and it is clear the firm performance is not good from
investors point of view (Hillier, Grinblatt and Titman, 2011). PE ratio is reflecting that firm
shares are overvalued and are available to investors at inflated price. Hence, it can be said that
condition of Morrison is critical.
1.2 Limitations of ratio analysis and its impact on same
The main limitation of ratio analysis is that in these standards are determined to measure
performance of the firm. For example, standard current ratio is 2:1 and same will be used to
evaluate firm liquidity position. In case economic conditions are not good then obviously firm
will earn less profit which lead to decline in value of current ratio. In that case if standard ratio
will be considered then evaluation cannot be done fairly (Davies and Crawford, 2011). Suppose
market conditions are not good and current ratio is 1:1 in comparison to 2:1 than analyst will
assumed that firm liquidity condition is not good. If we evaluate value 1:1 by keeping in mind
market conditions then it can be said that performance was good. Hence, use of standard ratio
every time does not give actual picture of firm liquidity position.
1.3 Comparison of Morrison and Sainsbury
On comparison of both firms it can be seen that gross profit ratio of Morrison is 761 and
same of Sainsbury is 1456. This reflect that latter firm is earning good profit then former firm.
Return on equity of Morrison is -21.17% and same of Sainsbury is -2.88%. It can be said that
latter firm again is performing better than former company by giving good return to
shareholders. Return on asset for Sainsbury is -1% and same for Morrison is also -1%. So, here

no comparison can be made between both firms. It is management inefficiency due to which on
every ratio performance in case of Morrison is poor relative to rival firm. Morrison needs to
introduce new products in the market which will help it in increasing its profitability. Moreover,
there is need to bring changes in the organization so that efficiency level in respect to use of asset
can be increased.
TASK 2
2.1 Evaluate the different methodologies and approaches to cost the product and services
There is different method of costing job and process costing. Process costing is used
when firm produce similar products and intends to do costing of each phase of production. By
adding cost of each stage aggregate cost is measured in process costing (Otley and Emmanuel,
2013). Contrary, to this in batch or contract costing cost of products that are different from each
other is computed separately. The main feature of absorption costing is that in this direct and
indirect cost are considered to compute per unit cost. Direct cost are allocated to the per unit of
the product. Contrary to this, indirect cost are accumulated as overhead and same are charged as
absorption rate on product which is also one of the most important feature of this method. The
third and most important feature of this method is that in this administration cost are not taken in
to consideration.
2.2 Use of marginal cost method to support short term decision making
Marginal cost method is a technique of costing under which variable expenses are
considered for costing of products. Firm sometimes add few numbers on variable expenses to
compute per unit cost. Cost volume profit analysis is a method that reflects the part of sales that
is covered variable expenses. Cost volume profit analysis is given below.
Sales 5000000
Variable expenses 2000000
Contribution 3000000
Contribution/Margin ratio 60.00%
It can be seen from the table that under marginal costing method 40% of sales is covered by
variable expenses. It can be said that 60% amount of sales is covered by profit. In order to make
higher sales in short term Morrison can make use of this technique and can determine the profit

percentage that can be earned on per unit sales only be considering variable expenses. There is
difference between variable and fixed cost (Herman, 2011). Former cost refers to expenses that
does not remain fixed and keeps on changing consistently. Contrary to this, fixed cost refers to
expenses that remain unchanged during lifetime of the firm. In order to take short term decision
regarding earning of profit firm can ignore consideration of fixed cost for mentioned duration.
2.3 Analysis of role and limitations of traditional budgets
There are some limitations of traditional budget like lots of time is consumed on
preparing same. There are few numbers of people that prepare a budget then also lots of time is
consumed which is its main demerit. Traditional budgets are prepared for a year and due to this
reason it is not reviewed in mentioned duration. Sometimes business conditions get changed and
it is not wise decision to follow old budget. Firm that prepared mentioned type of budget
consistently and face loss in the business (Anandarajan, Anandarajan and Srinivasan, 2012). This
is one of main demerit of traditional budget. The main benefit of traditional budget is that it is
very simple and one by looking at it can easily understand number of things. It can be said that
budget have both positive and negative points.
TASK 3
3.1 Role of activity based management and costing method
Activity based costing is the best method because in this different activities that are core
to business and affects each other are considered to compute per unit cost. By doing so costing of
products and services is done in proper way. Activity based management can be used for re-
engineering, product costing, budgeting and bench-marking (DRURY, 2013). Under mentioned
type of management each and every sort of activity can be identified and its evaluation can be
done. By doing so areas where improvements need to be done in respect to performance of
activity in relation to reducing cost of same can be identified. Budget can be prepared by using
this method because during re-engineering process deep understanding will be developed about
each activity. Hence, projection of specific one can be easily made by considering different
situations. After considering number of things cost for each activity is determined and due to this
reason values that are identified by using activity based costing can be set as benchmark in the
budget.

3.2 Use cost management methodology to support lean enterprise, business excellence and value
chain analysis
Lean enterprise refers to the elimination of those activities that does not add value to the
product. It can be said that under lean enterprise all unproductive activities are eliminated from
production process that is related to new product development. By following lean enterprise
approach in value chain all wasteful activities can be removed and cost of production can be
reduced for new product that firm intends to develop (Bennett, Schaltegger and Zvezdov, 2011).
This lead to achievement of excellence in the business. In order to develop new product it is
necessary to conduct market research. Hence, for this some personnel will require who will
conduct field research. Thereafter, data analyst will need who will do analysis of data that is
related to the banana ripening factory that belongs to Morrison. By preparing proper strategy the
best use of resource will be made.
3.3 Preparation of strategic management accounting information to analyze investment in
advanced manufacturing technology
Tangible and intangible benefits of advanced technology
By using advanced technology banana of good quality can be made which will lead to
elevation in profitability of the firm. This will help firm in focusing more attention on new
product line (Ward, 2012). Intangible benefit of advanced technology is that it to some extent
help firm in removing loopholes from existing product line.
Balanced scorecard
Financial Internal process
 Wages: 8,00,000
 Employees working hours: 9 hrs
 Material consumption: 100 KG per
batch
 Efficient employees will be hired and
efforts will be made to retain them for
long term.
 Material will be order on time so that
cost of storage remain low.

TASK 4
4.1Impact of resource decisions on organization performance and effectiveness
In order to allocate resource among different activities Morrison can use Linear
programming model (LPP). By using same allocation of resource can be done in the best way.
This model can be developed in Excel by using Solver function. This function also develop
multiple reports that can be used to make business decisions. For allocating resource criteria can
be determined in terms of profit and cost that Morrison intends to earn and incur on its new
product that is in development phase (Van der Stede, 2011). Cost of workers can be kept at 8,
00,000 and accordingly by using LPP method allocation of same can be done in different
activities. It is possible that there is a strategic need to make payment of 8, 50,000 to workers in
order to achieve objective but firm budget of 8, 00,000. In order to manage this problem firm can
take short term loan at low interest rate. In this way, gap between strategic need and availability
can be managed.
4.2 Identify the process and activities of an organization and use these to improve resource
allocation
7 seven principles of process re-engineering are as follows.
 Focus and make efforts around outcomes not tasks
 Identify all activities and rank them on the basis of urgency
 Integration of information processing work
 Proper treatment to resources that are dispersed
 Link parallel activities at place of unifying there results.
 Control on process
 Capturing information at once on source
Business process mapping revealed activities that are related to defining who is responsible, to
what standard a business process should be completed etc.
Market research Marketing manager of Morrison will be
responsible for completing research on time. In
research data related to feature that people with
demographic characteristics intend to see in

product will be collected (Chenhall and Smith,
2011).
Analysis of results Research analyst will be liable for proper data
analysis. Analyzed data must reveal people
preferences regarding product that Morrison
wants to develop.
Production of product Production manager will be responsible for
production process of goods. Attempt will be
made to reduce cost of production.
4.3 Evaluate the use of benchmark for an organization products, process and practice to identify
opportunities to deliver value
There are many alternative ways of benchmark like SWOT, life cycle analysis, market
share portfolio etc. In respect to new product development life cycle analysis benchmark method
can be used (Bebbington, Unerman and O'Dwyer, 2014). The main purpose of benchmark is to
obtain performance up to certain level in relation to profit and cost etc. The different stages of
benchmark are as follows.
 Preparing and planning
 Data collection
 Data analysis
 Reporting
 Establish learning for best practice
 Improvement action planning and implementation
 Institutionalize learning
There are number of problems that are associated best in class bench-marking. This is because in
industry number of companies operate. Practice of each of them are different from each other. It
is very difficult to collect relevant data from the firms. Hence, estimation can be made. Due to
this reason it is very difficult to determine best in class bench-marking.

TASK 5
5.1 Debate the tensions between financial and strategic objectives
Profit and wealth maximization are the financial and strategic objectives of the firm.
There is difference between both objectives because in case of first objective main aim is to earn
maximum profit which will be reinvested in the business. Contrary to this, shareholder wealth
maximization refers to taking steps due to which shares price increases and there holders earn
good profit on same (Granlund, 2011). The main expectation of supplier’s is that Morrison will
make payment of debt amount on time irrespective of its profitability. This reflect that
shareholder and stakeholder expect in different directions. This is because if firm will give
higher amount of dividend to the shareholders then it may face problem in paying debt to
creditors. If, dividend is not given to shareholder then they may sale ownership in firm which
may tarnish firm image in the market. Hence, it is very difficult for the firm to meet expectations
of both entities in balanced manner.
5.2 Identify and evaluate alternative source of finance
For new product development alternative source of finance are as follows. Bank loan- Morrison is focusing on making available fresh bananas as new product in
the market. In this regard firm already make some acquisitions in past months and years.
Firm can raise bank loan and by using same can meet its needs. Interest charged on loan
is cost of this source of finance (Burritt, Schaltegger and Zvezdov, 2011). Advantage of
debt is that shareholding of existing shareholders does not get diluted in the firm. Demerit
is that in every condition it is inevitable to pay interest irrespective of profitability.
 Retained earnings- It is an internal source of finance and does not have any finance cost.
Advantage of same is that Morrison does not need to bear burden of payment of finance
cost. Disadvantage is that this source of finance have finance cost.
5.3 Role of treasury management in the financing risk and control of liquidity
Treasury manager play a very important role in obtaining appropriate mix of finance.
This is because he knows that for new product development how much finance and of which
category are available. What are the payment of liabilities of the firm for upcoming years?
Hence, treasury manager is in position to determine appropriate mix of finance so that finance
cost can be minimized. Risk management and liquidity crunch are two main risk in the business

that are related to treasury management (Granlund, 2011). Relevant manager by making efforts
to receive cash as soon as possible from debtors can increase liquidity in the business. Hence, it
can be said that there is great importance of the treasury management in relation to financial risk.
TASK 6
6.1 Project appraisal
There is difference between profit and cash. Profit is earned when all expenses are
deducted from revenue. On other hand cash refers to the amount that is earned on the business.
Long term investment decisions have relevance to profit and cash flow. Sometimes project
duration is long and profit is earned in starting years (Burritt, Schaltegger and Zvezdov, 2011).
Thereafter, same start decline or vice versa. Hence, Morrison after considering number of factors
must make long term investment decision on new product development that is making available
fresh banana to people.
Table 2 Calculation of ARR
Project
Initial investment 1500000
1 580000
2 600000
3 900000
4 950000
Total 3030000
Average 757500
ARR 50.50%
Table 3 Calculation of IRR
Project A
Project
Initial investment -1500000
1 580000 -920000
2 600000 -320000
3 900000 580000
4 950000 1480000
Illustration 1: Calculation of pay back

Initial investment -1500000
1 580000
2 600000
3 900000
4 950000
IRR 31.56%
Table 4 Calculation of NPV
Project PV @ 10% Present value
Initial investment 1500000
1 580000 0.968 561471
2 600000 0.937 562277
3 900000 0.907 816472
4 950000 0.878 834300
Total 2774521
NPV 1274521

Table 5: Comparison of evaluation methods
Alternative technique Features Advantages
Payback period It computes duration in which
project can cover invested
corpus.
By using this method
investment decisions in terms
of recovery of cost can be
estimated.
ARR It calculates mean return that
can be earned on the project
(Herbert, and Seal, 2012).
It gives an overview of the
profitability of the project.
IRR It reflects actual return that can
be earned on the project.
It gives accurate picture of the
project profitability.
6.2 Calculate organization cost of capital and explain limitation of such calculations
Cost of equity
RFR 0.51%
Beta 0.3
R(M) 2.00%
K(e) 0.95%
Cost of equity= RFR+Beta(R (m)-RFR)
Cost of debt
Particulars Values
Rate of interest 4.00%
Corporate tax rate 30.00%
Cost of debt 2.07%
Cost of debt= Interest*(1-corporate tax rate)
Weighted average cost of capital

RFR 0.51%
Beta 0.3
R(M) 2.00%
K(e) 0.95%
E/(D+E) @ Enterprise Value 99.28%
D/(D+E) @ Enterprise Value 0.72%
Interest Rate (%) 3.30%
Tax Rate (@) 20.00%
WACC Calculation 0.96%
6.3 Evaluate investment opportunity and financially appraise strategic proposals
The investment that is made on banana repining factory by the Morrison good strategic
investment decision that is taken by the firm. Investment of 1,5,00,000 USD will be made on
mentioned type of factory. Some investment is already made and remaining will be made in the
upcoming time period. Investment will be made in terms of modernization of facility and
purchase of new machines to elevate capacity of plant (Parker, 2012). Morrison in comparison to
its competitors will be able to make available fresh fruits to the people and it will be core
competency of the firm. Money will be raised in form of debt that will be taken from the banks.
Apart from this firm if required may issue corporate bond. It is other alternative that is available
to firm. Morrison will raise debt from different banks under consortium finance or on individual
basis. Which option it will choose depends on the extent to which banks make available loan at
their own level. In case required amount of debt will not be raised from individual bank then in

that case consortium finance will be used. This strategic decision will benefit the firm because
currently Morrison is selling retail products like cloths, grocery and food items. Currently,
market conditions are not good and profitability of retail store is declining consistently.
Investment in banana repining factory will help firm in selling fresh green banana to the
customer. Such an addition of new product to existing product line will differentiate firm from its
rival companies. Moreover, it will be able to cater needs of people that are very health conscious.
This project will complete in six to nine months. Project is acceptable because of following
reasons.
Project evaluation
method
Parameters Actual value Result
Payback period 2 years 2 Years Pass
NPV 1274521 1000000 Pass
ARR 50.00% 50.50% Pass
IRR 30.00% 31.56% Pass
Qualitative issues cannot be measured in project evaluation method. But impact of
qualitative issues on profitability of project can be estimated. By using this approach project
evaluation can be done on the basis of information.
TASK 7
7.1 Identify the financial risk of operating in international market
Currency risk is one of the major financial risk that is associated with the business.
Negative change in USD may affect import bill of Morrison. In case debt is taken at flexible
interest rate from foreign bank then also finance cost may elevate. In order to manager these
risks risk management system can be developed under which at end of every month meeting will
be conducted (Qian, Burritt and Monroe, 2011). In meeting Directors will analyze global
economic condition and will make forecast about likely movement in same in upcoming month.
On the basis of analysis financial decisions will be made and risk will be managed.

7.2 Appraise international investment decisions
There are risks in use of capital budgeting technique for making investment decisions.
This is because managers cannot forecast accurate cash flows that will happen in the foreign
nation.
Morrison is purchasing other firms facility and due to this reason it has its own supply
chain system. This is indirect benefit that can received on this project. Above new product
development project is viable for the Morrison because NPV value is high and positive.
7.3 Sources of finance
International source of finance Particular
Issue of shares through GDR By using GDR Morrison can raise fund for
new product that it want to introduce in the
market.
Bank loan Loan can be taken from HSBC or other
international bank (Brown, Beekes and

Verhoeven, 2011).
Private equity Foreign PE firm can make investment in
Morrison.
TASK 8
8.1 Type and sources of risk Compliance risk – In foreign market Morrison may failed to follow relevant rules and
regulations. In order to deal with such risk a team of legal advisers can be prepared by the
firm (Blackman, 2014).
 Financial risk- Financial risk comes in existence due to change in currency and interest
rates by market central bank. Investment can be made in interest rate and currency
derivatives for hedging purpose.
8.2 Use of techniques for evaluating and managing organization risk
Risk management mechanism can be developed in Morrison and under this risk related to
currency and interest rates can be addressed consistently (Kaplan, 2011). As, a part of
contingency plan rate of derivatives can be analyzed on daily basis. So that in case of sudden
fluctuation in debt and currency market investment can be made in the best derivative contract.
8.3 Prepare and utilize risk management reports
There is need of risk management report because through same all top managers get an
information about tough conditions that are faced by the organization.
To
The Directors of Morrison
Date: 6th September 2016
Presently, Morrison is entangled from so many problems and sale of products at low price is
one of them. Rivals are updating their product line and it is inevitable for firm to enhance its
product line. Hence, decision to acquire banana ripping plants is viable. This will become new
product line through which Morrison will earn good profit in business and become more
competitive.

CONCLUSION
On the basis of above discussion it is concluded that it is very important to make use of
project evaluation methods to select best one. There are number of financial and non-financial
risks that are associated with the project. By analyzing all these factors good decision can be
made by the managers.

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