Digital Technologies: Innovation Impact on Apple's Development
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This report analyzes the impact of digital technology and innovation on Apple Inc., evaluating how these elements contribute to customer experience, business models, and internal capabilities. It explores Apple's adoption of digital technologies, including the Apple-1, iMac, iPhone, iPod, iTunes, iOS 6, App Store, and Airports, and their impact on the company's innovation strategies. The report assesses how these technologies influence organizational development at both micro and macro levels, examining the advantages and disadvantages of digital adoption. Furthermore, it discusses how innovation affects Apple's business development, market position, and employee motivation. The analysis covers various forms of innovation, such as product, process, marketing, and organizational innovation, highlighting Apple's strategies for maintaining a competitive edge and driving growth in the digital technology industry. Desklib provides access to similar solved assignments and study resources for students.

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Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................3
TASK 1............................................................................................................................................4
TASK 2............................................................................................................................................6
TASK 3............................................................................................................................................8
CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................10
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................11
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................3
TASK 1............................................................................................................................................4
TASK 2............................................................................................................................................6
TASK 3............................................................................................................................................8
CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................10
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................11

INTRODUCTION
Digital technology is analysed which can be best for the organization and used to create value in
the experience of the customers and business models this also creates value in the internal
capabilities of the organization as this also supports the functions and operations of the business
effectively. In a business, it is important to create and maintain innovation and the marketplace
as this also impacts the organization positively and also helps in the fast communication process
between different businesses for any transaction and digital technology helps in providing
security against any data breach or cybercrime. Innovation and digital technology lead to better
performance of the business and this also leads to saving the cost and time of the organization.
This report is about the organization Apple its headquarters are in CA and this is an American
organization of technology and is specialized in online services, custom software, and
electronics. This report involves the analysis of the impact of digital technology and innovation
on Apple company and also involves the various uses of digital technology for the better
expansion and development of business and this technology can impact data and knowledge.
Digital technology is analysed which can be best for the organization and used to create value in
the experience of the customers and business models this also creates value in the internal
capabilities of the organization as this also supports the functions and operations of the business
effectively. In a business, it is important to create and maintain innovation and the marketplace
as this also impacts the organization positively and also helps in the fast communication process
between different businesses for any transaction and digital technology helps in providing
security against any data breach or cybercrime. Innovation and digital technology lead to better
performance of the business and this also leads to saving the cost and time of the organization.
This report is about the organization Apple its headquarters are in CA and this is an American
organization of technology and is specialized in online services, custom software, and
electronics. This report involves the analysis of the impact of digital technology and innovation
on Apple company and also involves the various uses of digital technology for the better
expansion and development of business and this technology can impact data and knowledge.
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TASK 1
Apple is an American company that is known for its innovative products with the latest digital
technology coming years Apple always has stood with the latest and innovative technology and
this has built its huge customer base in the industry. This organization always analyses and
works according to the requirements and desires of the customer and never fails to make them
satisfied with their latest technology. Apple company’s customer base waits for the upcoming
product of innovation as they always insert new innovative features in their products with new
technology which helps them to attract their customers(Cleveland 2018).
As nowadays each organization is partially or fully updated with the latest digital technology for
gaining an advantage and this can be done by digital technology for Apple digital technology is
considered the problem solver. As in Apple company data analysis and business intelligence and
applications are considered as the tool that predicts the problem and with the help of AL
integrated application it can be responded to and it also finds the appropriate solution for the
business(Chye 2021). Digital technology is known as the easiest and quickest method by which
organizations can easily connect with their customer base because marketing and promotion have
a high cost and digital technology is cheaper than that and also saves the cost of the organization.
Apple company uses CRM tools, AL chatbots, and social media platforms for connecting with its
customer base and promoting its products through ads. As Apple company also uses artificial
intelligence for keeping the organization digitally active and for also better handling of the
employees. Through digital technology, this organization has improved their products effectively
there are various forms in which this organization uses digital technology and it is described
below(Hall and Regnitz 2020).
The Apple-1
This was the first personal computer and it was invented by Apple as before of this invention
society uses the computer in the kit form and after the invention of this, they started using it in
the machine form. As Apple also uses switches and light in this rather than output or input
products. This computer was known as the first desirable invention in the world.
iMac
This was the product which was specialized in digital technology and for three reasons this was
the best as because it was the first pc and this was also legacy frass and is reliable on the USB
connection. This product was designed for internet-focused computers(Gugino 2018).
Apple is an American company that is known for its innovative products with the latest digital
technology coming years Apple always has stood with the latest and innovative technology and
this has built its huge customer base in the industry. This organization always analyses and
works according to the requirements and desires of the customer and never fails to make them
satisfied with their latest technology. Apple company’s customer base waits for the upcoming
product of innovation as they always insert new innovative features in their products with new
technology which helps them to attract their customers(Cleveland 2018).
As nowadays each organization is partially or fully updated with the latest digital technology for
gaining an advantage and this can be done by digital technology for Apple digital technology is
considered the problem solver. As in Apple company data analysis and business intelligence and
applications are considered as the tool that predicts the problem and with the help of AL
integrated application it can be responded to and it also finds the appropriate solution for the
business(Chye 2021). Digital technology is known as the easiest and quickest method by which
organizations can easily connect with their customer base because marketing and promotion have
a high cost and digital technology is cheaper than that and also saves the cost of the organization.
Apple company uses CRM tools, AL chatbots, and social media platforms for connecting with its
customer base and promoting its products through ads. As Apple company also uses artificial
intelligence for keeping the organization digitally active and for also better handling of the
employees. Through digital technology, this organization has improved their products effectively
there are various forms in which this organization uses digital technology and it is described
below(Hall and Regnitz 2020).
The Apple-1
This was the first personal computer and it was invented by Apple as before of this invention
society uses the computer in the kit form and after the invention of this, they started using it in
the machine form. As Apple also uses switches and light in this rather than output or input
products. This computer was known as the first desirable invention in the world.
iMac
This was the product which was specialized in digital technology and for three reasons this was
the best as because it was the first pc and this was also legacy frass and is reliable on the USB
connection. This product was designed for internet-focused computers(Gugino 2018).
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iPhone
Smartphones of this organization were introduced in 2007 with different features and effects and
were not before in any smartphones before the innovation of this, smartphones are not innovative
or attractive enough to use and were also not according to the requirements of the customers.
This organization is known as the richest technology.
iPod and iTunes
iPod is a mainstream digital music which is made with updated technology and is easy to use and
operate as iTunes is produced for transferring the music downloaded with the iPod and this also
looks innovative and attractive(Lam 2020).
iOS 6
This is a map that is similar to google maps but with advanced features and this involves a good
interface and familiar landmarks as this also has the facility of turn by turn by navigation. This
mapping becomes easier to use as this becomes more convenient for reaching the destination.
The app store
This app store is the invention for facilitating the Apple users and this involves various inbuild
applications and new applications can also be downloaded by this app store and this can only be
operated by the Apple users as this also provided high security to the user as they secure them
from any breach or fraud.
Airports
This device was also invented by Apple company as this is a wireless networking earphone
which is slightly expensive but is useful as this is handy and without the connection with the
phone in the form of wire as this is considered convenient and this also looks attractive and is
made according to the requirement of the customer base.
Innovation is known as the process of developing or introducing anything with new innovative
features or any development in the existing products. Innovation can be in many forms as in the
form of any new process, product, or design in the business. To maintain the market base and
growth in the industry organization uses creativity and innovation in the organization to attract
the customer base of the organization and also lead in the industry. Innovation also increases the
level of profitability in the business. As there are many processes, time and effort are required for
developing any innovation in the business(Echterfeld and Gausmeier 2020). In an organization,
Smartphones of this organization were introduced in 2007 with different features and effects and
were not before in any smartphones before the innovation of this, smartphones are not innovative
or attractive enough to use and were also not according to the requirements of the customers.
This organization is known as the richest technology.
iPod and iTunes
iPod is a mainstream digital music which is made with updated technology and is easy to use and
operate as iTunes is produced for transferring the music downloaded with the iPod and this also
looks innovative and attractive(Lam 2020).
iOS 6
This is a map that is similar to google maps but with advanced features and this involves a good
interface and familiar landmarks as this also has the facility of turn by turn by navigation. This
mapping becomes easier to use as this becomes more convenient for reaching the destination.
The app store
This app store is the invention for facilitating the Apple users and this involves various inbuild
applications and new applications can also be downloaded by this app store and this can only be
operated by the Apple users as this also provided high security to the user as they secure them
from any breach or fraud.
Airports
This device was also invented by Apple company as this is a wireless networking earphone
which is slightly expensive but is useful as this is handy and without the connection with the
phone in the form of wire as this is considered convenient and this also looks attractive and is
made according to the requirement of the customer base.
Innovation is known as the process of developing or introducing anything with new innovative
features or any development in the existing products. Innovation can be in many forms as in the
form of any new process, product, or design in the business. To maintain the market base and
growth in the industry organization uses creativity and innovation in the organization to attract
the customer base of the organization and also lead in the industry. Innovation also increases the
level of profitability in the business. As there are many processes, time and effort are required for
developing any innovation in the business(Echterfeld and Gausmeier 2020). In an organization,

many innovations can take place like marketing innovation, process innovation, product
innovation, and organizational innovation. This innovation process is made by Apple frequently
and they innovate their products effectively for remaining in a superior position in the industry
and maintaining sustainability. Apple has used product innovation in the form of improving the
technology of the Apple product as recently this company has changed the structure and lenses
of iPhones for the better upgrade in the camera and speed and introduced in the industry. As in
the form of process innovation this company has used the latest technology for the better
innovation of the business procedure which makes changes in the techniques, software, and
equipment. Apple company uses changes its process and builds up innovation for fulfilling the
requirements of the customer(Tham and Grace 2021). This organization uses marketing innovation
which involves changes in packaging and promotional methods. Apple company uses the same
packaging with dark colours which are related to their product colour within between the logo of
Apple and they use various promotional methods like frequent innovative ads changes for
marketing. Organizational innovation is used to the innovation and changes in the big picture as
this innovation leads to improvising the overall performance which can affect external or internal
changes. Apple uses various techniques and strategies in the business which helps the employees
and top management to attain their organizational goal effectively innovation have to lead better
improvement in Apple company and also helped in the growth and development of the
organization as this helped the organization to build a special place I the digital technology
industry.
TASK 2
Digital technology impacts the business in many possible ways in the development of the
business and this impacts the business at the micro and macro level of the organization as in
micro-level of Apple company involves the factors like administration, human resources,
accounts and these are the min factor and department of the organization which helps in the
growth of the organization effectively as this all department see the basic requirements of the
organization and which can build up by digital technology as by using the latest technology it
helps in building the flexibility of the business as new technology and training also helps in the
development of the employees and this technology used in the hiring of the employees and by
the use of digital technology it helps in maintain the record of sales and profit of the business as
innovation, and organizational innovation. This innovation process is made by Apple frequently
and they innovate their products effectively for remaining in a superior position in the industry
and maintaining sustainability. Apple has used product innovation in the form of improving the
technology of the Apple product as recently this company has changed the structure and lenses
of iPhones for the better upgrade in the camera and speed and introduced in the industry. As in
the form of process innovation this company has used the latest technology for the better
innovation of the business procedure which makes changes in the techniques, software, and
equipment. Apple company uses changes its process and builds up innovation for fulfilling the
requirements of the customer(Tham and Grace 2021). This organization uses marketing innovation
which involves changes in packaging and promotional methods. Apple company uses the same
packaging with dark colours which are related to their product colour within between the logo of
Apple and they use various promotional methods like frequent innovative ads changes for
marketing. Organizational innovation is used to the innovation and changes in the big picture as
this innovation leads to improvising the overall performance which can affect external or internal
changes. Apple uses various techniques and strategies in the business which helps the employees
and top management to attain their organizational goal effectively innovation have to lead better
improvement in Apple company and also helped in the growth and development of the
organization as this helped the organization to build a special place I the digital technology
industry.
TASK 2
Digital technology impacts the business in many possible ways in the development of the
business and this impacts the business at the micro and macro level of the organization as in
micro-level of Apple company involves the factors like administration, human resources,
accounts and these are the min factor and department of the organization which helps in the
growth of the organization effectively as this all department see the basic requirements of the
organization and which can build up by digital technology as by using the latest technology it
helps in building the flexibility of the business as new technology and training also helps in the
development of the employees and this technology used in the hiring of the employees and by
the use of digital technology it helps in maintain the record of sales and profit of the business as
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it is important to be required to record it online(Gikandi 2019). Digital technology provides better
communication with their customer base Apple and this technology is also used in better and
more effective marketing strategies and promotional activities which is used for the branding of
the company effectively as digital technology is used for promoting the business nowadays no
one is active on reading a newspaper and the radio, therefore, technology is been invented for
better promotions of the organization as this company also uses social media platforms for
promoting their business through ads and with increasing the engagement with there business
page as this is considered the strongest tool which helps in reaching to the customer effectively
as Apple page is developed in social media platform which contains all the information regarding
the products and offers placed of the stores(Farrell and Marshall 2020). Along with this it also gets
impacted in the macro level of the business and Apple company take the use of IT for analysing
and fulfilling the needs and requirements so the customers at a global level for organisational
high standards and digital technology also helps in effectively maintaining the sustainability of
business and this also lead in improving the business functions and operations effectively as this
also gives a competitive advantage to the business.
Innovation is done for the business development of the organization and this also results
benefited in Apple company for innovating and developing a product of the organization which
result in the high growth and expansion of the business and this leads to a high customer base.
As innovation in anything in the industry make it look attractive and people desire to use that as
innovation in Apple company helps them in expanding their business globally and this also leads
to merging and acquiring the innovation in the business and this lead the organization being
quickest and also increasing the revenue rate of the business and build the sales of the business.
Innovation also keeps the employees of the company encouraged and motivated as they feel
motivated by creating new things as in Apple company form theory is used and in this, the
decision making is done in by top most authority but views can be presented by each team and
employees of the organization to make them feel motivated and respected(Lokollo and Arman
2022). Motivated employees of the organization can work hard and increase the level of
productivity in the organization. Apple company is different from other digital organizations
because of new technology and innovation which is followed by the company as they try to fulfil
the desire and requirements of the company as they focus on better quality and they always
communication with their customer base Apple and this technology is also used in better and
more effective marketing strategies and promotional activities which is used for the branding of
the company effectively as digital technology is used for promoting the business nowadays no
one is active on reading a newspaper and the radio, therefore, technology is been invented for
better promotions of the organization as this company also uses social media platforms for
promoting their business through ads and with increasing the engagement with there business
page as this is considered the strongest tool which helps in reaching to the customer effectively
as Apple page is developed in social media platform which contains all the information regarding
the products and offers placed of the stores(Farrell and Marshall 2020). Along with this it also gets
impacted in the macro level of the business and Apple company take the use of IT for analysing
and fulfilling the needs and requirements so the customers at a global level for organisational
high standards and digital technology also helps in effectively maintaining the sustainability of
business and this also lead in improving the business functions and operations effectively as this
also gives a competitive advantage to the business.
Innovation is done for the business development of the organization and this also results
benefited in Apple company for innovating and developing a product of the organization which
result in the high growth and expansion of the business and this leads to a high customer base.
As innovation in anything in the industry make it look attractive and people desire to use that as
innovation in Apple company helps them in expanding their business globally and this also leads
to merging and acquiring the innovation in the business and this lead the organization being
quickest and also increasing the revenue rate of the business and build the sales of the business.
Innovation also keeps the employees of the company encouraged and motivated as they feel
motivated by creating new things as in Apple company form theory is used and in this, the
decision making is done in by top most authority but views can be presented by each team and
employees of the organization to make them feel motivated and respected(Lokollo and Arman
2022). Motivated employees of the organization can work hard and increase the level of
productivity in the organization. Apple company is different from other digital organizations
because of new technology and innovation which is followed by the company as they try to fulfil
the desire and requirements of the company as they focus on better quality and they always
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update their technology for better operation of the product and this also helps in expanding the
market share and customer base of the organization.
There are many advantages and disadvantages of digital technology and innovation which are
used by the organization as described below.
Advantages
Instant communication
As the latest technology helps in better communicating power with their customers and
stakeholders as Apple company has there own website in which the team looks after the basic
problem of the customers and provide relevant solution to them and they sees all the emails and
messages and responds to them quickly and this made possible by using digital
technology(Demiralay and Bayracı 2021).
Increasing mobility
As the latest digital technology and innovation increase, the mobility of Apple’s business is an
effective form as by the use of technology customers can easily track their product after ordering
it and can pay with the digital mode of payment as this reduces the efforts of customers to buy as
they can access the website from home.
Disadvantages
iPhone
As Apple company sales and profit is almost dependent on the selling of iPhones as this has a
high product selling rate and other Apple product has low sale rate and if they stop developing or
innovating new iPhones they can also face loss.
Product pricing
As product pricing is high for Apple company as they target only high income based society who
can afford the Apple products as due to its product pricing mainly high-class society can afford
and middle class suffers for the range(Bateman 2019).
TASK 3
Data management and knowledge can impact the decision-making process of the organization as
this can be extracted with innovation and the latest technology in the organization. Knowledge
market share and customer base of the organization.
There are many advantages and disadvantages of digital technology and innovation which are
used by the organization as described below.
Advantages
Instant communication
As the latest technology helps in better communicating power with their customers and
stakeholders as Apple company has there own website in which the team looks after the basic
problem of the customers and provide relevant solution to them and they sees all the emails and
messages and responds to them quickly and this made possible by using digital
technology(Demiralay and Bayracı 2021).
Increasing mobility
As the latest digital technology and innovation increase, the mobility of Apple’s business is an
effective form as by the use of technology customers can easily track their product after ordering
it and can pay with the digital mode of payment as this reduces the efforts of customers to buy as
they can access the website from home.
Disadvantages
iPhone
As Apple company sales and profit is almost dependent on the selling of iPhones as this has a
high product selling rate and other Apple product has low sale rate and if they stop developing or
innovating new iPhones they can also face loss.
Product pricing
As product pricing is high for Apple company as they target only high income based society who
can afford the Apple products as due to its product pricing mainly high-class society can afford
and middle class suffers for the range(Bateman 2019).
TASK 3
Data management and knowledge can impact the decision-making process of the organization as
this can be extracted with innovation and the latest technology in the organization. Knowledge

management helps the business in searching and analysing the innovation effectively as Apple
business tries to save the time of staff and employees so that they can be more productive in
different required areas. Apple company uses AL-machine learning for increasing the capacity of
analyzing and retrieving information which results helpful to the organization for future
requirements. This factor also helps in the process of decision-making at the formal level so that
top management gets relevant information for the innovation and development of products
according to the organizational and customer requirement(Lehmann 2018). Apple company
innovates any product or service of the business is first analysed according to the market after
than related to that information data is being collected from different sources and after a long
time a company introduces the product to the industry as before that proper study and
analyzation are required as before coming to any decision of developing the product the survey
has been done as for making any new product or innovating it a huge effort and time is invested
by the employees there decision making is considered an important process of the business and it
can not be done without proper data and knowledge there it involves collecting of the data after
that training of the employees is done and marketing plans and strategies have been developed
for the better results of innovation which can benefit the business one way or another. These
techniques provide agility to the organization and this can be delivered according to the
knowledge and data management as with no clue of requirement of the customers and analysis of
the existing resources of the business no product can be reformed or formed in the
business(Anderson 2021). As the procedure of data and knowledge management is in sig steps
which involves that first decision is been made for the decision product and related to that
information is been analysed and collected after that available resource has been evaluated and
the information is used in the decision-making process and then the decision is being executed
by the business and lastly business waits for the review of the industry.
business tries to save the time of staff and employees so that they can be more productive in
different required areas. Apple company uses AL-machine learning for increasing the capacity of
analyzing and retrieving information which results helpful to the organization for future
requirements. This factor also helps in the process of decision-making at the formal level so that
top management gets relevant information for the innovation and development of products
according to the organizational and customer requirement(Lehmann 2018). Apple company
innovates any product or service of the business is first analysed according to the market after
than related to that information data is being collected from different sources and after a long
time a company introduces the product to the industry as before that proper study and
analyzation are required as before coming to any decision of developing the product the survey
has been done as for making any new product or innovating it a huge effort and time is invested
by the employees there decision making is considered an important process of the business and it
can not be done without proper data and knowledge there it involves collecting of the data after
that training of the employees is done and marketing plans and strategies have been developed
for the better results of innovation which can benefit the business one way or another. These
techniques provide agility to the organization and this can be delivered according to the
knowledge and data management as with no clue of requirement of the customers and analysis of
the existing resources of the business no product can be reformed or formed in the
business(Anderson 2021). As the procedure of data and knowledge management is in sig steps
which involves that first decision is been made for the decision product and related to that
information is been analysed and collected after that available resource has been evaluated and
the information is used in the decision-making process and then the decision is being executed
by the business and lastly business waits for the review of the industry.
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CONCLUSION
This report has concluded that digital technology is important to build in the organization for its
better upliftment and along with this innovation is also important for maintaining the
sustainability of the organization in the industry as if new technologies will be introduced in the
organization will lead to the large customer base as customers get attracted towards innovation
and technology. This report also concluded that these factors help in enhancing the level of
profitability in the organization in a better and more effective manner as this report has also
analysed that innovation can impact the organization externally as well as internally and this can
impact the data and knowledge system for the better and effective decision making.
This report has concluded that digital technology is important to build in the organization for its
better upliftment and along with this innovation is also important for maintaining the
sustainability of the organization in the industry as if new technologies will be introduced in the
organization will lead to the large customer base as customers get attracted towards innovation
and technology. This report also concluded that these factors help in enhancing the level of
profitability in the organization in a better and more effective manner as this report has also
analysed that innovation can impact the organization externally as well as internally and this can
impact the data and knowledge system for the better and effective decision making.
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REFERENCES
Books and Journals
Cleveland, R.E., 2018. Using digital portfolios: Reflection, assessment & employment. TechTrends, 62(3),
pp.276-285.
Chye, S.Y., 2021. Towards a Framework for Integrating Digital Portfolios into Teacher
Education. TechTrends, 65(5), pp.818-830.
Hall, B. and Regnitz, M., 2020, April. Planning to Succeed with Digital Portfolios. In Society for Information
Technology & Teacher Education International Conference (pp. 1097-1105). Association for the
Advancement of Computing in Education (AACE).
Gugino, J., 2018. Using Google Docs to enhance the teacher work sample: Building e-portfolios for
learning and practice. Journal of Special Education Technology, 33(1), pp.54-65.
Lam, R., 2020. Why reinvent the wheel? E-portfolios are for learning. ELT Journal, 74(4), pp.488-491.
Echterfeld, J. and Gausmeier, J., 2020. Digitising product portfolios. In Digital Disruptive Innovation (pp.
349-378).
Tham, J. and Grace, R., 2021, October. Using Annotated Portfolios to Understand Webtext Author's
Experiences and Design Practices: A Study of Convention and Innovation in Born-Digital Scholarship.
In The 39th ACM International Conference on Design of Communication (pp. 372-373).
Gikandi, J.W., 2019. Promoting competence-based learning and assessment through innovative use of
electronic portfolios. In Handbook of Research on Promoting Higher-Order Skills and Global
Competencies in Life and Work (pp. 181-208). IGI Global.
Farrell, R. and Marshall, K., 2020. The interplay between technology and teaching and learning: Meeting
local needs and global challenges. In Teacher Education in Globalised Times (pp. 41-52). Springer,
Singapore.
Lokollo, L.J. and Arman, A., 2022. THE DEVELOPMENT OF E-PORTFOLIOS MODEL FOR VALUE-
ADDED ASSESSMENT FOR PRE-SERVICE TEACHER EDUCATION. Jurnal Pendidikan
Humaniora, 10(1).
Demiralay, S. and Bayracı, S., 2021. Should stock investors include cryptocurrencies in their portfolios
after all? Evidence from a conditional diversification benefits measure. International Journal of Finance &
Economics, 26(4), pp.6188-6204.
Lehmann, W.S., 2018. Build Your Brand: Creating Digital Portfolios that Stand Out.
Anderson, B., 2021. Exploring the Use, Impact, and Reception of the Bible through Multimodal E-
Portfolios. The Wabash Center Journal on Teaching, 2(2).
Bateman, W., 2019. Fostering reciprocal home and school relationships using e-portfolios.
Books and Journals
Cleveland, R.E., 2018. Using digital portfolios: Reflection, assessment & employment. TechTrends, 62(3),
pp.276-285.
Chye, S.Y., 2021. Towards a Framework for Integrating Digital Portfolios into Teacher
Education. TechTrends, 65(5), pp.818-830.
Hall, B. and Regnitz, M., 2020, April. Planning to Succeed with Digital Portfolios. In Society for Information
Technology & Teacher Education International Conference (pp. 1097-1105). Association for the
Advancement of Computing in Education (AACE).
Gugino, J., 2018. Using Google Docs to enhance the teacher work sample: Building e-portfolios for
learning and practice. Journal of Special Education Technology, 33(1), pp.54-65.
Lam, R., 2020. Why reinvent the wheel? E-portfolios are for learning. ELT Journal, 74(4), pp.488-491.
Echterfeld, J. and Gausmeier, J., 2020. Digitising product portfolios. In Digital Disruptive Innovation (pp.
349-378).
Tham, J. and Grace, R., 2021, October. Using Annotated Portfolios to Understand Webtext Author's
Experiences and Design Practices: A Study of Convention and Innovation in Born-Digital Scholarship.
In The 39th ACM International Conference on Design of Communication (pp. 372-373).
Gikandi, J.W., 2019. Promoting competence-based learning and assessment through innovative use of
electronic portfolios. In Handbook of Research on Promoting Higher-Order Skills and Global
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Farrell, R. and Marshall, K., 2020. The interplay between technology and teaching and learning: Meeting
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