Impact of Aircraft Noise on Cognitive Ability

This assignment delves into the effects of aircraft noise on cognitive ability in children. It includes a questionnaire with 11 questions to assess respondents' opinions on the topic. The assignment also references various research papers and studies related to noise-induced cognitive impairments.

Dissertation

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
For the accomplishment of the present dissertation I would like to sincerely express by
sincere gratitude to my mentor who has provided me sufficient knowledge and greater support.
Further I would like to thank my friends, colleagues and family members who have guided me at
ever stage while conducting dissertation. Through their support I was able to complete my thesis
with effectiveness and in an accurate manner. Lastly in the series I would also like to state
special thanks to my team members who have provided me with assistance in collecting data and
in analyzing it further.

Abstract
Cognitive abilities may be served as brained based skills that are needed to carry out any
kind of task. Moreover, in the real life scenario individual has to perform from simplest to the
complex task. In this, cognitive skills provide high level of assistance to the individuals in
performing activities more effectively and efficiently. Cognitive abilities develop awareness
among the individuals about the mechanism through which one can learn, remember, solve
problem and pay attention to the specific aspect in against to the actual knowledge. In this, to
analyze the impact of aircraft noise on perceived cognitive ability of children qualitative research
type has been selected by the scholar. The rationale behind the selection of such research type is
that by making focus on the qualitative aspects such as attention, memory level and reading
suitable outcome can be presented by the researcher.
In this, inductive approach and interpretvism philosophy has been undertaken by the
scholar to analyze the extent to which aircraft noise level has an impact the perceived cognitive
ability of children around the Heathrow airport schools. For assessing the extent to which level
of aircraft noise affects cognitive ability of children both primary and secondary sources have
been employed by the researcher. Further, by using purposive technique scholar has selected 20
teachers who teach 6-7 years old children. Moreover, the main motives behind conducting the
study are to analyze the impact of aircraft noise on the learning ability of 6-7 years old children.
In order to assess the impact of aircraft noise on the cognitive learning of 6-7 years old children
qualitative research type has been selected.
By considering this, thematic perception test technique has been applied by the
researcher. By doing assessment, it has been identified that aircraft noise negatively affects the
health as well as learning aspect of individuals. Brief thesis prepared in the literature review
section clearly presents that when noise generated by aircraft reached on 65 dB (A) then it is
harmful for others who live and learn near to the airport. Along with this, it can be stated that
aircraft noise also affects long term memory level of children related to the age of 6-7 years old.
In survey, teachers of the schools of Bedfont, Berkeley and Hillindon presented that memory
recall level of children is highly affected from aircraft noise. On the basis of such aspect, it can
be presented that memory recall level of children is high when there is no disturbance related to
aircraft noise.

TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION....................................................................................................1
1.1 Background of the study........................................................................................................1
1.2 Research aims and objectives................................................................................................1
1.3 Research questions.................................................................................................................2
1.4 Rationale of the study............................................................................................................2
1.5 Significance of the study.......................................................................................................2
1.6 Structure of dissertation.........................................................................................................3
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW.........................................................................................5
Theme 1: Aircraft noise level and issues.....................................................................................5
Theme 2: Concept of perceived cognitive ability and its association with children...................6
Theme 3: Impact of aircraft noise on perceived cognitive ability of children.............................8
2.4 Research gap........................................................................................................................12
CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY...........................................................................14
3.1 Research type.......................................................................................................................14
3.2 Research approach...............................................................................................................15
3.3 Research philosophy............................................................................................................16
3.4 Research design...................................................................................................................16
3.5 Data collection.....................................................................................................................17
3.6 Sampling technique.............................................................................................................17
3.7 Data analysis........................................................................................................................18
3.8 Reliability and validity........................................................................................................19
3.9 Ethical considerations..........................................................................................................20
3.10 Research limitations...........................................................................................................20
CHAPTER 4: DATA ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS...................................................................22

CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION.....................................................36
5.1 Conclusion...........................................................................................................................36
5.2 Recommendations................................................................................................................37
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................39
APPENDIX....................................................................................................................................43

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
To analyze the relationship between aircraft noise and perceived cognitive ability of
children of 6-7 years old in and around the Heathrow airport schools.
1.1 Background of the study
Perceived cognitive abilities may be defined as a brain based skills that are needed to
carry out any task whether it is simplest or complex. Hence, such abilities lay emphasis on the
manner in which individual learns, remembers, solve problems and pay attention irrespective of
having the aspect of actual knowledge. Cognitive abilities or skills include various aspects such
as perception, attention, memory, visual & spatial processing, executive functions. Such kinds of
abilities are highly influenced from aircraft noise level (Klatte and et.al., 2017). From
assessment, it has been found that aircraft noise issue is highly technical and complex. Several of
programs have been organized to understand the aircraft noise impact.
Besides this, high level of emphasis has also been placed on assessing appropriate
solution which in turn reduces aircraft noise. Hence, high level of efforts has been made by The
Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) to the control the noise of aircraft. There are several
strategies and techniques that can be undertaken to reduce the level of aircraft noise such as
development and adoption of quieter aircrafts, operational flight control, land use planning tool
(Abrams and et.al., 2016).
In this, dissertation will shed light on the extent to which aircraft noise and perceived
cognitive ability of children is associated with each other. Besides this, it will present how
aircraft noise influences the perceived cognitive ability of children of 6-7 years old in and around
the Heathrow airport schools. Hence, by undertaking suitable tools and techniques scholar has
made effort in relation to presenting solution of issue.
1.2 Research aims and objectives
Aim of the present study to assess the extent to which aircraft noise and cognitive
learning abilities of 6-7 years children are highly associated with each other. Considering such
aim following objectives have been framed by the researcher such as:

Objectives of the study
 To develop understanding about the concept of cognitive perceived ability.
 To assess the influence the impact of geographical location of schools on the cognitive
ability and performance of students.
 To investigate the level of aircraft noise and its impact on the perceived cognitive ability
of 6-7 years children.
 To determine the relationship between Geographical location and OFSTED
reports/results.
 To investigate the difference in OFSTED reports/results pertaining to the schools located
close and not close to Heathrow airport.
 To recommend the suitable strategies that contributes in the growth and learning of
children.
1.3 Research questions
For conducting study in an appropriate manner and in the right direction following
questions have been framed by the scholar such as:
Question 1: What are the concept of perceived cognitive learning and its association with
children?
Question 2: Which kind of relationship takes place between aircraft noise and cognitive ability
of children (6-7 years old) around the Heathrow airport schools?
Question 3:How results of OFSTED reports differ in relation to the schools situated near to
Heathrow airport and the one that is far from such path?
Question 4:How geographical location of schools influences the cognitive ability and
performance of students?
Question 5:Is Geographical location and OFSTED reports/results are highly related to each
other?

1.4 Rationale of the study
The rationale behind conducting investigation is to assess the impact of aircraft noise on
perceived cognitive learning of children who are in the age of 6-7 years. Aircraft is the main
issues because it has direct and high level of influence on both health as well as cognitive
learning abilities of children. Now, it becomes major issue because schools which are situated
around the airport closely affect the attention level of students (von Lochow and et.al., 2017). It
influences their attention and imposes issues in analyzing several aspects and taking appropriate
decision. Due to having high level of aircraft noise students also take more time in relation to
choosing one option out of two. Hence, the present study will provide deeper insight about the
manner in which aircraft noise impacts the aspect of perceived cognitive learning. Hence, by
making evaluation of all such related aspects and schools situated around Heathrow airport
scholar would become able to present fair outcome of issue.
1.5 Significance of the study
Field of research becomes too wide in the recent times as compared to the former period.
Now, scholar lays emphasis on exploring and investigating several issues which in turn helps in
distinct image over others. In this, study related to aircraft noise and its relationship with
perceived cognitive ability will provide high level of assistance to other scholar who wishes to
conduct investigation on similar topic. Hence, such study will provide theoretical knowledge to
other scholars about the research issue or topic and thereby helps in developing suitable
hypothesis for further research. In this way, presented study and its outcome will provide
significant and high level of benefits to the researcher.
Besides this, concerned study also develops understanding of the higher authorities of
schools around Heathrow airports about the level to which aircraft noise has an impact on
perceived cognitive ability of children. Hence, by developing knowledge about all such aspects
concerned authorities of school can undertake significant action or measure that helps in raising
the perceived cognitive ability of 6-7 years children. Besides this, study and its findings will also
provide high level of assistance to the teachers in developing highly strategic framework that
places positive impact on the cognitive ability of children. All the above mentioned aspects
clearly show that study related to aircraft noise and perceived cognitive ability is highly
important for other scholars and schools situated around the airports.

1.6 Structure of dissertation
Chapter 1: Introductory section
First chapter of dissertation, introductory part, presents aims and objectives behind carry
out the study in a brief manner. In this, scholar also mentions background and significance level
of the study. Further, scholar also presents the structure that has been followed during the whole
study.
Chapter 2: Literature review
In the second chapter, the research has undertaken evaluation of books, journals and
articles which are related to the aspects of aircraft noise and cognitive ability of children. Hence,
in this, brief thesis has been prepared by the researcher through evaluating the findings that are
presented by other scholars.
Chapter 3: Research methodology
Third chapter of dissertation contains tools and techniques that have been undertaken to
assess the solution of issue. In this, researcher mentions approach, philosophy, data collection
and analysis technique that have been employed to determine the relationship takes place
between aircraft noise and cognitive learning of children related to the schools situated around
Heathrow airport.
Chapter 4: Data analysis and findings
This chapter of dissertation is highly significant because it furnishes information about
the outcome of issue going to be investigated. In this, thematic analysis has been conducted by
the scholar through preparing several themes. Hence, in this, findings have clearly been
supported by the researcher with the help of framework prepared through secondary data
evaluation. In this, graphs and charts also have been added to develop understanding about the
outcome derived through analysis.
Chapter 5: Conclusion and recommendations

In the final chapter of dissertation, scholar will conclude all the findings as per the results
derived through primary and secondary data investigation. Besides this, scholar will present the
manner the manner through which perceived cognitive learning can be enhanced.

CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW
Literature review is the process that lays a high level of emphasis on doing critical
analysis or evaluation of the published sources. In this, scholar makes assessment of several
books, journals and scholarly articles that are related to research issue or topic. In this, scholar
presents both positive and negative aspects that are related to the issue going to be investigated.
The main objectives behind conducting literature review are that it develops in-depth
understanding about the issue. Moreover, in this section, scholar considers all the study that is
related to the subject area. In this, scholar prepares several themes by taking into account the
research aims and objectives. Thus, literature review may be presented as a brief thesis in which
scholar makes each possible effort for addressing the research aims and objectives. Hence, LR
section presents the summary of scholarly papers or articles. It includes current knowledge level,
substantive findings and theoretical as well as methodological contribution regarding the issue.
In the present study, several themes have been framed by an investigator in line with the
research aims and objectives. Hence, by framing themes pertaining to the level of aircraft noise,
perceived cognitive ability and relationship between both of them brief study has been
conducted. By undertaking articles, books and other secondary sources related to such issue has
been evaluated as well as analyzed. Hence, by undertaking such findings scholar can perform
data analysis as well as would become able to interpret the gathered information in the best
possible way.
Theme 1: Aircraft noise level and issues
According to the views of Beutel and et.al., (2016)aircraft noise may be served as a noise
pollution that is produced by an aircraft or the related components. During the various phases of
flightnoise pollution can be felt which in turn has high level of impact on other. Such phases
include auxiliary power units, taxiing,jet exhaust, during take-off, underneath, arrival and
departure etc. Further, Seidler and et.al., (2016)assessed the mechanism of sound production that
has greater impact on the level of noise pollution. Moreover, activities related to moving aircraft
contains jet engine that causes compression and rarefaction of the air. Thus, when pressures
waves are highly strong and having audible frequency spectrum then it may produce sensation of
hearing. From assessment, it has been identified that different types of aircrafts having varied

noise level and frequencies. In the case of aircrafts noises are usually originate from three
sources such as aerodynamic, aircraft system, engine and other mechanical aspects. Neilsen and
et.al., (2016)assessed in their study that aircraft noise has cognitive effects which is not a good
indicator. Moreover, simulated aircraft noise, which is at 65 db (A), places negative impact on
the individuals as well as children memory and recall of auditory information.
Klatte and et.al., (2017) presented in their study that aircraft noise issues are highly
technical and complex. Noise level of aircraft is usually regulated on the basis of some standards.
Hence, all the aircraft companies are obliged to follow the predetermined standard
internationally. Thus, it is one of the main aspects which in turn help in controlling the issues
that are associated with aircraft noise. However, on the critical note, Kaltenbach and et.al.,
(2016) entailed that noise of aircraft produces pollution to a great extent at the time of parking on
ground etc. Sources of aircrafts can be distinguished into three part such as aerodynamic,
mechanical and aircraft system. From assessment, it has been identified that aerodynamic noise
arises from airflow. Aerodynamic noise is increases in line with the speed of an aircraft. In
addition to this, jet powered as well as low flying and high speed military aircrafts also create
high level noise from aerodynamics. Clifford and et.al., (2016) defined two types of airframe
noise in their study namely bluff body and edge. Both such aspects have high level of impact on
the health as well as learning aspects of people.
McGuire and Basner (2017)found that noise produces by aircrafts have both health and
cognitive effects that adversely affects the life of individuals. Aircraft noise level such as 65 dB
(A)negatively influences the individuals memory and recall level of auditory information. Along
with this, high noise level may also result into hearing impairment among the individuals.
Further, consequences of elevated sound level also presented into hypertension, ischemic, heart
disease, annoyance and decline in the performance of school. High noise level also raises stress,
aggression and anti-social behaviour. By keeping all such aspects in mind it can be stated that
increasing noise level closely influences the health of individuals.
Theme 2: Concept of perceived cognitive ability and its association with children
As per the views of Lawton and Fujiwara (2016) cognitive abilities may be served as
brained based skillsthat are needed to carry out any kind of task. Moreover, in the real life
scenarioindividual has to perform from simplest to the complex task. In this, cognitive skills

provide high level of assistance to the individuals in performing activities more effectively and
efficiently. Cognitive abilities develop awareness among the individuals about the mechanism
through which one can learn, remember, solve problem and pay attention to the specific aspect in
against to the actual knowledge. Connolly and et.al., (2015) mentioned in their study
thatperception is one of the main factors that is involved in cognition to a great extent. For such
ability or brain function skills that are highly involved such as sensory stimuli regarding smell,
touch, hearing etc.
In addition to this, Basner and et.al., (2017)said that attention is the main cognitive ability
that children and other individuals must have to carry out the task more effectually. Thus, for
performing all the tasks from simplest to complex individuals must have skills in relation to
sustain concentration on a particular aspect, action or thought. Hence, proper attention is highly
required to manage the competing demands in our environment. On the other side, Kaltenbach
and et.al., (2016)presented that memory is the main cognitive ability that is needed to perform
activities in a prominent way. Moreover, short and long term memory is the vital part that
provides high level of assistance to the individuals in performing the activities in the best
possible way.
Münzel and et.al., (2016) assessed that in the age of 6-7 years children gets opportunities
in the schoolpertaining to learn mental skills and concepts. Findings of the article show that, as
children grow and develop curiosity of them in relation to exploring and solving problems
increases significantly. During the age of 6-7 years, children make focus on expanding their
vocabulary skills. In addition to this, children pertaining to the age group of 6-7 years make
efforts in relation to learning new concepts and other things. At this stage, children prefer to take
and enjoy the challenges arises in games as well as puzzles. Along with this, Wothge and et.al.,
(2017) shared their views that children of 6-7 years old starts to frame sentences with five or
more words. In addition to this, children try tocopy complex shapes and places emphasis on
understanding the concepts like yesterday, today as well as tomorrow. Children also read book
and try to understand the various concepts regarding fraction, space etc.
By doing investigation, Clark, Head and Stansfeld (2013)found that in the age of 6 years
old most of the children start independent reading and writing the stories. Besides this, children
also try to spell greater number of words. They also attempt to learn punctuation and

capitalization of letters in the sentences. Further, children related to the age group of 6-7 years
old usually playing with the numbers and lean ways through which problems related to the
subtraction and addition can be solved effectually. They also begin to understand the concepts
like even and odd which are the main elements of mathematics. Children at this level seek to
learn the manner through which new shapes can be assessed.6-7 years old children also make
efforts in relation to combining the different shapes with the motive to create the new one. Klatte
and et.al., (2017)depicted in the study that speech and language development among the
children in the age of 6-7 years is highly effectual. Moreover, such stage is recognized with the
self interest of children who prefer independent reading. Children also like planning and start to
understand time as well as days of the week. Apart from this, children also learn and enjoy
constructing things like arts as well as crafts. They also begin to manipulate or use scissors and
other smart tools. Children at this age group has good sense of balance. By keeping all such
aspects in mind it can be stated that cognitive development of children at this stage is highly
significant.
Theme 3: Impact of aircraft noise on perceived cognitive ability of children
Kou, McClelland and Furnham (2017)identified that aircraft noise has greater impact on
the perceived cognitive ability of children. In the study, authors stated that persistent aircraft
noise hampers the reading comprehension of students to a great extent. Moreover, due to the
high level of noise students are not in position to concentrate on the reading aspect. Thus, aircraft
noise is one of the main aspects that affect the cognitive ability of children whose age around
near to 8-11 years. Moreover, to pronounce word and read the sentence in an appropriate manner
proper concentration is required. In this way, aircraft noise has greater impact on the cognitive
skills and abilities of an individual.
However, on the critical note, Quehl, Müller and Mendolia (2017)shared their views that
chronic aircraft noise may result into increasing delay in reading comprehension. Hence, not
only to appropriately pronounce the words but also for frequently reading the sentences
concentration is highly required. Thus, when aircraft related noise occurs then students take more
time to read the sentences. Along with this, at the time of aircraft noise high level of self reported
stress occurs among the students. This in turn may result into erroneous and delay in reading
aspect. By considering such aspects it can be presented that high level of aircraft noise exposure

is closely associated with the annoyance, perceived stress and poor reading ability. Münzel and
et.al., (2016) argued and said thatability of students in relation to reading and learning is highly
dependent on their capability of mind in relation to grasping concepts. Some children are highly
active from their childhood and have ability to understanding several aspects which are taught to
them. Findings of OFSTED report also presents that performance of students who are in the
schools that near to airport highly good over others. Thus, by taking into account all such aspects
it can be presented that cognitive ability of children is not highly influences from aircraft noise.
On the contrary to it, Seidlerand et.al., (2016) depicted in the study that by aircraft noise has
significant impact on the cognitive ability of children. Moreover, high noise level closely
impacts reading, motivation, language and speech clarity of children significantly. By
considering the same, it can be presented that aircraft noise and cognitive ability of 6-7 years
children is highly associated.
OFSTED reports pertaining to the schools that are situated near to and far from airport
clearly shows that aircraft noise and performance of children have no correlation. Students who
enrolled in the schools that near to airport attained standard scores in reading, English and Maths
as compared to other whose institutions are situated in peaceful environment (Bedfont Primary
School, 2017). Referring this, it can be presented that learning skills and performance of
children are highly dependent on their brain development. Seabiand et.al., (2015)claimed that
aircraft noise places direct impact on the memory and reading skills of students. For performing
better in English and Maths, high concentration, memory and knowledge is required among the
children. Thus, it can be depicted that chronic aircraft noise has high level of impact on learning
outcome and cognitive performance.
Seidler and et.al., (2016) said that sustainable aviation becomes the prior requirement in
the recent times which in turn directly and positively contributes in economic progress. Aspects
of sustainable aviations are highly significant which in turn makes vital contribution in the social
development and ensures environmental stewardship. Hence, sustainable aviation contains wide
range of goals such as exerting control on climate change, local air quality and noise. Thus, by
making focus on all such aspects sustainability can be ensured to a great extent. On the critical
note, McGuire and Basner (2017)claimed that irrespective of having such kind of aims several
environmental issues are facing by local residents in vicinity of airport and under flight paths.

Hence, findings of the concerned study clearly show that aviation sector has high level of
environmental impact in the form of noise pollution. This in turn places direct impact on physical
and mental performance of individuals. On the basis of such aspect, noise pollution closely
affects task performance and productivity aspect of both children as well as adults. Further, high
level of noise exposed by aircraft may result into stress, mental disorders, annoyance,
cardiovascular and psychoendocrine effects. All such aspects exhibit that impact of aircraft noise
is immense and places negative impact on environment.
Clark, Head and Stansfeld (2013)investigated that aircraft noise level has significant
impact on the memory level of individuals or children.Results of their assessment show that
children remember the sentences with the high level of accuracy which have read by them in
silence. On the other side, children who are in primary schools are not in position to learn all the
sentences for longer duration when aircraft noise occurs. The rationale behind this, high level of
aircraft noise affects the attention level of children and thereby influences the duration of their
memory level. In the investigation report, McMillan and Saffran (2016) presented that aircraft
noise is a significant issue that not only affects environment but also places direct impact on the
people around the airport. Hence, authors clearly mentioned in the study that aircraft noise has
adverse impact on the health of individuals including children such as cardiovascular and
psycho-physiological effects.
On the other side, Wang and et.al., (2016) depicted that along with the health effect
aircraft noise closely influences the communication, learning acquisition and performance of
students. The main reasons behind this, at the time of high aircraft noise students are not in
position to concentrate on learning. For instance: In order to read a sentence or paragraph high
level of concentration is required. Moreover, in the absence of having high concentration,6-7
years children would not be in position to read accurately. Beside this, in primary schools,
teachers encourage students to revise the lines of Rhyme with the high level of co-ordination. In
this, noise produces by the aircrafts closely affects the co-ordination of students inversely and
thereby learning level of them. By keeping such aspect in mind it can be presented that aircraft
noise has significant impact on the children who are in the schools that situated around the
airport.

In this regard, another Bøttcher and Dammeyer (2016) entailed that aircrafts which are
flying above the height of 10000 ft above over the land do not produce high level of noise.
However, schools that are situated around the airport are getting highly influenced from the
noise. Moreover, at the time of arrival and departure voice level of an aircraft is intense. Besides
this, airports which are highly popular like Heathrow etc. highly affect the people who live or
learn around them. The main reasons behind this, popular airports are filled with the busiest
schedule of planes. Thus, it can be said that noise of an aircraft has significant impact on the
learning ability of children. However, it is to be critically evaluated by Völkel and et.al., (2016)
who said that, along with the aircraft noise there are several other factors which in turn have
direct impact on the cognitive ability of children. Such factors includeinterest ofchildren,
mentalability as well as growth and development. All these factors also have significant impact
on the ability of childrenin relation to resolving particular task. For instance: Some students
havemore students in mathematics, whereas few like to learn other subjects like English etc. It
shows that interest level of students highly influences their concentration level. In addition to
this, some students are highly talented from their birth, whereas few students require high level
of concentration. In this way, skills and attributes of students have greater impact on their
cognitive ability.
Subiaul and et.al., (2016)mentioned that cognitive ability impliesfor the extent to which
students are able to deal with the complex task. Effective communication is the key that provides
deeper insight to6-7 years children about theway in which they need to perform activities. In this,
noise that is produced by aircraft acts as a barrier in effective communication. Moreover,
students would not become able to perform activities appropriately. This aspect also shows that
high noise level that is produces by the aircrafts have impact on the cognitive ability of 6-7 years
children who learn in the schools that situated around the airport.On the critical note,
Kaganovich, Schumaker and Rowland (2016) assessed and presented thataircraft noise closely
influences the hearing ability of children.
Further, Klatte and et.al., (2017)found that aircrafts noise highly impacts the learning and
performance of students who are in school.High noise level has greater impact on the learning of
students who are in the age of 6-7 years. It has been clearly stated by the author in article that
noise level has greater impact on the learning of students.In the article, Shepherd and et.al.,

(2016) clearly mentioned in the study that areas considered as high noise zone closely influences
the speech intelligibility of the students in classroom.During aircraft noise,high level of
differences takes place between the intention of the speaker and responses provided bylistener.
Hence, at the time of high noisestudents face difficulty in identifying the word or task and would
not become able to give suitable response. Along with this, it has been found that level of
children annoyance increases in the classroom when intensity of aircraft noise is high. Moreover,
due to the regular and high noise level they are notin position to concentrate on learning. Further,
high level of noise creates difficulty in transferring information from teacher to pupil. In the
classroom, to learn the concepts high level of interaction is vital among the teachers and children
as well as peers.
On the other side, Wothge and et.al., (2017) argued that in UK, students with hearing
impairment,who are in primary schools, are seriously influenced by noise and reverberation. This
aspect shows that high noise level majorly affects children with hearing impairment rather than
the normal people. Article pertaining to this entails that in UK and USA, 40% childrenin primary
class are facing issue in relation to hearing impairment. The main reasons behind this may either
permanent damage or temporary such as ear infection due to the cold.By considering such aspect
it can be said that noise produces by aircrafts have greater impact on the children with hearing
impairment rather than others. Clark, Head and Stansfeld (2013)claimed that acoustic factors
have high level of influence on the speech intelligibility in the classrooms. Moreover, voice of
different teachers varies in the classroom.For instance: when noise level is high then teachers are
required to explain every concept loudly. In the failure of such aspect, students would not able to
learn andperform tasks in an appropriate manner. Seabi and et.al., (2015) criticized that along
with the aircraft there are several other sources which may cause or sources of noise in the
classroom. In the article, authors clearly depicted sound of lorries, cars, buses and railway greater
impact on the hearing as well as cognitive ability of primary schools children.Stansfeld and
Clark (2015)presented in their report that schools situated around Heathrow airport closely
influences the teaching and learning of primary schools studentspertaining to the age group of 6-
7 years. The rationale behind this, aircraft noise level has significant impact on the speech and
behaviour of both teachers as well as students.Children are getting annoyed due to the high and
regular sound of aircrafts and avoid learning more.By considering this, it can be presented that

high noise level closely influences the cognitive ability of 6-7 years children who are in primary
schools around the airports.
Kou, McClelland and Furnham (2017)revealed that high aircraft noise has adverse impact
on the long term memory of students. Besides this, aircraft generated noise also may cause of
poor reading comprehension and low level of motivation among 6-7 years school children.
Moreover, high concentration is required to remember anything for the long time. Whereas,
aircraft noise acts as a barrierand thereby affects both concentration as well asmemory level of
primary schools children around the airports. Schools that exposed with the aircraft noise such as
95 DB L have negative impact on the cognitive ability of school children. By comparing the
schools within 63 dB(A) andoutside 57 dB(A) author assessed that noise level significantly
influences the ability of children in relation to reading hardest items.Moreover, for pronouncing
the difficult parts words and reading the sentences high concentration is needed. Further, effect
of chronic aircraft noise has high level of long termimpact on the hearing ability of primary
schools children that are near to the airports.Clark, Head and Stansfeld (2013)assessed that
cognitive ability of children can beenhanced by reducing the aircraft noise level by 16 dB (A)
because in this impact of noise on children performance is not significant.
However, Münzel and et.al., (2017)critically evaluated that self attention level of children
also matters and affects their cognitive ability. Some children love to read and learn, whereas
others avoid the same. Thus, interest level of the primary school children closely influences their
ability in relationto dealing with all tasks from simple to complex. On the contrary to this, Klatte
and et.al., (2017) mentioned that aircraft noise has higher impact on the long term recall of the
children. Moreover, when sound or noise level reached on 66 dB(A) then children aged of 6-7
years are not in position to hear and learn. For example: In the subjects like
mathematics,concentration is highly required when teachers are explaining the ways. Moreover,
in such kind of subjectstudents can get appropriate results only when they follow specific order.
Thus, it can be said that chronic exposure in relation to aircraft noisenegatively impacts the
performance of students during tests. From overall evaluation, it can be presented thatmemory
recall, learning, problem solving, and attentionpaying aspect of 6-7 years children are negatively
influenced from aircraft noise.Hence, cognitive abilities or brain based skills of primary schools
children near to the airports are highly affected rather than others.

2.4 Overview of OFSTED reports/results
According to the views of Seidler and et.al., (2016)schools that are situated near to
Heathrow airport are highly influenced as compared to other. Moreover, noise level of aircraft is
immense at the time of take-off and landing.This in turn closely influences the performance of
children, who are in schools that near tothe airport. For instance:From assessment, it has been
identified that pupils of Bedfont Primary School who met expected standard in reading, writing
and maths account for 61% (Bedfont Primary School, 2017). On the other side,higher standard
was achieved by only 7% students. By considering all suchaspects, it can be said thataircraft
noise has significant impact on performance level due to which 30% students were failed to get
expected and high standard.
On the other side, Seabi and et.al., (2015)arguedsaid that along with the noise, there are
several other factors which have high level of influence on the performance and cognitive ability
of children such as interest level, learning skills etc. By considering the results of OFSTED
schools, it can be said that 73% pupils of Vicar’s Green primary school attainedscore of 100in
reading, writing and maths (Viacr’s Green primary school, 2017). On the basis of such aspect, it
can be said that large number of pupils got expected scores in examination. In contrast to this,
individuals who attained higher standards account for 0%. Hence, in the context of
meetingexpected standard, there are some differences take places in the performance of students
who are in the schools that situated near to and far fromairports.
However, as compared to Vicar’s Green, pupils of Bedfont Primary School attained high
score. Thus, considering the all findings it can be presented that average scores are attained by
the students in reading, writing and maths. Reports disclosed by the government authority of UK
clearly show thatpupil’s progressin terms of reading is well above the average who has taken
admission in Berkeley Primary School (Berkeley Primary School, 2017).Further, pupil’s
performance inwriting and maths is average. By taking into account such aspect, it can be
depicted that performance of students who are learning in the schools that near to Heathrow
airport highly good as compared to others. In this regard, Quehl, Müller and Mendolia, (2017)
shared their views thataircraft noise affects concentration level of students to a great extent.
Along with this, there are some other factors such as teacher’s capability and support,mental
state of judgement as well as understanding etc. Thus, it is one of the main reasons due to which

difference take place between schools allocated close to Heathrow path (exposed to aircraft
noise) and the once in Ealing.
WembleyPrimary School is situated very far from the airport and free from the exposure
of aircraft noise. Hence, OFSTED report shows that only 39% met expected scores in reading,
writing and maths. On the other side, only 2% pupils achieved high score which is highly lower
as compared to others. Results presented by the government clearly show that in student’s
performance in relation to reading and writing falls below the average level (Wemblay Primary
School, 2017). Hence, results of OFSTED report show that there is no significant
relationshiptakes place between the geographical location and findingspresented by the
government authority. By doing assessment, it has been identified that pupils of Hillingdon
primary schools have attained expected scores in reading, writing and maths (Hillingdon
Primary School, 2017).Results which are availableon government website clearly show that
performance of pupil in reading and writing is average. On the other side, performance of pupils
was well above the average. Hence, all the quantitative figures showsthat
2.5 Research gap
By undertaking secondary investigation, it has been assessed that past studies placed
high level of emphasis on highlighting the impact of aircraft noise on health aspect. From the
former years, issue of aircraft noise is common that closely influences the people who live
around the airport.During secondary investigation, it has been identified thatseveral effectual
measures have been undertaken by the aviation industry and other concerned people to control
the noise level. In their studies, scholars have assessedand presented the types of noise produces
by aircrafts as well as its impact on health aspect. However, scholars had not linked such study
with the students of primary schools situated around the airport.Through identifying such gap,
scholar has taken decision in relation to conducting study on schools that are situated around the
Heathrow airport. Thus, by applying qualitative research type, scholar has assessed the extent to
which aircraft noise affect the perceived cognitive ability of 6-7 years children around the
Heathrow airport schools. Such study will assist teachers in developing suitable strategies
through which cognitive ability of children can be enhanced.

CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Research methodology section implies for the systematic plan that has been undertaken
by the researcher to conduct investigation. Moreover, it clearly presents the type of investigation,
approach and philosophy undertaken for the study. Along with this,RM section also provides
deeper insight about the plan followed by the researcher to gather and analyze data. Hence,
research methodology may be served as a pathway that is followed by the researcherwhile
conducting investigation. In order to assess the relationship that takes place between the aircraft
noise and perceived cognitive ability of 6-7 years children around the Heathrow airport
following methodologies have been used:
3.1 Research type
There are mainly two types of research types that researcher can select for the study such
as qualitative and quantitative. For carrying out research in an effectual way, scholar is highly
required to select the one research type. Moreover, other techniques are highly based onthe type
of research conducted by the scholar. Qualitative investigationprovides deeper insight about the
underlying reasons, facts and opinions. By doing such kind of studies, scholar can assess the
input for the quantitative investigation (Wiek and Lang, 2016). Such research type is primarily
considered as exploratoryresearch which in turnlays emphasis on in evaluatinguncovers trends in
thoughts and opinions. Besides this, such type of research is suitable when sample size is neither
too large nor too small. By taking into account all such aspects it can be said that qualitative
research helps in understanding the behaviour of humanfrom the point of view of informants.
Qualitative research type assumes dynamic as well as negotiated reality and makes focus on
analyzingdata in the form of themes.
On the other side, quantitative type of investigation is suitable when numeric facts and
figures need to be analyzed for deriving suitable solution. Hence, quantitative research is used
when it is possible to transform numerical data set into statistics. By undertaking such research
type scholar can generalize solution from the large sample more effectively.The main motives
behind undertaking quantitative research are to assess facts about social phenomena and assume
fixed as well as measurable reality. Under this, data is analyzed and reported through the means

of statistical analysis. Thus, scholar should keep in mind the issue whichis going to be
investigated when making selection of research type.
In this, to analyse the impact of aircraft noise on perceived cognitive ability of children
both qualitativeand quantitative research type has been selected by the scholar. The rationale
behind the selection of such research type is that by making focus on the qualitative aspects such
as attention, memory level and reading suitable outcome can be presented by the researcher. On
the other side, OFSTED reports which are presented by government quantitative in nature.
Hence, by considering all such aspects mixed research type has been selected by the researcher.
3.2 Research approach
Approaches of the research can be divided into two parts such as inductive and deductive.
In this, research type is one of the main aspects that have greater influence on the selection of
approach for the study. Deductive approaches are the one that assist in testing the validity of
assumptions in an appropriate manner (Hussain and Khuddro, 2016). Hence, deductive approach
of the research is suitable when quantitative investigation is conducted by the scholar. In this,
scholar initiates study with the existingtheoretical framework and therebytest hypothesis. On the
basis of such approach, study ends with the confirmation of hypothesis either true or false.
In contrast to this, in the case of inductive approach scholar develops a new theoretical
framework by analyzing the data gathered. Hence, in inductive approach, specific pattern is
analyzed by the scholar to derive meaningful solution. Thus, researcher can use thisapproach to
find out the optimal solution of qualitative issue.Inductive approach of research is highly
significant which in turn provides assistanceto the researcher in developing tentative hypothesis
and new theoretical framework. In this, mixed approach has been undertaken by the scholar to
analyze the extent to which aircraft noise level has an impactthe perceived cognitive ability of
children aroundand far from the Heathrow airport schools. The reason behind the selection of
mixed approach is the type of investigation considered such as both quantitative and qualitative.
Thus, by evaluating the qualitative aspects like cognitive ability and aircraft noisescholar has
presented the level to which 6-7 years children are influence who are in the schools near to
Heathrow airport. Further, quantitative figures pertaining to primary school’s student
performancelocated near to and far from Heathrow airport helps in assessing the impact of
geographical location on students.

3.3 Research philosophy
Philosophies of the research can be distinguished into two types namely interpretivism
and positivism. Both such philosophies are also highly getting influenced from thenature of
investigation. In interpretivism philosophy, scholar presents solution by interpreting qualitative
facts and aspects. Such research philosophy is suitable when qualitative data set is evaluated to
generate specific results or output (Castleden and et.al., 2017). On the other hand, positivism
philosophy of the research offers better results when quantitative investigation is conducted. In
this, through evaluating the numeric facts outcome is presented by the researcher. In this, mixed
philosophy of the research has been selected by the researcher which is highly alignedwith the
type of investigation. Hence, on the basis of interpretivism philosophy, by interpreting the
qualitative aspects regarding aircraft noise exposure and its significant impact on the leaning
ability of 6-7 years school children around the Heathrow airport solution has been presented by
the researcher. Along with this, positivism philosophy has also been applied by the scholar with
the motiveto ascertain relationship that takes place between geographical location and OFSTED
reports/results.
3.4 Research design
For attaining the research aims and objectives scholar is required to select suitable design
that integrates the various parts of study in a logical manner. Hence, research design may be
served as a strategy that is undertaken by the researcher toresolve or address problem in an
effectual way. Research design is the blueprint that assists researcher and gives indication for the
collection, measurement and analysis. There are several kinds of research designs that can be
undertaken by the researchernamely descriptive, exploratory, experimental, longitudinal, causal
etc.Research design that is selected by the scholar has high level of influence on the other
techniques considered for the research purpose.
For determining or investigating theimpact of aircraft noise on the perceived cognitive
ability of children exploratory research design has been selected by the researcher. On the basis
of such aspect, scholar has diagnosed the issue pertaining to the aircraft noise and its association
with the cognitive ability of children who enrolled in the schools around Heathrow airport. The
main objectives behind undertaking exploratory research are the development of tentative
hypothesisor theories. Further, such research design facilitates systematic investigation and

thereby helps in presenting the background of study more effectually. In accordance with such
aspect, by placing emphasis on aircraft noise level and types scholar has assessed the level to
which it affects the perceived cognitive ability of childrenwho arein the school that near to
Heathrow airport.
3.5 Data collection
For the purpose of data collection scholars usually rely on two sources such as primary
and secondary. Both the sources of data collection are highly significant which in turn gives
input for the investigation and helps in presenting the fair solution of issue. Primary sources
implies for the one that assists in collecting data in line with the research issue which is being
going to be investigated (Kondziella and Bruckner, 2016). Main sources of primary data
collection includeobservation, focus group, survey and interview. All such sources are highly
significant which in turn helps in collecting highly appropriate information as per the problem
and offers opportunity to fulfil research aims. On the contrary to this, secondary data is the one
that previously gathered, analyzed and published by other scholars. Books, journals and
scholarly articles are the main sources that researcher can undertake to collect secondary data. In
research, secondary data findings are also highly important that develops theoretical
understanding about the topicor issue.
For assessing the extent to which level of aircraft noise affects cognitive ability of
children both primary and secondary data sources have been employed by the researcher.
 Primary data collection plan: To collect primary data survey has been conducted by the
scholar on the teachers of schools situated around the Heathrow airport. In this regard, by
preparing and distributing the questionnaire among the teachers of Bedfont, Berkeley and
Hillingdon school primary data has been gathered. The rationale behind the selection of
such method is that it helps in collecting highly suitable information as per the issue and
thereby assists in meeting aims and objectives. Hence, by including questions about the
level of noise and its impact on the ability of children primary data has been collected by
the scholar from teachers.
 Secondary data collection: In addition to this, with the help of internet, articles
pertaining to aircraft nose and its impact on the learning of children have been assessed.
Hence, by evaluating such articles secondary information has been collected by the

investigator. Further, to determine the impact of aircraft noise as well as geographical
location on the performance of primary school’s student’s data has been gathered by the
researcher from OFSTED report results. Thus, by accessing the government site data
pertaining to the progress of student’s performance in relation to reading, writing and
maths have been gathered by the scholar. In this, OFSTED report of schools that are not
close to the airport also has been gathered namely Wembley Primary school, Barham,
Primary school and Vicar’s Green. Further, for the attainment of goals and objectives to a
great extent OFSTED reports of Bedfont, Berkeley and Hillingdon also has been
evaluated by the investigator.
3.6 Sampling technique
Probabilistic and non-probabilistic are the main sampling techniques that scholar can
employ to select sample from the identified population. When scholar plans to conduct survey
then it is highly required to select suitable sample for investigation. There are several aspects or
issues such as time, money etc. due to which it is not possible for the researcher to conduct study
on whole population (Panneerselvam, 2014). In this, by using specific sampling technique, out of
several, according to the issuescholar can select suitable sample. Simple random, strata cluster
and stratified are the main examples of probabilistic technique.All the above definedtechniques
give an equal opportunity to the subject, who represents population, in relation to being selected
as sample. Such sampling techniques are also known as random tool because in this opportunity
of selection is known.It may be served as an objective method that helps in getting unbiased
results and statistical inferences. On the other side, non-probabilistic techniques are the one in
which researcher selects sample as per their knowledge and motive (Silverman, 2016).
Convenience, purposive, snow balletc. represents non-probabilistic techniques. Such techniques
are highly effectual because it helps in conducting exploratory research in an effectual way.
In the current study, for sample selection,combination of sampling techniques has been
used. For the selection of schools around the Heathrow airportsimple random sampling technique
has been employed by the scholar. Thus, by using such technique three primary schools such as
Bedfont, Berkeley and Hillindonhas been selected which are near to Heathrow airport. Further,
by using purposive technique scholar has selected 20 teachers who teach 6-7 years old children.
Moreover, the main motives behind conducting the study are to analyze the impact of aircraft

noise on the learning ability of 6-7 years old children. In this context, by conducting survey on
such selected samples solution of the issue has been presented. Along with this, purposive
sampling technique also has been considered by the researcher to select the schools which are
not close to Heathrow airport. Thus, by considering such tool Wembley Primary school, Barham,
Primary school and Vicar’s Green has been selected. Hence, by making evaluation or
comparison of the OFSTED reports of such schools objective has been attained by the
researcher.
3.7 Data analysis
It may be served as a process that is undertaken by the scholar to evaluate and transform
the data set with the motive to get suitable information. Process and tools of data analysis are
highly significant which in turn helps in drawing suitable conclusion as well as support decision
making. Techniques of data analysis are highly based on the type of investigation conducted by
the researcher. Thus, the scholar needs to keep in mind such aspect while making selection of
data analysis techniques (Neuman and Robson, 2012). In qualitative investigation, scholar
usually undertakes thematic perception test techniques to simplify and evaluate the data set. On
the basis of such technique, scholar prepares several themes by taking into account the
questionnaire and thereby analyzesthe gathered information. In contrast to this, for deriving
solution from quantitative factors and figures scholarsemploy statistical tools. There are several
SPSS tools such as chi-square, correlation, descriptive statistics, regression, ANOVA etcwhichin
turn helps in testing the hypothesisin the best possible way. Moreover, tools like SPSS clearly
reflects p value and thereby helps in assessing thelevel to which mean value of variables differ.
In order to assess the impact of aircraft noise on the cognitive learning of 6-7 years old
childrenqualitative research type has been selected. By considering this, thematic perception test
technique has been applied by the researcher. Hence, to draw valid results several themes have
been framed by the investigatorin accordance with the views of respondents. Further,to present
theappropriate outcome or results views served by the respondents have clearly been supported
with the brief thesis prepared in the literature review section and OFSTEDreport results. Along
with this, as per the views of respondents graphs have been made using excel. Moreover, graphs
and charts facilitate better understanding about the survey’s outcome. Hence, by using all such
tools and techniques scholar has presented the impact of aircraft’s noise on student’s learning.

3.8 Reliability and validity
Reliability and validity are the main two elements that enhance the significance of the
study as well as its outcomes to a great extent. Aspects that havebeen undertaken by the scholar
pertaining to such aspect are as follows:
 Use of updated sources:In order to make the study highly valid and appropriate latest
data sources have been used by the researcher(Smith, 2015). Hence, at the time of doing
secondary investigationarticles and books that havebeen published after 2010 were
considered. The main reasons behind the selection of latest sources arethat they furnish
highly appropriate information regarding the current trends andtheir impact (Taylor,
Bogdan and DeVault, 2015).
 Related articles: With the motive to conduct study in an appropriate manner scholar has
evaluated articles related to the aircraft noise and its impact on the learning ability of
students. Moreover, the main purposes behind conducting such study areto assess the
relationship that takes place between aircraft noise and perceived cognitive ability of 6-7
years old students. By keeping in mind such aim articles pertaining to aircraft noise have
been assessed.
 Noalterations have been done in primary data set or views provided by the teachers of
selected schools
3.9 Ethical considerations
At the time of conducting research, scholar is required to comply with all the ethical
aspects or considerations. In accordance with suchaspect, scholar has sentconsent form to the
respondents and requested them to fill the same. This aspect shows that researcher has contacted
to the respondents ethically and thereby conducted survey (Miller and et.al., 2012).
Moreoverthere may be some teachers who are not interest to take part in the survey process.
Thus, through the consent form prior permission has been taken by the researcher from teachers.
It reflects that without any unethical practices and compulsion survey has been done by the
researcher.
Along with this, reference list has been included by the researcher at the end of
projectthat shows secondary data is related to such sources. Further, citation has also been done
which in turn reflects that data has been rephrased from such articles rather than copied.In

research, in the absence of havingreference list the whole study is considered as copied. By
keeping such aspect in mind reference list has been added and included citation of such
respective source. Besides this, by complying with the aspect of data confidentialityethical
obligations have been met by the researcher. Hence, scholar provided all the respondents with
the assurance that data will be disclosed in front of others withouttheir prior permission. Thus, by
following all such aspects scholar has met ethical aspects.
3.10 Research limitations
For gaining competitive edge over others scholar is required to present study within the
suitable time frame. By considering this, scholar has selected only 20 teachers from 3 primary
schools that are around the Heathrow airport due to the time limitations. However, to overcome
such limitation simple random sampling techniques has been used by the researcher while
making selection of primary school teachers for survey. In this way, by reducing the level of
biasness scholar hasconducted study and presented the suitable view of issue. In addition to this,
due to the time factor, tools like SPSS have not been applied by the researcher. Moreover, SPSS
is highly time consuming process because it includes coding, employment of statistical tests and
thereby testing hypothesis for giving suitableinferences. By considering this, scholar has
undertaken qualitative research that highly suits to the issue. Hence, by placing emphasis on
qualitative aspects like aircraft noise and cognitive ability of children solution has been presented
by the researcher.
Along with this, difficulties have been faced by the scholar in data collection due to the
unavailability of enough resources. Moreover, on internet no specific studies were available
related tothe aircraft noise and its impact on perceived cognitive ability of children who are in
school established around airports.Further,there were fewerstudies in relation to the aircraft noise
and cognitive ability of primary school students.Articles and studies available on net are highly
related to the health effects due to the high aircraft noise. On the other, there were several sites
that cannot be accessed easily due to having high security arrangements. Hence, all such aspects
have created issue in front of the researcher while collecting data set. In order to deal with such
limitation, scholar has done in-depth research for getting information about the manner in which
aircraft noise influences the cognitive ability of 6-7 years students.Further, by breaking down
every aspect researcher has identified the impact of aircraft noise on the perceived cognitive

abilityof children. Thus, all the necessary actions have been taken by the researcher to reduce the
impact of limitations and meeting goals to the significant level.

CHAPTER 4: DATA ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS
Data analysis is the process of evaluating information by applying the suitable research
tools and techniques. Section of dissertation is highly significant because it clearly reflects the
solution of research problem along with the graphs and charts. Techniques undertaken for the
research purpose are highly varied as per the research type. Moreover, usually to determine
solution from quantitative figures statistical tools like SPSS are used by the researcher to derive
suitable results. On the other side, thematic perception test technique is employed by the
researcher when the nature of investigation is qualitative. In the present dissertation, scholar has
selected qualitative research type for measuring the impact of aircraft noise on the perceived
cognitive ability of children. In this regard, by preparing several themes as per the questionnaire
scholar has conducted data analysis. Further, information served by the respondents has clearly
been supported with the secondary data findings. In addition to this,graphs have also been
included that clearly furnishes information abouttheviews of respondents regarding the impact of
aircraft noise on the perceived cognitive ability of 6-7 years old children.
Theme 1: Noise of buses and railways has greater impact on the perceived cognitive ability of
children
Particulars Responses % of responses
Buses 7 35%
Railways 6 30%
Aircrafts 3 15%
Others 4 20%
Total 20 100%

Buses Railways Aircrafts Others
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
% of responses
% of responses
Interpretation: The above depicted table and graph shows that 35% respondents entailed
that noise produces by buses has an impact on the perceived cognitive ability of 6-7 years
children. On the other side, 30% teachers depicted that sound of railway has an impact on the
ability of children. In survey, 15% teachers presented that impact of aircraft noise is higher on
the cognitive ability of children. In contrast to this, remaining20% teachers said that at noise
produces from other sources influence cognitive ability of children. On the basis of this
particular analysis it can be ascertained that, noise pollution arisen through buses and railways
create impact on the cognitive ability of children up to the higher extent. On the other side,
noises ofaircrafts and other sources have lower impact on the children who perceive cognitive
ability.The reasons behind this, majority of the schools are situated near to railway station and
bus stand. Along with this, such aspect can clearly be supported with literature review section
which in turn shows that sound of lorries, cars, buses and railway greater impact on the hearing
as well as cognitive ability of primary schools children. Thus, as compared to aircraft noise level
of bus and railways have influence on the perceived cognitive ability of children to some extent.
Moreover, ability in relation to solving issues is highly depending on the concentration and
willingness of students. Thus, by considering such aspects, it can be stated that aircraft noise
does not have significant on the perceived cognitive ability of children.
Theme 2: High noise level is produces by the aircrafts of Heathrow airport
Particulars Responses % of responses

40 dB (A) 3 15%
50 dB (A) 4 20%
65 dB (A) 12 60%
>65 dB (A) 1 5%
Total 20 100%
40 dB
(A) 50 dB
(A) 65 dB
(A) >65 dB
(A)
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
% of responses
% of responses
Interpretation: Graphical presentation shows that 60% teachers related to the schools of
Bedfont, Berkeley and Hillindon depicted that sound produces by aircraft accounts for 65 dB
(A). Further, 15% respondents said that sound level is 40 dB (A) when aircrafts of Heathrow
airport arrive, departure etc. Teachers who said sound of aircraft is 50 dB (A) and more than 65
dB (A) implies for 20% & 5%. Views served by the teachers of Bedfont, Berkeley and Hillindon
schools can be supported with the secondary research outcomes that present schools near to
Heathrow airport affect is suffered from the voice level of 65 or 66 dB (A).
It has been found from the evaluation that such voice level is highly risky and adversely
affects the health as well as learning of students who are in the schools that near to Heathrow
airport. Whereas, some of the teachers said that Heathrow airport has undertaken several
initiatives to reduce the impact of aircraft noise. Referring to this, some teachers of the selected

schools presented that voice level of aircraft is below the range of 65 dB (A). Thus, as per both
primary and secondary data results it can be entailed that schools situated near to Heathrow
airport are facing problems regarding the high noise level approximately 65-66 dB (A).
Theme 3: Memory recall of individuals or children (6-7 years old) are not highly influenced
from aircraft noise
Particulars Responses % of responses
Yes 5 25%
No 15 75%
Total 20 100%
Yes No
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
% of responses
% of responses
Interpretation: By doing primary investigation, it has been found that 25% teachers of
different schools around Heathrow airport stated that aircraft noise closely influences the
memory recall level of 6-7 years children. View of such teachers can be supported with literature
review sectionwhich shows that chronic noise of aircraft is one of the main causes which in turn
impair the memory level of children who are in the schools that are running near to Heathrow
airport. Moreover, way in which memories are encoded and stored has greater influence on the
level on the level of recall. Long term memory is highly based on effective communication and
concentration level. Usually, children who attentively listen and learn the concepts contribute in
the long term memory level. However, stress, annoyance etc are the main factors that closely
impact the long term memory level of students negatively.

In accordance with such aspect teachers, who teach in the schools around Heathrow
airport, depicted that aircraft noise has high level of impact on the memory recall of children (6-7
years old). On the other side, 75% respondents shared their views that aircraft noise and memory
recall level of 6-7 years children are not highly related. In the literature review, it is clearly
mentioned that some children having sharp memory from their birth. Such types of children are
in position to learn in each and every kind of situation. In addition to this, results of
OFSTEDreport also shows that performance of students in maths and English, who have
takenadmission in the school that near to Heathrow airport,is good over the schools far from the
aircraft. Thus, it can be said that memory level of children with basic skills is not highly affected
from the noise produces by aircraft.
Theme 4: Annoyance level of children is moderate at the time of high aircraft noise
Particulars Responses % of responses
Agree 2 10%
Strongly agree 1 5%
Neutral 5 25%
Disagree 5 25%
Strongly disagree 7 35%
Total 20 100%

Agree Strongly
agree Neutral Disagree Strongly
disagree
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
% of responses
% of responses
Interpretation: The above depicted table shows that 10% respondents agreed and 5%
strongly agreed with the aspect that annoyance level among the children increases when level of
aircraft noise is intense. Along with this, graphical presentation shows that 25% teachers of
schools situated near to Heathrow airport gave their neutral decision regarding the statement
asked to them. Views provided by the respondents can clearly be supported with secondary data
findings that entails children are getting annoyed when noise produces by the aircraft is intense.
The main reasons behind this, due to the high noise level it is possible for the students to give
proper attention. Along with this, students also face difficulty in reading and other activities like
conversation etc when noise of aircraft is regular and high. By taking into account such aspect it
can be presented that children are getting frustrated when noise level is high.
On the other side, 25% teachers disagreed and 35% strongly disagreed from the statement
that student’s annoyance level increases in the case of high aircraft noise. From secondary
investigation, it has been identified that due to the lack of interest in the studies students are
getting annoyed. Along with this, OFSTED report shows that reading skills or level of
studentspertaining to the schools of Bedfont, Berkeley and Hillingdon is high as compared to
others.In contrast to this, students of Wembley and Vicar’s green schools failed to attain
expected scores in reading. Thus, by taking into account all such aspects, it can be stated that
noise produces by the aircrafts of Heathrow airport is not a significant cause due to which
schools children near to it getting annoyed.

Theme 5: Aircraft noise affects problem solving skills of children to some extent
Particul
ars
Respon
ses
% of
respon
ses
To some
extent
10 50%
To the
middle
extent
7 35%
To a
great
extent
3 15%
Total 20 100%
To some extent To the middle
extent To a great extent
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
% of responses
% of responses
Interpretation: Outcome of survey presents that, 50% teachers are supporting the
statement that noise produces by the aircrafts of Heathrow airport does not have greater influence
on the problem solving skills of children. Besides this, tabular presentation shows that 35%
teachers, selected from the schools around the Heathrow airport like Bedfont, Berkeley and
Hillingdon, said that aircraft noise has an impact on the problem solving skills or abilities of
children to the middle extent. Teachers assume that self skills, traits and problem solving aspects
are highly related to each other. Children who have desire to learn and solve specific issues can
easily concentrate and vice versa. Results of OFSTED report presents that majority of the

students belonging from the schools such as Bedfont, Berkeley and Hillingdon have generated
expected score in maths (Bedfont Primary School, 2017). On the other side, score attained by
Vicars Green and Wembley is lower than the schools that near to Heathrow airport. This aspect
shows that problem solvingskills of students are not highly influences from aircraft noise.
One of the respondents presented that to resolve complex sum and problems high level of
concentration is required. In this regard, high aircraft noise is the main issues that affect the
concentration of students and thereby problem solving skills to a great extent. On the basis of
such aspect, teachers who thought that noise produces by aircraft has great influence on children
accounts for 3%. On the basis of the outcome of overall investigation, it can be stated that high
aircraft noise does not have significant impact on the problem solving ability of children.
Theme 6: Aircraft noisedoes not act as a barrier of effective communication which takes place
between the teachers and students
Particulars Responses % of responses
Yes 4 20%
No 16 80%
Total 20 100%
Yes No
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
% of responses
% of responses
Interpretation: Results of survey clearly exhibits that 20% teachers of schoolsthat
situated near to Heathrow airport such as Bedfont, Berkeley and Hillindon found aircraft noise as
a barrier. The main reasons behind this, in the case of high noise level teachers face problem in

communicating with children. During class, teachers perform several activities like explaining
concepts to pupil, organizing game etc. All such activities demand for effectual communication
and attention from the side of both. In this regard, when level of aircraft noise is high then some
of the students face problem in listening the content or sentences teacher is explaining. Along
with this, teachers also find difficulty in explaining or making announcement when level of
aircraft noise is high. By considering such aspect, it can be presented that aircraft noise acts as a
barrier in front of teachers and children in the context of effective communication.
In contrast to this, 80% teachers of the selected schools entailed that noise produces by
the aircrafts of Heathrow airport do not have significant impact on effective communication.
Teachers who gave such responses presented that aspects of effective communication is highly
based on their ability in relation to dealing with the specific situation. Along with this, schools
which are situated near to Heathrow airport lays high level of emphasis on building sound
protected roofs.This in turn facilitates effectual communication and restrictshigh noise level.By
considering the majority of primary and secondary responses it can be said that aircrafts
noisedoes not impair the level of effective communication in the schoolsthat around the
Heathrow airport.
Theme 7: Aircraft noise does not have high level of influence on the performance of students
who are studying in the schools situated near to Heathrow airport
Particulars Responses % of responses
Agree 1 5%
Strongly agree -
Neutral 5 25%
Disagree 6 30%
Strongly disagree 8 40%
Total 20 100%

Agree Strongly
agree Neutral Disagree Strongly
disagree
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
45%
% of responses
% of responses
Interpretation: From primary data assessment, it has been found that 5% respondents
agreed and are in highly favour of the statement that aircraft noise closely influences the
performance of primary school children. Further, table clearly presents that 25% respondents
neutrally agreed from the asked statement. Most of the teachers who are providing education to
the children in schools which located near Heathrow airport strongly agree to the statement
which is asked to them. The reason behind their level of agreement pertaining to such statement
is that noise of aircraft’s affect children significantly because sound comes from flights is of the
very high level. Higher the noise level directly creates impact on the concentration as well as
memory of children. Once the mind set of children's affected in adverse direction then cannot
carry out study in proper and appropriate manner.
Further, due to affect memory children of school cannot remember about the topic or
concepts adequately. Therefore, chances of getting failure in testes and exams occur up to the
higher level. Some teachers from all three schools near to selected airport are at the moderate
condition where they neither agree nor disagree. Apart from this, 30% respondents disagreed and
40% strongly disagreedfrom the aspect that high level of aircraft noise impacts the performance
of students studying the schools that near to Heathrow airport. Such findings can clearly
besupported with the results of OFSTED report which in turn shows that61% students of Bedfont
primary school has attained expected scores inwriting and maths.On the other side, Wembley
primary school is very far fromHeathrow airport which in turn shows that students who

metexpected scores account only for 39%. Besides this, student’sperformance in relation to the
schools of Berkeley and Hillingdon is good ascompared to others which are situated far from
airports. By referring all such aspects, it can be presented that there is no significant
relationshipbetween aircraft noise and performance of students.
Theme 8: Motivation of students is not highly affected from the high aircraft noise level
Particulars Responses % of responses
Yes 4 20%
No 16 80%
Total 20 100%
Yes No
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
% of responses
% of responses
Interpretation: From survey, it has been assessed that 20% teachers who are selected for
survey depicted that students feel high level of de-motivation when level of aircraft noise is high.
On the other side, 80% respondents presented their views that motivation level of students is not
highly related with aircraft noise. Majority number of teachers of the selected school gives
response in the positive direction in relation to this particular mentioned theme. The reason is
that noises come from aircrafts at the time of runway and take-off are of the very higher level.
Children are at the stage of development on which any kind of pollutions affect highly as well as
adversely. Moreover, they unable to pay more attention in the classrooms when teachers are
providing education to them. As they not concentrating more on the education and motivation
system adopted by teachers then cannot motivate properly.

In addition to this, things which are learnt to the students by teachers of those schools
which situated nearby Heathrow airport, not adopted in an effectual manner. Due to this reason
also level of motivation affected of the students up to the highest extent from aircraft’s noises.
When looking at the negative response then very less number of respondents are there who
describe that aircraft’s sounds not created impact on motivational level of pupils. The reason is
that, they are not much aware about the noises come from the aircrafts. Along with this, teachers
of the located schools not have broad understanding about the cognitive ability as well as impact
on this from noises. Due to this specific reason very few numbers of teachers say that motivation
of students not affected from sounds come from aircrafts.
Theme 9: Aircraft noise does not impact perceived cognitive ability of children around
Heathrow airport schools
Particulars Responses % of responses
Yes 4 20%
No 16 80%
Total 20 100%
Yes No
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
% of responses
% of responses
Interpretation: Graphical presentation clearly shows that 20% teachers are presented that
aircraft noise has significant impact on the perceived cognitive ability of 6-7 years children.
Cognitive abilities of children include several aspects such as learning, remembering, problem
solving, attention etc. In the age of 6-7 years, children try to solve puzzles, include new words in
vocabulary, reading sentences, resolving maths sum etc. For performing all such activities in an

appropriate manner high level of attention among the children are needed. In this, noise produces
by the aircrafts of Heathrow airport inhibits the concentration level of children and thereby
influences their cognitive ability. The rationale this, to understand the numeric concepts and
other learning indicators children require peaceful environment. Hence, when high level of noise
occurs then children, in the schools around Heathrow airport, face issue in relation to solving
problem without any error. In addition to this, students also face difficulty in reading the
sentences. On the basis of such aspects, it can be stated that aircraft noise has high and negative
impact on the perceived cognitive ability of children who are in the schools that near to
Heathrow airport.
Along with this, 80% respondents selected for the purpose of investigation entailed that
variables like perceived cognitive ability of children and aircraft noise are not highly related.
Teachers of the schools pertaining to Bedfont, Berkeley and Hillindon entailed that along with
the aircraft noise there are several other factors that highly affects the perceived cognitive ability
of 6-7 years children.Such factors may include noise produces by railways, buses, mental and
other skills as well as traits. With the motive to present fair solution of issueOFSTED report of
both the schools that near to and far from Heathrow airport has been evaluated. From OFSTED
report of different schools it has assessed that students of Bedfont, Berkeley and Hillindon are
performing better in reading, writing and maths as compared to others.
Theme 10: Perceived cognitive ability of children are lower who studying in the schools
situated near to Heathrow airport over others
Particul
ars
Respon
ses
% of
respon
ses
Agree 3 15%
Strongly
agree
2 10%
Neutral 4 20%
Disagree 4 20%
Strongly
disagree
7 35%
Total 20 100%

Agree Strongly
agree Neutral Disagree Strongly
disagree
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
% of responses
% of responses
Interpretation: In survey, 15% respondents agreed and 10% respondents strongly agreed
with the statement that cognitive ability of children studying in schools near to Heathrow airport
rather than others. Views of such respondents can be supported with the literature review section
which presents that because of high level of noise pollution through aircrafts students of the
schools which are situated near to Heathrow airport affects negatively in terms of cognitive
ability. From the aircraft’s noise such all kinds of the factors influenced in negative direction in
the children of schools located near Heathrow airport. On the contrary to this, 20% disagreed and
remaining 35% teachers disagreed from the asked statement. Major number of the teachers
strongly disagreed to the statement which is introduced in the present theme.
By doing secondary analysis, it has discovered that specific ability of children include
wide range of factors which support to grow as well as develop their mind set. Further, some
aspects involve are like memory level, power of concentration, attention towards study, ability of
thinking, learning etc.OFSTED reports of the concerned schools which are undertaken for study
andeducational institutions that far from Heathrow airport shows students of Vicar’s Green and
Wembley failed to attain standard scores in examination. By taking into account all such aspects,
it can be stated that perceived cognitive ability and performance ofschoolstudents far from
Heathrow airport is not good as compared to the one which near to Heathrow airport.

Quantitative assessment
H0 (Null hypothesis): There is no correlationship between annoyance level and problem solving
skills of students.
H1 (Alternative hypothesis): There is a significant and statistical correlationship between
annoyance level and problem solving skills of students.
Correlations
Correlations
annoyancelevel problemsolvingski
lls
annoyancelevel
Pearson Correlation 1 -.548*
Sig. (2-tailed) .012
N 20 20
problemsolvingskills
Pearson Correlation -.548* 1
Sig. (2-tailed) .012
N 20 20
*. Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed).
Interpretation: By applying correlation test it can be stated that significant relationship
takes place between the two variables investigated such as annoyance level and problem solving
skills of children. Outcome of statistical analysis shows that P value <0.05 which in turn shows
that alternative hypothesis is true. This aspect can clearly be supported with literature review
section which in turn presents that students feel high level of frustration when noise level is high.
However, relationship takes places between such variables are negative. Literature review
section clearly presents that problem solving ability of students are highly based on their
activeness, understanding and concentration rather than noise level. This is one of the main
reasons due to which negative relationship takes place between such variables.

CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
5.1 Conclusion
In this, the main aim or objectives behind carry out study is to assess the impact of
aircraft noise on the perceived cognitive ability of school children near to Heathrow airport.
Hence, in this, both primary and secondary data has been gathered to analyze the impact of
geographic location and high noise zone on learning ability of 6-7 years school children.
Objective 1: To develop understanding about the concept of cognitive perceived ability.
From the above dissertation, it has been concluded that aircraft noise is the significant
issues that has an impact on the perceivedcognitive ability of children to some
extent.Components of aircraft produce noise during the different phases like exhaust, underneath,
during take-off etc. Along with this, it has been articulated that in accordance with the level of
aircraft speed sound produces by it becomes intense.However, by doing primary data
assessment, it has been identified that aircraft noise does not have high as well as
significantimpact on learning aspect of individuals.Brief thesis prepared in the literature review
section clearly presents thatwhen noise generated by aircraft reached on 65 dB (A) then it is
harmful for others wholive and learn near to the airport. When sound level increases then it may
result into hypertension, ischemic, annoyance etc. among the individuals including children.
Continuous and high sound level also has impact on thehearing ability of children.Nevertheless,
from assessment it has asserted that schools near to Heathrow airports have made proper
arrangementwhich in turn reduces the level of sound to a great extent. It can be seen in the report
that cognitive and brain development in the age of 6-7 years old is highly effective. Moreover, at
this level, children make efforts in relation to learning the new-new things. They try to enhance
their vocabulary, read long sentences and solve numeric sums related to mathematics. Hence, it
can be said that children pertaining to the age group of 6-7 years old are highly curious in regards
to understanding and learning the new subjective matters or concepts.
Objective 2: To assess the influence the impact of geographical location of schools on the
cognitive ability and performance of students.

It can be summarized from the investigation thataircraft noise and annoyance level of
children is not highly associated with each other. By conducting study on the schools situated
near to Heathrow airport like namelyBedfont, Berkeley and Hillindonit has been assessed that
childrensometimesfeel high level of stress when aircraft noise level is high. In addition to this,
children are not getting annoyed in the situation of high aircraft sound level. This aspect can
clearly be supported with secondary data findings which in turn showthat student’s performance
who are in the schools that near to Heathrow airport recognized as more better in comparison to
others. It can be summarized from secondary data section that students of Vicar’s Green and
Wembley failed to obtain high and expected scores in reading, writing, maths and English. On
the basis of such aspect, it can be depicted that aircraft noise does not have high level of
influence on the performance and cognitive abilityof 6-7 years children enrolled in the schools
that near to Heathrow airport.Besides this, it can be inferred that noise generated through
aircrafts do not have impact on the problem solving ability of 6-7 years children.
Objective 3: To determine the relationship between Geographical location and OFSTED
reports/results.
Along with this, it can be stated that there is no relationship betweenaircraftnoise and
long term memory level of childrenrelated to the age of 6-7 years old. In survey, teachers of the
schools of Bedfont, Berkeley and Hillindonpresented that memory recall level of children is
good.One of the main evidence of such finding is OFSTED report which in turn clearly shows
that in the subjects like English and Maths high score attained by the school studentswho study
in schools near to Heathrow airport.Further, it can be concluded from evaluation thatnoise,
generated through aircrafts of Heathrow airport, negatively affects the communicationtakes place
between the teachers and students. Moreover, aircraft noise level in the schoolssituated near to
Heathrow airport at 65 dB(A). Such high noise level acts as a barrierin front of teachers and
studentsin the context of effective communication. However, teachers of Bedfont, Berkeley and
Hillindonschools presented that sound arrangements have been done by the schools for reducing
the impact of aircraft noise. Thus, by undertaking effectual practices sound communication is
indulged by such schools.On the contradictorynote, someof the respondents said that aircraft
noise closely influences the cognitive ability of children who arein the schools that are near to

Heathrow airport. Moreover, due to the high noise levelproduces by aircrafts imposes problem in
front of 6-7 years in relation to making concentration. In the situation of intense aircraft noise,
students face difficulty in giving high level of attention to the 6-7 years school children near to
Heathrow airport.
Objective 4: To investigate the level of aircraft noise and its impact on the perceived cognitive
ability of 6-7 years children.
It can be summarized from the literature review section that learning and acquisition
aspect of children is also highly affected from the sound produces by aircraft.In survey, some
teachers shared their views that students face problem in reading the sentences when sound of an
aircraft occurs.Teachers entailed that continuous sound or aircraft also affects the hearing level
of students in a negative manner.Outcomes of secondary data investigation clearly presentthat
speech intelligibility of the studentsis highly affected who are in high noise zone. It also has been
found from the evaluation that behaviour of both students and teachers are highly affected from
the sound produces by the aircraft. It can bementionedthat, on the basis of primary and secondary
data results,cognitiveorbrain developmentof the students near to Heathrow airport is negatively
affected from the sound produces byaircrafts at the level of 65 dB (A). By referring all the
aspects, it can be summarized that aircraft noise impacts the perceived cognitive ability of 6-7
years childrenwho studying in the schools near to Heathrow airport. Moreover, high aircraft
noise impairshearing, reading, learning and acquisition aspect of children related to the age
group of 6-7 years.Hence, considering both primary and secondary data findings it can be stated
thatthere is no relationship between aircraft noise and perceived cognitive ability of children.
5.2 Recommendations
On the basis of the identified issues following recommendationhas been provided by the
researcher for the purpose of improvement are:
 From assessment, it has been identified that noise generated by aircrafts impairs learning
of children to some extent. Moreover, due to the high noise level sometimes
concentration of students is negatively affected. Further, from both primary and
secondary assessment, it has been identified that external environmental noise closely
affects the health, well-being, learning and acquisition of students who are in the schools

near to Heathrow airport. Hence, schools such as Bedfont, Berkeley and Hillindonneeds
lay high level emphasis on the architectural aspect. Bymaking focus on theinterior that
restricts the variations schools can improve the performance of students. Further, by
using quieter model firm can deal with the situation of high aircraft noise more
effectually.
 Along with this, it is suggested to the schools that lay high level of emphasis on acoustics
improvements.Besides this, educational institutions near to Heathrow airportneeds to lay
emphasis on developing highly strategic and competent framework through the means of
research. Moreover, without making improvements in the learning methods schools
would not become able to improve the cognitive ability of children.

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APPENDIX
Questionnaire
Demographic information
Name….
Age…..
Years of employment in school ……
Q.1 From the following sources of noise, which one has greater impact on the perceived
cognitive ability of children:
 Buses ()
 Railways ()
 Aircrafts ()
 Others ()
Q.2 Stating the noise level that is produces by the aircrafts of Heathrow airport?
 40 dB (A)
 50 dB (A)
 65 dB (A)
 65 dB (A)
Q.3 Do you find that memory recall of individuals are highly influenced from aircraft noise?
 Yes ()
 No ()
Q.4 Do you agree that annoyance level of children is high at the time of high aircraft noise?
 Agree ()
 Strongly agree ()

 Neutral ()
 Disagree ()
 Strongly disagree ()
Q.5 According to you, to what extent aircraft noise affects the problem solving skills of children?
 To some extent ()
 To the middle extent ()
 To a great extent ()
Q.6 As per your opinion, aircraft noise acts as a barrier of effective communication which takes
place between the teachers and students?
 Yes ()
 No ()
Q.7 Do you agree that aircraft noise affects the performance level of students who are studying
in the schools situated near to Heathrow airport?
 Agree ()
 Strongly agree ()
 Neutral ()
 Disagree ()
 Strongly disagree ()
Q.8 Do you think that motivation of students is affected from aircraft noise?
 Yes ()
 No ()
Q.9 Do you agree that perceived cognitive ability of children are lower who studying in the
schools situated near to Heathrow airport over others?
 Agree ()
 Strongly agree ()
 Neutral ()

 Disagree ()
 Strongly disagree ()
Q.10 Do you believe that aircraft noise impacts the perceived cognitive ability of children around
Heathrow airport schools?
 Yes ()
 No ()
Q.11 Do you want to give any recommendation for improvement ......Kindly specify if any