Diploma of nursing.

Diploma of nursing

1. Musculo-Skeletal Disorders (MSD).
In the Emergency Department you have received a patient with a
suspected leg fracture. What are the Signs & Symptoms of a
fracture that you would look for to confirm such a diagnosis?
Signs and symptoms are:
 Unable to move the fractured area
 Pain and swelling
 Unable to put weight on the affected area
 Unusual angle formation in the affected area
2. Complete the following table with brief description of what these
conditions or terminologies mean.
Condition/Terminology Description
2.1
Bursitis: inflammation in bursae and pain in joint (Morrison, 2019).
2.2
Carpel Tunnel Syndrome: median nerve in wrist squeezes which enhance

numbness and tingling in arm ("Carpal Tunnel Syndrome - Symptoms and
Treatment - OrthoInfo - AAOS", 2019).
2.3
Muscular Dystrophy: loss of mass in muscle due to gene mutation
("Muscular dystrophy - Symptoms and causes", 2019).
2.4
Myalgia: muscle aches and joint pain due to certain medication. It is
temporary ("Myalgia", 2019).
2.5
Osteoarthritis: common form of arthritis which is caused by cartilage
degeneration.
2.6
Osteomyelitis: infection in bones that cause swelling, redness and pain
(Cunha, 2019).
2.7
Osteoporosis: bones become weak and brittle that may results pore
formation within bones ("Learn What Osteoporosis Is and What It’s Caused
by", 2019).
2.8
Scoliosis: sideways curvature of spine due to muscular dystrophy or cerebral
palsy (Davis, 2019).

2.9
Sprain: tearing of ligaments that connect two bones from joint ("Sprain vs.
Strain: What’s the Difference?", 2019).
2.10
Total Knee Replacement: effected knee is replaced by the artificial one
through surgery.
3. Cardiovascular disorders and conditions
Define, list signs and symptoms, alleviating factors and describe typical
ECG findings for Indigestion, Angina and Myocardial Infarction.
Criteria Indigestion Angina Myocardial Infarction
3.1
Definition: it is a disease that affects function of heart by narrowing and
blocking the cardiac and blood vessels. Abnormalities of heart rhythm are
observed due to cardiovascular disease.
3.2
Signs and Symptoms:
 Discomfort in Chest and pain
 Breathing shortness
 Slow or rapid heart beat

 Dizziness
 Flattering
3.3
Alleviating factors:
 High blood pressure
 Hypertension
 Smocking
 Higher amount of bad cholesterol
 Stress and anger
 obesity
3.4
ECG Findings:
 Indigestion: inversion of T-wave in leads V1 to V4
 Angina: ST segment depression in V3-V6
 Myocardial infarction: Large peaks T-wave develop then elevation of
ST wave then negative T-wave develops and finally, pathologic Q-
wave develop ("Electrocardiogram, 2019).
4. Chest Tube Management
You have been assigned a post-operative cardiac patient with a chest
drainage tube inserted mediasternally. List the important

considerations in managing a chest drainage system
4.1
Position of client and the drainage system: client will sit slightly upright or
lie on one side 40 to 60 degree angle with one arm over the head. The tube
will placed between ribs and chest cavity around the lungs (Durai, Hoque &
Davies, 2010).
4.2
Observations: it is important to observe draining of pus and fluids out. Pain,
bleeding, infection need to be observed correctly.
4.3
Insertion site care: dressing of the insertion site in every 24 hours to prevent
infection in the insertion site. The insertion site needs to be dry and impact.
4.4
Patency for drainage system: chest tube drainage system patency can be
accessed through measuring the volume of fluid in the drainage system. It is
important to present false report presentation by any nurse.
4.5
Exercise: it is important to speed up the fluid drainage system after
operation. Coughing exercise, slight body movement exercise is important to
enhance the draining.
4.6

Contingencies/ Emergencies e.g. client pulling the tube out: if chest tube
falling out immediate insertion pressure need to be given and sterile gauze
should be applied in the insertion area to prevent infection. If client pull out
the tube call to emergency service immediately to calm the patient.
5. Supra-Pubic Catheter (SPC)
What discharge advice would you give a patient with a SPC?
The SPC tube is directly attached to the bladder to drain the urine. Thus, it is
important to advice the patient and family members about care that need to
be taken for catheter. Care should be done to prevent infections in the
bladder. The patient should change the dirty cloths and shower every day.
Application of providone-iodin is important through cotton balls in an
everyday basis. Also, dressing of the insertion place is must in each 24
hours. Patient should notice the insertion place whether any unusual is
happened or not ("How to Care for your Suprapubic Catheter (Discharge
Care) - What You Need to Know", 2019).
6. Cerebral Palsy
In relation to cerebral palsy, define the following
6.1
Quadriplegia: it is a specific type of cerebral palsy which indicates

difficulties in arm and leg movement. Jerking motion an stiffness is also
observed in this type off cerebral palsy ("What is Cerebral Palsy? | CDC",
2019).
6.2
Hemiplegia: it is a part of cerebral palsy observed in infants. It causes
damage of hemisphere of brain which control muscle movements. As a
result, vertical paralysis is observed in infants ("What is hemiplegia? |
Contact", 2019).
6.3
Hemiparesis: this type of cerebral palsy is observed due to the abnormalities
of motor function. As a result, one side of the body is become
paralyzed("What is Cerebral Palsy? | CDC", 2019).
6.4
Hypertonic or spastic palsy: it is the most common type of cerebral palsy
caused by the damage in certain area of brain which is responsible for
muscle movement. Difficulty in body movement is observed ("Hypertonic
Cerebral Palsy | Hypotonic Cerebral Palsy", 2019).
6.5
Dyskinesia: it is observed due to the injury in basal ganglia of brain. It
results difficulty in getting messages from muscle to brain ("Dyskinesia",
2019).

6.6
Ataxia: this type of cerebral palsy is responsible for balancing and
coordination difficulties. It is developed due to the dysfunction of motor
neuron.
6.7
Dysphagia: children are more susceptible in dysphagia cerebral palsy which
affects the function of central nervous system ("Dysphagia | Swallowing
Disorder | MedlinePlus", 2019).
6.8
Dystonia: this type of cerebral palsy causes repetitive and twisting
movement of muscle, abnormalities in posture etc. it is observed due to
involuntary and sustain movement of muscle.
7. List 2 (two) specific nursing interventions for each of the following
health issues commonly seen in Cerebral Palsy Clients
Health issue Nursing interventions/ care plan (minimum 2 each)
7.1
Aspiration/Recurrent chest infections: monitoring oxygen level in the body,
suction at higher level of aspiration ("Aspiration Syndromes Clinical
Presentation: History, Physical, Causes", 2019)

7.2
Oral/ Dental problems: oral rinsing in a regular basis, foam swab to clean
oral cavity
7.3
Incontinence: monitoring the fluid uptake in a day, implementation of proper
toileting program
7.4
Skin breakdown risk/ pressure injuries: cleaning and drying the skin as
much as possible, positioning of pressure relieving device
8. Renal Nursing
List 2 (two) examples for the problems listed in the left column
Question Answer
8.1
Alterations in the urinary elimination pattern:
urinary retention: accumulation of urine due to dysfunction of bladder
("Impaired Urinary Elimination – Nursing Diagnosis & Care Plan", 2019)
urinary tract incontinence: leakage of urine
8.2
Reasons for increased glucose in urine:

Renal glycosuria
Type 2 diabetes
8.3
Investigations related to urinary system:
Urine culture: to identify microbial infection
Susceptibility testing: to identify particular type of microorganism for
understanding the antibiotic dosage
8.4
Infectious disorders of the urinary system:
Bladder infection: difficulty to release urine
Kidney infection: dysfunction in waste product filtering
8.5
Categories of incontinence:
Overflow incontinence: difficulty in emptying the bladder. Observed in men.
Functional incontinence: leakage of urine. Observed in elderly persons.
8.6
Reasons for catheterization:
Blockage of urethra
Prostate enlargement
8.7
Types of dialysis:

Hemodialysis: remove waste fluids from kidney
Peritoneal dialysis: insert via abdomen. Helps in blood filtration ("Types",
2019)
8.8
Parts of the urinary system:
Urethra: transfer urine from kidney to bladder
Bladder: remove urine from body
8.9
Purposes / indication for bladder irrigation:
To maintain patency of catheter
To prevent bacterial infection
8.10
Diseases causing proteinuria:
Immune system disorder
Diabetes
9. Stoma Care
On examination of a 4/7 post bowel resection client with a temporary
stoma, you find the stoma to be dark red, hard, dry and inactive. They
also exhibit abdominal distension.
Based on the above answer the following questions

9.1
What is the possible complication that Mr Jacob is having?
Temporary Stoma has been created in the lower abdomen by the doctors
intentionally at the time bowel surgery to release the internal wastes. But
dark red, hard, inactive and dry stoma indicates the blood clots in this area.
As a result pusses and wastes are not removed through this site. Due to the
excretion of feces from stoma skin irradiation are also observed ("Stoma
Reversal - Bladder & Bowel Community", 2019).
9.2
List symptoms, signs and symptoms that led you to your answer in the above
question.
Signs and symptoms that helps to identify the stoma complication are:
Dark red color around stoma
Bowel obstruction
Irritation in skin
Hard and dry skin around stoma
Leakage of feces
9.3
What are the main management strategies to be employed as a Nurse?
Application of medicated powder in the skin surface around stoma may help
to reduce the infection. It is important to analyze the changes in the infected

area around stoma. Nurses can seal the stomal place to protect the skin from
unwanted body wastes.
10. Nursing Assessment
Provide a minimum of 2 (two) signs or symptoms for the following
conditions
Diagnoses Signs and symptoms
10.1
Appendicitis:
 Loss of appetite
 Swelling and pain in the abdomen
10.2
Inguinal hernia:
 Burning sensation
 Pain in groin when bending
10.3
IBD- Inflammatory bowel disease:
 Diarrhea
 Blood release along with stool
10.4

Intestinal obstruction:
 Abdominal cramp
 Constipation
10.5
Chronic Asthma:
 Breathing shortness
 Chest pain
10.6
Diabetes Mellitus:
 Excessive urination
 Fatigue
11. Critical Thinking
At 1930 hrs you check vital signs for Mrs Norris an 83 year old woman
who is posted for surgery tomorrow. On observation the blood pressure
is 92/ 60 and heart rate is 98/min. She also complains of mild dizziness
and wants to lie down. She is prescribed Amlodipine 5 mg per oral at
2000hrs.
Describe in point form what steps you would take to ensure patient
safety.
The patient is suffering from lower blood pressure and thus Amlodipine 5 is

prescribed by the doctor in order to bring the pressure within normal range.
Thus it is important for a nurse to monitor the heart rate and blood pressure
in each 2 hours. As the patient is going to the operation theatre for surgery
tomorrow, diet should be maintained properly. Little amount of saline
administration should be maintained because high sodium level may results
blood pressure increment.
12. Nervous System Disorder
You witness a man drop to the floor unconscious in a shopping centre.
On examination he is stiff, having jerky spasmodic body movements,
has bitten his tongue and passed urine
12.1
What is the most probable diagnosis:
Based on the symptoms, status epilepticus or seizure can be diagnosed to the
patient. In status epileptic, patient become unconscious, body become stiff
and jerking body movement can be observed.
12.2
What is Status epilepticus?
Status epilepticus is a dangerous condition where unconsciousness lasts
more than 30 minutes. It may results brain death ("Status Epilepticus",
2019).

12.3
How you would manage the patient?
It is a medical emergency case and thus patient need to bring to the hospital
and immediate suction and oxygen administration need to be carried out.
Rubbing of feet should be done by the nurses. Intravenous glucose
administration needs to be carried out by the nurses.
13. Eye disorders and conditions
Complete the following table with terminologies used to explain the
following eye conditions.
Conditions Terminology
13.1
Clouding of the eye lens impairing vision. Often develops slowly and
usually in the aged: Cataract
13.2
Increased pressure in the eye cavity (intraocular) causing damage to optic
nerve and leading to impaired vision ("Vision and Aging Resources |
National Eye Institute", 2019). Damage is usually permanent: Glaucoma
13.3
Inflammation of conjunctiva caused by infection or allergens. Client will

often have difficulty opening their eyes on wakening: Conjunctivitis
13.4
Short sightedness- cannot see items that are located far away: Myopia
14. Ear disorders and conditions
Complete the following table with terminologies used to explain the
following ear conditions.
Conditions Terminology
14.1
Inflammation of the middle ear which is commonly caused by infection.
This is often characterized by ear ache, discharge or fever: Otitis media
14.2
Hearing noises when there is no external source available. Often described
as ringing, ticking or buzzing ("Ear infection (middle ear) - Symptoms and
causes", 2019). Causes include infection, wax and Meniere's: Tinnitus
14.3
Disease affecting the inner ear, specifically labyrinth that causes gradual loss
of hearing and balance: Meniere’s disease
15. Reproductive system disorders and conditions
Give 2 (two) examples for each of the questions relating to the disorders

of the reproductive system.
Question Answers
15.1
Common symptoms of disorders of the female reproductive system:
 Irregular period
 Itching, burning sensation in vagina
15.2
Common tumours of the reproductive system:
 Leiomyomas
 Ovarian tumor
15.3
Common disorders of pregnancy:
 Gestational diabetes mellitus
 Preeclampsia or abnormal increase of blood pressure (Zimmermann,
2019)
15.4
Common diagnostic tests used for disorders of the reproductive system:
 Uterine test
 Pap smear test
15.5
Common contraceptive methods:

 Intra uterine device implantation
 Hormonal injection (Zimmermann, 2019)
15.6
Sexually transmitted infections:
 Acquired immune deficiency syndrome
 Gonorrhea
16. Diabetes
Mr Jonathan (82 years) is a known diabetic for the past 30 years. He is
on insulin treatment. He complaints of intermittent episodes of
hypoglycaemia and visual impairment. On examination, there is a
healed foot ulcer. Based on your knowledge about diabetes, answer the
following questions below.
16.1
Define Diabetes Mellitus (DMT2):
Diabetes mellitus is type 2 diabetes in which beta cell of pancreas produce
insulin but body is unable to use insulin in order to control blood glucose
level. It is not genetic disorder and it cause repetitive urination. As body
cannot utilize the insulin hormone, the blood glucose level increases rapidly
("Diabetes Mellitus (DM) - Hormonal and Metabolic Disorders - MSD
Manual Consumer Version", 2019).

16.2
List 4 (four) signs or symptoms of hypoglycaemia?
 Sweating
 Dizziness
 Anxiety
 Shakiness
16.3
List 3 (three) long term complications of diabetes?
 Retinopathy
 Nephropathy
 Nervous breakdown
16.4
List 4 (four) main points regarding foot care:
Choose comfortable shoes
Regular care of feet like washing, drying and moisturizing
Avoid bare feet walking
Avoid injury, cuts, burn ("Diabetes Mellitus (DM) - Hormonal and
Metabolic Disorders - MSD Manual Consumer Version", 2019)
16.5

What are the different tests for the monitoring of blood glucose?
 Fasting blood sugar test
 Postprandial blood sugar test
17. Mediation/ Negotiation
David is an alert and orientated 28 year old man with a terminal brain
tumour. He has been sick for a year intermittently, having gone through
two operations and rounds of chemotherapy. He has a Not for
Resuscitation Order (NFR). David has agreed to the NFR order but his
parents say that they are not ready to accept that he is dying and that a
miracle might occur to cure the cancer. What are the mediation/
negotiation tasks to manage such situations?
Doctors often suggest NFR order when patient is in terminal stage and no
hope to regain. Still continuing this process means enhancement of medical
expenditures. Family members often obligate this decision as they are not
mentally prepared for losing their dear one. But it is Palliative care
professional’s job to educate them scientifically about this matter through
effective communication ("NFR orders must be understood by all concerned
| Lexology", 2016).

18. Respiratory Conditions
Explain the following terms and conditions as per the given example.
Terminology Conditions
Asthma:
Asthma is a hereditary long term
disease which causes narrowing the
path of air passage. Sneezing,
coughing, breathing shortness, chest
pain are the common symptom of
asthma.
Inflammatory disease of the airway caused
by characterized by expiratory wheeze: it is
a common cause of bronchospasm which is
a type of asthma. It causes sounds at the
time of coughing. Narrowing of airways
and bronchospasm
Terminology Conditions
18.1
Bronchiectasis the wall of airways
become damaged and fail to clear mucus, airways become flabby
18.2
Bronchoscopy persistent of cough,
inflammation in lungs
18.3
COPD/ COAD inflammatory lung
disease cause airway obstruction from lungs
18.4

Pneumonia air sacks are filled
with purulent materials
18.5
Pulmonary fibrosis damage and scar in
lung tissues
18.6
Spirometry measures in and out
airflow from lung, used to test the existence of any lung diseases
18.7
Upper Respiratory Tract Infection inflammation in
upper respiratory tract
19. Skin disorders and conditions
Describe the clinical presentation of the skin disorder below
19.1
Acne
It is a skin disease which is observed when hair follicles are plugged. It is
mostly observed in the oily skin. Excesses oil production, excess hair
follicles clogging, bacterial infection, excess androgynous hormonal activity
are the reasons of acne. Regular skin care is necessary to prevent acne. It is
important to maintain skin hydration balance ("Skin Disorders: Pictures,

Causes, Symptoms, Treatments, and Prevention", 2019).
19.2
Contact dermatitis
Contact dermatitis indicates the inflammation of skin surface and makes skin
red in color. Leakage of fluids in observed from scratched skin. Two types of
contact dermatitis are irritant contact dermatitis and allergic contact
dermatitis. Contact dermatitis can be considered as a hereditary disease. It is
important to protect skin from allergens and irritants in order to prevent
increment of dermatitis.
19.3
Psoriasis
It is an immune mediated disease of the skin which causes chronic scaling
papules and plaques in the skin and joint. It is an inflammatory skin disease
where plaque tends to remain static. The skin becomes bright red with
superficial scales. Fatigue, myaglia may also occur due to psoriasis.
19.4
Squamous Cell Carcinoma
It is a common of skin cancer. It is caused due to damage of body part
through UV radiation. It is usually not life threatening and may be cured by
proper medication and chemotherapy. But if it spreads towards the other
body part then it can be life threatening. Firm red nodule, flat sore, rough

patch may be observed on the skin in this type of cancer.
20. Critical thinking, creative thinking and problem solving
Critical thinking, creative thinking and problem solving go hand in
hand in nursing practice. Nurses often use these skills to manage
situations with clients, co-workers and self. What nursing skill is
demonstrated in the following scenarios a, b & c - Critical Thinking,
Creative thinking or Problem solving? And why?
20.1
A nurse takes vital signs of a dizzy client and finds the systolic blood
pressure to be low. The Nurse asks the client to stay in bed and elevates the
foot end, checks the clients medication and fluid balance charts and arranges
an urgent medical review. The Nurse then keeps fluids ready to be
administered if prescribed following review.
Critical thinking. This type of skill indicates the ability of thinking critically
about the symptoms and signs and identifies the disease solving care
procedure.
20.2
A Nurse Unit Manager (NUM) finds a way to improve storage space by
relocating damaged equipment to the workshops.
Creative thinking. Creative thinking encourages flexibility, adaptability and

open mindedness in order to improve present situation. Creativity has the
power to find a way to improve the present condition for better service
provision.
20.3
An Enrolled Nurse is addressing a client complaint. The Nurse comforts the
client and addresses their needs. Later the Nurse reports the incident to the
RN and suggests ways to address the issue.
Problem solving. In this type of skills nurses identify the problem and find
out the ways to solve the problem through effective medical and nursing
procedures.
21. Community services / Referrals
For continuing care in the community, various referral options are
available. List 5 (five) community referral options available for a client
and briefly explain their functions as per the given example.
Community services/ Referral options
What is their
function?
Dentist: diagnosis oral diseases, promote oral health.
Nutritionist: prescribe appropriate diet chart, promote
necessity of healthy diets.

Speech therapist: assess and improve communicative
complications
Pathologist: supervise blood and other fluid samples and
diagnose diseases
Psychologist: treat psychological problems, behavioral
problems and improve quality of life.
Community services/ Referral options What is their function?
22. Endocrine System
Briefly explain or define the following endocrine system conditions
22.1
Acromegaly: pituitary gland produce excess amount of growth hormone.
Cause gigantism.
22.2
Addison's Disease: insufficient production of adrenaline hormone. Cause
depression and other behavioral disorders (Zimmermann, 2018).
22.3
Cushing's Syndrome: excessive secretion of cortisol hormone. Fat deposition
around neck, face and fat loss around legs are observed.
22.4
Grave's disease: it is an autoimmune disease that causes hyperthyroidism.

Puffy eyes are observed due to this disease (Zimmermann, 2018).
22.5
Hypothyroidism: it cause less thyroid stimulating hormone
production .weight gain, fatigue, cold feeling, goiter are the common
symptoms.
23. Diagnostic tests for respiratory conditions
Name and describe the purpose of the equipment depicted in images
below?
What is this equipment? What is it used for?
23.1
Peek expiratory flow monitor.
It is used to measure expiratory airflow speed.
23.2
Spirometer
It is effective to understand how deeply one can breathe. It is useful to
understand if there is any problem associated with breathing.

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