Wireless Communication Technologies

This assignment delves into various wireless communication technologies, including Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, and cellular networks. It examines the principles behind each technology, highlighting their transmission ranges, typical applications, and security protocols. The analysis emphasizes the strengths and limitations of each technology, providing insights into their suitability for diverse communication needs.

Running head: WIRELESS NETWORK CONCEPTS
Wireless Network Concepts
Name of the Student
Name of the University
Author Note

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WIRELESS NETWORK CONCEPTS
Table of Contents
1. 1st Answer........................................................................................................................2
1.1. Yagi...........................................................................................................................2
1.2 Horn...........................................................................................................................3
1.3 Cellular Antennas......................................................................................................5
2. 2nd Answer........................................................................................................................6
2.1 CDMA and FDMA in wireless networking...............................................................6
3. 3rd Answer........................................................................................................................8
4. References......................................................................................................................15
5. Appendix........................................................................................................................17
5.1 Answer 3..................................................................................................................17

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WIRELESS NETWORK CONCEPTS
1. 1st Answer
Antennas are the means of coupling a transmitter to a medium. An antenna is an
electromagnetic radiator that creates an electromagnetic field that travels out of the antenna
towards the receiving antenna. In the receiving antenna, the electromagnetic wave is converted
into electrical signals. There are different types of antennas such as Yagi horn and cellular
antennas. The comparison among the three antennas are elaborated below (Stutzman & Thiele,
2012) -
1.1. Yagi
Yagi is a commonly used directional antenna, which uses several elements to form a
directional array. This antenna is commonly used in communication where the frequency is
above 10 MHZ. The Amateur radio and the citizens band radio operators generally use this type
of antenna. This type of antenna is a basic form of antenna generally with a narrow bandwidth.
Yagi antenna are sometimes designed to operate on multiple bands as well (Sun et al., 2013).
Figure 1: Representing structure of yagi antenna

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WIRELESS NETWORK CONCEPTS
(Source: Sun et al., 2013)
The strength of Yagi antennas are listed below-
1) It is a directional antenna with a 50 to 70 degree beam width. Since the focus is in one
direction only, yagi antenna, they put out relatively higher gain in relation to the multidirectional
antennas, making them ideal for receiving lower strengths signals.
2) The high gain enables the yagi antennas to work in relatively good range.
3) The design of the Yagi antennas filers out almost all the noise associated with the
signal coming from opposite direction. Thus, yagi is a good choice for telecommunication.
4) The yagi antennas are easier to mount on vertical towers due to its structure. This gives
th yagi an additional benefit.
5) The cost of yagi antenna is generally less than an LP antenna.
The weaknesses of Yagi antenna are as follows-
1) Bandwidth of yagi antenna is limited and thus the gain is also limited to 6-9 dB unless
there is more than one antenna.
2) The performance of yagi antenna degrades, as the user move away from the frequency
range Yagi is designed for. This is particularly because yagis are based on resonant elements and
thus off resonant operations results in increase of SWR.
1.2 Horn

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A horn is a type of antenna that consists of a metal wave guard shaped like a horn, which
is used to direct radio waves in a beam. This type of antennas is widely used at UHF frequencies
above 300 MHz. Horn antenna is generally used in transmission and reception of microwave
signals. It is termed as horn because of its flared appearance. The axis of the horn is used for
maximum radiation (Cai et al., 2014).
Figure 2: Representing structure of Horn antenna
(Source: Cai et al., 2014)
The strength-
1) Offers greater directivity
2) Has narrow bandwidth
3) Capable of avoiding standing waves
Weakness-
1) The flare angle decides the directivity of the antenna

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2) The angle and the flare are needed to be very small.
1.3 Cellular Antennas
Cellular antennas are generally used in communication services. Every cell phone
contains at least one radio antenna to transmit radio signal (Zhao, Ying & He, 2015).
Strength-
1) Frequency reuse in cellular antenna allows a number of user to work on same
frequency.
2) The range of cellular antennas is generally high
3) Offers increasing security
Weaknesses
1) More expensive than other antennas
2) More complicated than traditional antennas
3) Location is needed to be considered.
From the above discussion, it can be concluded that cellular network is and will dominate
among the other network as it enables a long distance wireless link and frequency reuse.
Moreover, it offers the highest range of bandwidth as the bandwidth increases from the
frequency reuse. It provides additional security, as the signals are not radiated in all the
directions.

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WIRELESS NETWORK CONCEPTS
Figure 3: Representing structure of cellular antenna
(Source: Zhao, Ying & He, 2015)
2. 2nd Answer
2.1 CDMA and FDMA in wireless networking
CDMA or code division multiple access is a protocol, generally used in 2G and 3G
wireless communications. It is a form of multiplexing that allows a number of signals to occupy
a same transmission channel, which in turn optimizes the use of bandwidth available.
FDMA or frequency division multiple access on other hand divides the allocated
bandwidth for wireless cellular communication into 30 different channels. These channels carry
a voice conversation or carry a digital data. FDMA is a basic technology in analog advanced
mobile service. Unlike CDMA, in FDMA, each channel can be used or assigned to only one user
at a time.

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CDMA channel is generally 1.23 MHz wide and uses soft handoff procedures that
minimizes the occasion of signal breakup. FDMA however is a physical layer technique that
transmits low bandwidth channels through the channels of high bandwidth. FDMA segments the
frequency band into different disjoint sub bands, while CDMA spread the spectrum using
different orthogonal codes.
Both CDMA and FDMA have an uninterrupted frequency in the terminal. However, in
FDMA every terminal has an uninterrupted frequency of its own, while in CDMA, all the
terminals are capable of being active simultaneously and stay uninterrupted as well.
In FDMA, the signal is separated by filtering in the frequency domain, while in CDMA
the signal is separated using code plus special receivers. Both FDMA and CDMA provide
continuous transmission in wireless networking.
The cell capacity is however, limited in FDMA, while in CDMA there is no limit in the
channel capacity, which offers additional benefits. Both CDMA and FDMA is robust and
flexible which offers increasing advantages.
When FDMA channel is not in use, it sits idle and the bandwidth of the channel is also
narrow, which is 30 kHz, much less in comparison with CDMA. CDMA offers certain benefits
such as the receiver detects only the desired codeword while others appear as a noise. However,
it becomes mandatory for the receivers to know the codeword. Transmitter is sending. In FDMA,
tight filtering is generally needed to minimize the interference of noise.
CDMA offers additional security, as every user has a different pseudo codeword for
communication, which remains orthogonal to the other users. This is needed because every user,
uses same frequency in simultaneous transmission (Glisic & Leppänen, 2013).

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In FDMA, the entire band of frequencies is generally divided into multiple RF channels
or carriers. These carriers are allocated to different users. In CDMA, the entire bandwidth is
shared among the different users. This is ascertained by assigning unique codes to different users
(Straullu et al., 2015).
3. 3rd Answer
Wireless communication has nowadays become an integral part of everyone’s life as it
allows the users to communicate from anywhere, even from remote places. The devices that are
involved in wireless communication are mobile phone, GPS unit, satellite television and so on.

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WIRELESS NETWORK CONCEPTS
Satellite communication is used to communicate with the radio signals directly via radio
signals. It provides a powerful mode of broadcasting.

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Wireless networking provides several benefits by connecting different devices wirelessly.
Most prominent being the lesser equipments cost and hassle free installation of the system.

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WIRELESS NETWORK CONCEPTS
WiMAX offers transmission of data at maximum speed. The cost of data, which is available
using the WiMAX varies widely with the distance from its transmitter.

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Wi-Fi networks have limited range as it allows the users only to connect with the router, which is
in close proximity. The Wifi network is necessarily be secured with passwords for ensuring
security.

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Radio waves are generally used in Bluetooth communication and the range of transmission is
generally 15-50 feet. The devices are needed to be paired at first in order to establish a Bluetooth
connection.

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WIRELESS NETWORK CONCEPTS
Cellular antenna provides highest range of bandwidth and is increasingly used in setting up
communications.

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4. References
Bernardos, C. J., De La Oliva, A., Serrano, P., Banchs, A., Contreras, L. M., Jin, H., & Zúñiga, J.
C. (2014). An architecture for software defined wireless networking. IEEE wireless
communications, 21(3), 52-61.
Bilotti, F., Di Palma, L., Ramaccia, D., & Toscano, A. (2012). Self-filtering low-noise horn
antenna for satellite applications. IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, 11,
354-357.
Cai, Y., Qian, Z. P., Zhang, Y. S., Jin, J., & Cao, W. Q. (2014). Bandwidth enhancement of SIW
horn antenna loaded with air-via perforated dielectric slab. IEEE antennas and wireless
propagation letters, 13, 571-574.
Gagliardi, R. M. (2012). Satellite communications. Springer Science & Business Media.
Glisic, S. G., & Leppänen, P. A. (2013). Wireless communications: TDMA versus CDMA.
Springer Science & Business Media.
Heydon, R. (2013). Bluetooth low energy: the developer's handbook. Prentice Hall.
Jiang, W., & Che, W. (2012). A novel UWB antenna with dual notched bands for WiMAX and
WLAN applications. IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, 11, 293-296.
Kosaka, M. (2012). U.S. Patent No. 8,270,390. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark
Office.

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Straullu, S., Savio, P., Chang, J., Ferrero, V., Nespola, A., Gaudino, R., & Abrate, S. (2015).
Optimization of reflective FDMA-PON architecture to achieve 32 Gb/s Per upstream
wavelength over 31 dB ODN loss. Journal of Lightwave Technology, 33(2), 474-480.
Stutzman, W. L., & Thiele, G. A. (2012). Antenna theory and design. John Wiley & Sons.
Sun, H., Guo, Y. X., He, M., & Zhong, Z. (2013). A dual-band rectenna using broadband yagi
antenna array for ambient RF power harvesting. IEEE Antennas and Wireless
Propagation Letters, 12, 918-921.
Zhao, K., Ying, Z., & He, S. (2015, May). Antenna designs of smart watch for cellular
communications by using metal belt. In Antennas and Propagation (EuCAP), 2015 9th
European Conference on (pp. 1-5). IEEE.

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5. Appendix
5.1 Answer 3