Promoting Good Governance through Internal Audit Function in Nigeria

The assignment content provides a list of academic articles and books related to various aspects of international relations, governance, economic development, and business in Nigeria. The sources cover topics such as internal audit functions, corruption, corporate governance, and trade openness, among others. The summary aims to provide an overview of the key themes and issues discussed in the provided content.

Dissertation

ACKNOWLEDGMENT
With love and sincerity, I express my gratitude to all those who dedicatedly have ensured the
completion of this work. I am particularly grateful for the hard work, devotion to duty, the love and
tolerance shown me by my supervisor. Special thanks go to my family and friends for their
assistance and co-operation in my data collection.

TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION.........................................................................................................1
1.1 Background of the research.......................................................................................................1
1.2 Problem statement......................................................................................................................1
1.3 Aim and objectives.....................................................................................................................2
1.4 Dissertation structure.................................................................................................................3
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW..............................................................................................5
2.1 Introduction................................................................................................................................5
Role of good governance of a country to develop a good international relationship......................5
Contribution of economic development to make a nation more reliable and credible entity..........5
Present economic situation of Saharan Africa and related country such as Nigeria........................7
Factors that affect the local content based economic development of Nigeria (Saharan African). .8
Literature gap.................................................................................................................................10
3.1 Introduction..............................................................................................................................11
3.2 Research approach...................................................................................................................11
3.3 Research philosophy................................................................................................................11
3.4 Research type...........................................................................................................................12
3.5 Research design.......................................................................................................................13
3.6 Data collection.........................................................................................................................13
3.7 Data analysis............................................................................................................................14
3.8 Validity and reliability..............................................................................................................15
3.9 Ethical consideration................................................................................................................15
3.10 Research limitations...............................................................................................................16
CHAPTER 4: DATA ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS.........................................................................17
Theme 1: Role of good governance of Sub Saharan Africa in developing prominent international
........................................................................................................................................................17
Relationship...................................................................................................................................17
Theme 2: Contribution of Nigeria in the economic development which in turn makes it more
reliable and credible.......................................................................................................................18
Theme 3: Condition of Sub Saharan Africa and Nigeria in the recent times.................................21
Theme 4: Factors that influence the local content based economic development of Sub Saharan
Africa.............................................................................................................................................25
CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS........................................................26
REFERENCES...................................................................................................................................31

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the research
Saharan African is a land of young nation states where many of nations gained their freedom
from European colonisers between 1960 and 1980. Nigeria gained its independence in the year
1960. Nigeria broke into civil war from 1967 to 1970. It has been shuffling between democratically
elected civil government and dictatorship since then, it gained stability in 1999. Nigeria, like
Majority of African countries that have closed political systems i.e., the system, is closed to import
and export, no interaction with the outside world, it works in its own environment, have adopted
principles of democratic governance. Sub-Saharan Africa has faced longstanding issues such as
large debt, environmental disasters, ethnic divisions, HIV/ AIDS, poverty, etc. Some or all of these
factors may result in autocratic regimes, civil strife, weak institutions, corruption and unresponsive
political system of the continent. From the survey of Afrobarometer, it has been found that half of
Africans recognize their nation as a democratic and functions of democracy has satisfied them. This
survey was carried in 27 nations of Sub-Saharan African where people of 13 states have remarked
that election process of a continent has been reasonably fair and free (Asaolu, Adedokun and
Monday, 2016).
Saharan African stability cannot be taken for granted by other nations in the world. From
assessment, it has been identified that significant improvements have been made in Sub-Saharan
Africa. However, still, there are some deficiencies which impose risks and in front of sub-Saharan
Africa including Nigeria. In recent years, some examples of violence in Saharan African can be
seen. In 2008, post electoral violence has taken the lives of 1000 people in Kenya and in 2012,
many of the people died at the time of conflicts between South Africa unions. From these examples,
it can be said that democracy of Saharan African is insufficient and imperfect. There are only 8
nations out of 44 which have come under the category of fair and democratic.
1.2 Problem statement
The main focus of the present study is to analyze the aspects of good governance and
economic situation in the context of Nigeria. The Department of International Relations and
Cooperation’s (DIRCO) may be served as a foreign ministry of South African government. It has
focused on different things which directly relate to local economic development, social and political
relations etc. These all have given strength to Africa Agenda in the context of improved
international relations (Baylis, Owens and Smith, 2017). In the present time, Saharan African
continues to engage in the formulation of strategies that can mutually give benefits to local
economic development and foster good international relationships. In recent times, DIRCO has
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planned to follow United States’ African Growth and Opportunity Act to improve and maintain a
good relationship with the European Union by joint infrastructure projects. This will give strength
to relationships between Sub-Saharan African and the EU. It will help maintain the balance of
distribution of power at an international level and boost up local emerging economies with the
application of multilateral trading systems. But Sub-Saharan African politics have faced several
challenges in respect of developing international relations such as conflicts and violence between
regional political parties. These have developed misunderstandings and struggles in power related
aspects between two and more nations at a global level.
On the other hand, local regularities bodies should work with groups of citizens and local
communities to determine sustainable ways in order to attain economic and social needs so that
qualities of lives can be improved. It has been clearly demonstrated from this policy that local
government has not been responsible for creating jobs for the public. Some private companies,
NGOs etc have taken initiatives in the direction of local economic development (LED). In the last
two decades, local authorities of Sun-Saharan Africa have promoted within continent at a high level.
According to LED, it is a process where local government or community or both groups manage
their available resources and enter into partnership arrangements with the private sector with the
aim of developing new jobs that can stimulate economic activities of a nation (Cloete, Bailey and
Pillay, 2011).
From assessment, it has been identified that Nigeria is one of the biggest oil producer in
Africa but it is getting highly affected from undesirable activities like corruption. This has made a
large impact on local economic development. Along with this, less political stability and low
initiatives of the government to improve good international relationship have affected the growth of
the different countries of Saharan African. These have served to create barriers in the direction of
making this land credible and a reliable entity state (Cornelissen, Cheru and Shaw, 2016). These are
major motives that influence this analysis of the need for good governance to foster good
international relationships and encourage local content based on economic development to make a
country a more credible and reliable state. With the help of the present research, I will try to explain
the requirements of the development of a good international relationship and cheering local content
based on economic growth.
1.3 Aim and objectives
Aim: To critically analyze the need for good governance to foster good international relationships
and encourage local content based on economic development to make a country, a more credible
and reliable entity state: A study of Nigeria (Sub-Saharan African).
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Objectives:
 To analyze the role of good governance of a country to develop a good international
relationship
 To determine the contribution of economic growth as well as development in terms of
employment, growth etc. to make a Nigeria more reliable and credible entity.
 To discuss the present economic situation in Nigeria (Sub-Saharan African).
 To evaluate the factors that affect the local content based economic development of Nigeria of
Saharan African
Growth and development are both similar terms, in terms of growth the given content explains with
quantitative data.
1.4 Dissertation structure
The present dissertation is based on analysis of the need for good governance in fostering
good international relationship by encouraging local content based economic development to make
Saharan African, a more credible and reliable entity state. Following structure has been followed by
the researcher to complete such dissertation:
Chapter 1: Introduction- The purpose of the introduction is to tell the reader what the scope of the
dissertation is intended to be. It should include a statement of the purpose/object/aim of the thesis.
In this context of the present research, this chapter will include the background of the research and
problem statement in specific and brief basis. Rather than this, aim and objectives of the study will
also discuss by the researcher. At last, the whole format of an entire thesis in the form of chapters
will mention.
Chapter 2: Literature review- In the second chapter of dissertation or thesis, I will make an
evaluation of various articles that are based on Sub-Saharan Africa and Nigeria. Hence, by making
an evaluation of the positive and negative comments brief thesis will be prepared by the researcher.
Such a brief thesis is highly significant which in turn provides deeper insight to the researcher about
the topic which is going to be investigated and thereby helps in analysing data more effectively.
Theories related to governance in a democratic environment and economical aspect of Nigeria has
been added. Hence, by framing themes on good governance, economic growth, as well as situation
secondary investigation, has been conducted to attain the objective.
Chapter 3: Research design and methodology- In this chapter, researcher evaluates and selects
suitable tools as well as techniques that directly address research aims. In the context of the present
dissertation, different research techniques with significant justification will be given by the
researcher. Some models that will be used in the current thesis are data collection, research
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philosophy, research type and approach, sampling, data analysis etc. These all will provide a
complete guide to the scholar to address the research issue and questions. In this, the methodology
is highly aligned by the researcher with the issue such as good governance and economic growth of
Nigeria.
Chapter 4: Result, analysis and discussion- To analyse the collected information, the researcher
will use various techniques and methods. The generated outcomes from the evaluation of present
dissertation will be represented in different forms such as charts, tables, figures etc. These all will
help readers to understand the result of the conducted investigation. The selection of data analysis
techniques will be based on the nature of the study. The chapter analyses on the basis of above
chapters, chapter 2 and 3 and a result are created from the analysis.
Chapter 5: Conclusion and recommendations- The following chapter will help the researcher to
draw a meaningful conclusion from the analysed data. Along with this, recommendations in the
context of overcoming the problems will be also discussed.
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CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Introduction
To carry out a careful research to address the objectives, it becomes important to conduct a
literature review. Performing a literature search and critique on it is an essential section of any
investigation. Once a scholar determines an area of study that is needed to be worked, a proper
research on related information sources helps to get the detailed knowledge about the topic. A
literature review can be defined as a text of a scholarly paper that contains knowledge about
substantive findings on a particular subject of research. It is a process of review of secondary
sources where several sources of information consider re-examining the past data in more effective
manner. In this context, the researcher will consider numerous scholars studies to conduct the study
to address different objectives.
Overview of Africa
As per the views of the author, African states have attained success in a double sense.
Moreover, states pertaining to Africa built a set of institutions including militaries, post-offices,
bureaucracies and legislatures etc. Along with this, states related to Africa have undertaken the
projects in relation to colonialism development. Further, from assessment, it has been identified that
during the time of independence, leader’s trade unions, merchant groups, farmer’s organizations etc
have accountability to perform activities by considering the interest of all. In addition to this,
African history presents that in the former year’s individuals are encouraged to form rich webs of
connections. Civic minded political culture placed emphasis on the responsibility of the leaders
towards the citizens. From assessment, it has been found that western government and international
institutions are willing to work with the gatekeeper states. Due to the corruption and ineffective
policy framework Africa faced several difficulties in the past years. Hence, with the motive to
improve the position several modifications have been done by African government in the existing
policy framework.
Role of good governance for the development of a good international relationship
According to Cornelissen, Cheru and Shaw (2016) “good governance is a term that is used
in the context of international development.” It defines how public institutions organize public
affairs and manage their existing and limited resources. The following concept emerges from a
model related to comparing ineffective regulatory bodies with viable economics or political groups.
In this context, Cloete, Bailey and Pillay, 2011 has stated that “good governance contains four
forms: international affairs, corporate sectors, local governments and scientific exploration” (Cloete,
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Bailey and Pillay, 2011). Good governance in international affairs can be analyzed in different ways
such as between administration and markets, regulatory bodies and public, management and private
sector etc. On the other hand, by following the aspects of government and corporate management,
authority and employee standards etc good governance in corporate sectors can be ensured. While
in the case of a good regime the local governments help in promoting relationships between
regulatory bodies and empowered citizens, community councils etc.
Contribution of economic development to make a nation more reliable and credible entity
As per the viewpoints of Inyang (2017), “economic development is a kind of procedure
through which a country or state brings the improvements in the economic, political, and social
well-being of its people.”. It is a policy that aims to ensure the social well-being and economic
growth of local communities. There are various methods by which a nation or continent can easily
measure economic development such as GDP per capita, social security and pensions, income
distribution, literacy and education rate, access to healthcare services etc. Asaolu, Adedokun and
Monday (2016) has stated in support of the above statement that “development of local content
economic has brought the various positive changes in a nation that makes it more reliable and
credible entity” (Asaolu, Adedokun and Monday, 2016). In the present time, the majority of the
world population lives in urban areas. This trend increases in developing countries such as Africa,
Asia and Latin America. 90% global urban growth is taking place in these states over the time.
Mshellia and et.al., (2016) has asserted in this respect that “local economic development helps
countrysides to move out of poverty” (Mshellia and et.al., 2016). The reason for this is an increase
in average income which has assisted in minimizing the poverty rate at a significant level in
developing areas such as Saharan Africa, Asia etc. although it should be noted that poverty
reduction in a country takes time. The poverty and inequality are broad terms which reduce with the
overall growth of the country in the long run. There are several examples related to countries where
the reduction in poverty due to local economic development takes place. Due to a rapid economic
growth between 1985 and 2001, China has lifted over 450 million people from the poverty line.
Along with this, in 1980, India has been able to attain a significant fall in poverty and in 1990; the
rate of it has again decreased. During both of these time periods, the impressive growth in the
direction of reduction of poverty level because of growth of local economic development has been
recorded. It has been shown from the above examples that economic development has played an
important role in the direction of make the nation reliable and credible in all aspects.
On the other hand, Baylis, Owens and Smith (2017) has stated that “local economic growth
of a nation has helped to increase the average income level of people” (Baylis, Owens and Smith,
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2017). In developing nations such as Saharan Africa, Asia etc have enjoyed a good economic
growth. It has allowed the companies in these areas to increase the salary of the employees and this
has brought the overall increment in the context of the income level of people. The result of this has
been that these countries have made more reliable and credible with the time at national and
international level. While Osemeke and Adegbite (2016) explains that in his point of view,
“economic development has played an essential role in creating new job opportunities for the local
communities” (Osemeke and Adegbite, 2016). This has given strength to demand of labour by
increasing employment ratio. In Saharan Africa, youth unemployment is a major issue. It is higher
when compared to average unemployment rates. It means that only 25% of the youth population of
the continent is employed and 47% are unemployed. In early 1990, the rate of global employment
was raised by 400 million. In this context, China and India both have taken advantage of the
development of local economies where the numbers of new job opportunities have increased. Wage
rates for low skilled jobs have increased because of overall enhancement in GDP growth at national
level. Therefore, it can be said that development of economies has made the countries more reliable
and credible.
Okoro (2014) has stated that “economic growth has not just only reduced poverty rate or
increase job opportunities in the nation but also helps in measuring human development” (Okoro,
2014). It is an essential part of expanding the substantive freedoms that people value. It brings the
significant improvement in the direction of living standards of the public that makes them become
healthier, eat better and live longer. For example, in developing nations such as Saharan Africa, Asia
etc strong growth of economies of nations have given opportunities to people to earn more income
and invest them in education by sending children to better schools. This human development in the
nations has made the states credible and more reliable in nature. In support of the above discussion,
Nwekeaku (2014) has stated that economic development has improved health and education aspects
of a country” (Nwekeaku, 2014). Higher income levels result in him or her living a better-quality
life. For example, a higher level of incomes reduced infant mortality in Saharan Africa because
many of the people have been able to access health care services due to good incomes. Along with
this, there has been an increase in enrollment rates of students in primary and secondary school due
to higher levels of per capita income. Hence, from the above discussion, it can be said that
economic development and its growth have assisted the nations to take various advantages and
make the states reliable and credible over time.
Present economic situation of Saharan Africa and related country such as Nigeria
According to the views of Fosu (2015), Sub-Saharan Africa has 12% of world’s population
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and accounts for 2% GDP. SSA has made a vital contribution in exports of travel services,
agriculture and other products such approximately 65%. Further, 5% exports of SSA are pertaining
to India, China and Brazil. In accordance with the views of African economy consist for trade,
industry and agriculture. Further, out of 65%, 30% export of SSA is associated with US. Nigeria is
the richest country in Africa in terms of resources and is continuously makes efforts to enhance
economic growth as well as development. However, in the year of 2013 Nigeria was considered as
poor inhabited continent. Moreover, government authorities assumed that income levels of people
will increase to significant levels. Nevertheless, African countries failed to meet the expectation
level in relation to attaining the status of middle income level. On a critical note, McIntire, Bourzat
and Prabhu (2016) stated that Nigeria was one the fastest growing countries in the world but due to
the occurrence of slowdown in growth rate it has deteriorated to a large extent. According to the
views of Storeygard (2016) the worst performance has been recorded over the two decades. In the
year of 2016, growth of the economy has fallen from 3.2% to 1.2. There are several reasons for this
and the economy of Saharan Africa has faced difficulties in managing the situation. Some factors
include low commodity prices, weak external demand, weather conditions and security problem.
Brent crude oil prices are declined to significant levels. Along with this, prices of many agricultural
and mineral commodities remain weak which in turn closely influences the trade terms of
commodity exporters. Further, during the period of 2015 and 2016, due to the situation of adverse
developments, negative shocks have been suffered by SSA. It has been assessed that weather is one
of the main phenomena which has placed negative impact on agricultural production. On the other
side, Ibraheem, Umar and Ajoke (2013) stated in their study that, oil exporters and South Africa
accounted for economic slowdowns. Moreover, Angola and Nigeria are the main two oil exporters
whose growth rate slowed to the significant level due to financial strains and difficulties. Heavy
decline took place in oil production due to aspects of lower investment in Angola and militants’
attacks which took place in Nigeria have resulted in low oil prices. Along with this, demand of
domestic people also reduced significantly due to the declining trend of revenue or income.
Moreover, spending levels of people are highly influenced by their income levels. Hence, reduction
took place in both crude oil prices and production compelled government to cut spending levels
significantly.
From their study, Iyke (2015) found that exporters of commodities like metal faced
difficulties in relation to adjusting the declining price levels. Hence, it is also one of the main causes
due to which undesirable situations were faced. In recent times, Sub-Saharan Africa is continuously
making efforts in relation to managing the declining prices of oil. Hence, such economies have set
down targets in relation to increasing the growth by 2.9% pertaining to oil prices. Along with this,
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growth of South Africa is expected to incline by 1.1% (Etuk, Etuk and Michael, 2014). Fiscal policy
introduced by government and unemployment rate has a high level of impact on consumer
spending. In addition to this, it has been identified that the economic situation in Nigeria is expected
to recover from recession through the means of competent framework. This in turn may result in 1%
growth in the economy through the means of improvement in oil production. It enables the country
to boost revenues and thereby make significant improvements in the growth and existing conditions.
Factors that affect the local content based economic development of Nigeria (Saharan African)
As per the views of Iyke (2015) there are several factors that closely influence the growth and
development of Nigeria. Moreover, tax is the major source of income which in turn enables
government to implement the plan more effectively. The rationale behind this is that tax income
offers an opportunity to government to invest such funds in other productive activities like
infrastructural development, offering employment opportunities etc. Hence, from investigation, it
has been identified that due to the massive corruption practices the government has failed to
generate enough revenue. In Nigeria, supervisors fire their subordinates if they do not take bribes.
In this way, lack of enough monetary resources may result in low development and employment
opportunities. However, Etuk, Etuk and Michael (2014) stated that FDI is one of the biggest factors
that highly impact the development of country or nation. Moreover, FDI increases employment
opportunities and thereby income as well as living standards of people to significant levels.
Therefore, when investors of other countries invest money in the specific country or nation then it
can result in the creation of high employment opportunities. Hence, the level of FDI in Nigeria is
not highly stable or sound. Along with this, Nurudeen and et.al., (2015) presented that there is
significant relationship takes place between the economic growth and international trade. Moreover,
high export levels enable countries to ensure a high balance of payment. In other words, export
offers an opportunity to the firm in relation to the generation of currency of other nations. Further, it
also enables business units of Nigeria to earn high incomes by exporting products or activities to
others.
On the other hand, Cornelissen, Cheru and Shaw (2016) stated that research and development
activities which take place within the country also have high levels of impact on the economic
growth as well as development. Moreover, R&D is the main activity which in turn helps in
accessing highly suitable and advanced technologies that contribute in the living standard of people.
In the investigation report, authors clearly presented that in Nigeria the use of internet and mobile
phones have increased at a very high pace. Hence, development of the telecommunication sector
has fostered high growth in the field of research and thereby facilitated more advancement.
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Moreover, the internet provides deeper insight to the people about varied fields or areas (Economic
development and growth in Nigeria, 12). In this way, by enhancing the knowledge and proficiency
level individuals would become able to introduce high levels of advancement. Hence, local
government of Nigeria needs to place emphasis on strengthening these aspects of
telecommunication which can improve the living standards of people to a large extent.
Inyang (2017) criticized the economic policies and macro environmental factors which have
had high levels of impact on the development of Nigeria. Moreover, policies like fiscal and
monetary have a great impact on the decision-making aspects of business operations which are
operating in the region of Nigeria. Fiscal policy is associated with the taxation policy which impacts
the profit margin or level (Etuk, Etuk and Michael, 2014). For instance: when taxes are high then
business units are discouraged to take part in the export related activities or practices. In the recent
times, taxation policies are highly feasible and supportive which in turn encourages investors
towards investment. It shows that government has made high level of efforts to encourage
investment which in turn ensures high level of development. Kingma (2016), however, states that
local government of Nigeria is required to make changes in the existing taxation policy or
framework. Moreover, government can employ money in other activities only when it generates
high incomes. Hence, changes are highly required in the existing policy or framework. Thus,
government is facing issues in relation to increasing the tax rate because it directly impacts the
investment aspect of companies and individuals.
Literature gap
From the evaluation of secondary data sources, it has been ascertained that in the past
research has only focused on highlighting the economic conditions of Sub Saharan Africa. In past
studies, researchers conducted studies on Sun-Saharan Africa rather than specific countries. Thus, it
is one of the main gaps, by considering this; researcher has taken a decision in relation to
conducting a study on Nigeria which in turn represents SSA. However, researchers have failed to
assess the manner through which economic growth and development can be ensured. Hence, in this
research, the author will analyse the measure that can be adopted by the authorities for enhancing
the economic growth and development.
Moreover, high growth is the key which in turn helps Sub Saharan Africa in improving the
current position or aspects. Hence, adopting the discussed measures Sub Saharan Africa can
enhance employment opportunities, GDP and overall growth rate. The growth can be achieved
thorough utilisation of available resources. For example – the region has immense amount of solar
energy, so it can focus on using this resource of that electricity through other sources can be avoided
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and a solar source is utilised. Along with this, in the past studies, researchers have discussed the
causes for which the economic conditions have been negatively affected. In addition to this,
scholars have provided information about the reasons due to which oil and prices of metal
commodities decreased. However, other scholars have not presented the measure to deal with such
situations or aspects. This present study and its outcome will present information about the ways
that help in managing the production and prices of oil. Hence, by taking strategic action or measures
higher authorities of Nigeria Africa would become able to make good contributions to economic
growth and development.
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CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 Introduction
The aim of a research is to inform about the actions of the researchers where they seek to
contextualize the findings of experiments. To write or investigate; there is a need of specific
methodology that can able to explain what the reasons of carry out the investigation are in a
particular way. By properly explaining methodologies, readers can easily understand why the
research wants to do study in selected area. It is a process to collect information and data with the
aim of solve the research problem. Under this, a scholar uses various criteria to solve issue. In
research methodology, investigator always tries to search the answers of the given questions in
systematic manner.
The present research is based on to analyze the need of good governance to fostering good
international relationship by encouraging local content based economic development to make
Saharan African, a more credible and reliable entity state. In this context, the researcher will explain
application of different research methodologies in the respect of prepared objectives. Explanation
and justification of each research method will be described by the scholars in an effective manner.
3.2 Research approach
Research approach is a process of development of new hypothesis and knowledge. It
increases overall understanding of the researcher towards the selected research problem. There are
two types of research approaches: inductive and deductive. Under deductive method, the scholars
test existing theories to get the solution of research problem. Generally, it is implying that in thesis
which are based on quantitative study. While, with the application of inductive research approach,
the investigators develop new frameworks and theories. The research in which following technique
applies is qualitative in nature. This delivers a wide and diverse perspective regarding
understanding the aim and objectives of the investigation. The current study has defined the need of
good governance to fostering good international relationship by encouraging local content based
economic development to make Saharan African, a more credible and reliable entity state. In the
context, the researcher has been used deductive research approach where it has helped in to
understand the need of good governance and developing local content of economy to make
continent reliable and credible in nature.
3.3 Research philosophy
Research philosophy is responsible for development of knowledge with the help of available
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nature and sources of information. This engages the researchers in knowledge creation to complete
the research work. For this, different data collection resources and their analysis of takes into the
consideration to answer the research question. The whole process generates the new information in
terms of outcomes that can meet objectives of investigation. There are two types of research
philosophy: positivism and interpretivism. In positivism framework, the factual knowledge of
research problem can only be gain through observation of trustworthy sources. Here the role of the
investigator only limited to collection of data and its interpretation by adopting objective approach.
The findings of investigation are observable and quantifiable in nature. There are no scopes of
including human interest within the research. The selection of positivism research philosophy,
deductive framework is taking into the consideration. The viewpoints of the scholars concentrate on
facts of research problem. On the hand, in the case of interpretivism research philosophy, human
interest integrates into the investigations by the investigators. Under this framework, it assumes that
access to reality can only be possible via social constructions such as shared meanings, languages,
instruments of communication etc. Studies based on interpretivism generally focus on meaning of
information and methods that can easily reflect several aspects of issues. It is based on naturalistic
approach of data collections such as observation, interview etc. In the context of the present
research, the researcher has been used positivism research philosophy. The reason of selection of the
following one is whole investigation has based on actual facts and figures of political image and
local content economic development of Nigeria. Under this, there have no human interest include
during the experiment.
3.4 Research type
Classification of research is base on research methodologies, generated knowledge from
investigation, research problem etc. It is also called with the name of research strategy where a
logical approach helps in gain important information on selected research problem. It can be
classified into quantitative and qualitative research types. Qualitative research type assists the
researchers to explain the main reasons behind carry out the investigation so that audience can
understand insights of meaning of research problem. For this, some most common techniques use in
this direction such as observation, interview, group discussion, close reading of a text, sequential
text interpretation etc. This is used to explore the facts and information within the respect of set
objectives and research questions. Generally, the question is open ended in nature where obtained
data in the form of textual. Apart from this, in quantitative research type, it is use to confirm
hypotheses about the study problem. With the help of this, it becomes easy to predict casual
relationship between two variables or objects. The format of questions is close ended and collected
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data in the form of numerical. Paper survey, online polls, face to face interviews, telephonic
interviews etc uses to collect the responses of respondents. In the context of the present
investigation, qualitative research type has been taken into the consideration. The reason of
selection of the following one is because to find Saharan African government relations at
international level and local economic development in order to make the nation more reliable and
credible, already published information has been taken into the consideration by research. This has
helped in understand the political image of continent and growth of economy that contribute in
success of country.
3.5 Research design
Research design is use to create a plan of research study. It is a kind of framework to
determine answer of research questions. This can be divided into several sections: descriptive,
experimental, correlation and review. In descriptive research, it puts the light over the current issues
via data collection that can enable to describe the problem in more effective and clear manner. With
the help of this, it becomes easy to define the characteristic of selected sample population in terms
of their behaviour. It is closely linked with observational studies, case studies, survey etc. These all
assists the researchers to collect data for particular research questions so that objectives of study can
be appropriately address. While, exploratory research conducts in that case when research problem
is not clearly stated. This allows the researchers to establish priorities, prepare operational
definitions and improve the final research design. By using this, it becomes easy to determine the
most suitable research design, data collection techniques and choosing subject for investigation. It
not only helps in the direction of to provide final and concluded outcomes to the research questions
but also explore research issue in in-depth manner. The formal approaches for exploratory research
are in-depth interviews, focus groups, projective methods, case studies or pilot studies. By
considering present research, the researcher has been selected descriptive research design because
there has a possibility to observe the phenomenon in a completely natural and unchanged
environment. This has explained different objective by using suitable information with the aim of
attaining the aim of study.
3.6 Data collection
Data collection is a process of collection and analyzing information on the basis of targeted
variables. This helps in answering research questions and assesses final outcomes. The main of this
method is collecting the data from different sources which are reliable and valid in nature. Accurate
data collection is most important to maintain the integrity of the investigation. It ensures that gather
information are both in defined and accurate manner. There are two methods of data collection:
14

primary and secondary. Secondary data collection means summarize the information of existing and
past investigations. Here, a systematic review of various articles and data sources carries out to
address the research objectives. To gather data from this, some techniques such as previous research
publications and reports, journals, books, articles, company data, government published resources
etc. In the context of present investigation, I have used secondary data collection. The reason of
selection of the following one is the entire data can only be collected from government reports and
sources. This has helped in understand the government image at the international level and their
relationship with overseas nations. Along with this, regulatory bodies generated reports have helped
in determine their actions in the context of development of local economy with the aim of make the
nation more credible and reliable. Various online journals, blogs, articles, conferences, newspapers,
annual reports, magazines etc of Saharan African has taken into the consideration by the researcher
for gathering secondary information.
3.7 Data analysis
Data analysis is the process of systematic implying statistical and logical techniques to
explain and illustrate and assess information. With the help of this, it becomes easy to process the
collected data, analyze them and transform it into valuable information to draw a valid conclusion.
Data analysis also emphasize over the presentation of evaluate statistics. There are two methods
available for this: qualitative and quantitative. For the researchers, different qualitative data analysis
present where collected information may be categorized and sorted into various patterns. Here, the
prepared researches questions have carried out broader aspects and expected result have usually not
predefined. On the other hand, quantitative data analysis is very useful in evaluation because it
delivers quantifiable results that can be easily understood by audience. By using diverse methods,
such kinds of data can analyze in more effective manner.
The present dissertation is based on to critically analyze the need of good governance to
fostering good international relationship and encouraging local content based economic
development to make Saharan African more credible and reliable entity state. In this context, the
selected data analysis method has been qualitative. This has helped the researcher to develop an
understanding towards the importance of establishment of good international relationship of
government and growth of local economy of the nation. It has explored various factors such as Sub-
Saharan African political image at national and global level, development rate of economic of
nation, etc. To analyze the gather secondary data, thematic technique has been used to attain
develop objectives. The main purpose of pinpoint and examine the data is to draw patterns of
meaning across a dataset which known with the name of themes. Therefore, with the help of
15

qualitative data analysis, the investigator has analyzed collected secondary information to attain
several objectives by making themes.
3.8 Validity and reliability
Reliability means repeatability of findings where if same study carries out again and again
on similar situations that the generated outcomes will be always identical. The collected outcomes
from this process are reliable in nature. Without this replication of statistically significant results,
the experiment and research not meets all requirements of testability. This precondition is important
to a hypothesis establishment itself as an accepted logical truth. On the other hand, validity includes
the whole investigational concept and establishes whether the outcomes attain to complete all
requirements. There are two types of validity, internal and external. In internal validity, it defines
that how an experimental design should be structured and combine whole research steps. Further,
external validity is a kind of procedure where outcomes are examined to make sure about whether
there is any other possible relationship between the variables or not. Reliability and validity, both
are related with each other. To enhance the reliability and validity of study all the data that is
gathered by the researcher is highly related to the economic growth and situation of Nigeria.
The current study has related to critically analyze the need of good governance to fostering
good international relationship and encouraging local content based economic development to make
Saharan African more credible and reliable entity state. In this context, the researcher has decided to
collect the data from secondary sources to attain the develop objectives. For this, it has essential for
the scholar to make sure about reliability and validity of gather information. The collected
information from secondary resources has obtained to reliable websites and other sources. Data
which have been published from between 2010 to 2016 time duration have been taken into the
consideration. While in the context of validity, the research publish in English on Saharan African
has considered being valid for the following investigation. Along with this, the researcher has been
used different themes to provide the facts on Saharan African political image and government
actions to develop local economy. Thus, in this investigation, collected data are reliable and applied
research tools and techniques have valid in nature to draw a meaningful conclusion.
3.9 Ethical consideration
Ethical consideration means a gathering of values and principles that can able to differentiate
between wrong and right. In the present research, there have some ethics have been taken into the
consideration by the researcher which are as follows:
Security and privacy of information: At the time of carrying out the investigation, the scholar has
collected the various data from diverse sources. In this context, some of the information has
16

confidential. These have secured by the investigator and do not share with any other third party to
take personal benefits. So, the researcher has secured all gather data which are private and important
that must be kept confidential.
Taking prior approval: There have some websites and other offline secondary sources that not
easily access. To get the information from these, the researcher has taken prior approval from
respective authorities.
Providing citation to the work of research scholars: To avoid the plagiarism issues, the scholar has
cited to the work in literature review. At the time of doing critical analysis, different authors’ studies
have been taken into the consideration. For the evidence of valid and reliable information, the
researcher has cited the whole work.
3.10 Research limitations
While conducting research, scholar makes its best efforts for presenting the fair solution of
research issue or problem. Time, money and availability of data sources are the main aspects that
closely affect the suitability and appropriateness of outcome. Moreover, time is the major factor
that has great impact on study and its effectiveness. In the field of research, scholar and concerned
institution is highly concerned with the presentation of finding within the fewer time frames. This in
turn helps them in gaining competitive edge over others. Hence, with the aim to overcome such
limitation timescale has been prepared by the researcher. Moreover, it clearly provides deeper
insight about the time within which researcher needs to accomplish the activity. It shows that by
preparing such plan research has dealt with such limitation in the best possible way.
Further, researcher also faces difficulty in performing the activities in the lack of having proper
financial resources. Moreover, decision in relation to the adoption of highly advanced tool for data
collection and analysis is influenced from the availability of finance. Researcher undertakes SPSS
tool for analysis when it has enough amount of funds. Hence, by considering the research issue or
problem researcher has gathered authentic qualitative data from secondary sources. Hence, by
making in-depth evaluation of books, journals and scholarly articles data regarding the present
economic condition as well as governance aspect has been collected by the researcher. Along with
this, thematic analysis is the best technique that highly suits to the qualitative investigation. Hence,
by considering this, thematic analysis technique has been employed by the researcher. It clearly
presents that researcher has reduced the impact of limitations to a great extent.
17

CHAPTER 4: DATA ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS
This chapter of dissertation is highly significant which clearly presents information about
the output derived from issue. Data analysis is the process which is highly concerned with
determining the suitable solution of issue or problem by employing both statistical and non-
statistical techniques. Techniques of data analysis are highly differing according to the type of
investigation undertaken. By considering such aspect thematic technique has been undertaken by
the researcher. This in turn helps researcher in deriving suitable outcome regarding the extent to
which good governance and effective international relationships are required at Sub Saharan Africa.
In this, several themes have been prepared by the researcher keeping in mind the aims and
objectives of study. Hence, all the findings of themes have been supported by the secondary data
findings.
Theme 1: Role of good governance of Sub Saharan Africa in developing prominent international
Relationship
From secondary data evaluation, it has been assessed that good governance is highly
significant that helps in meeting the aims and objectives of concerned nation. Aspects of good
governance are highly concerned with making effectual and profitable decisions. Good governance
is not only related with making correct decisions. However, aspects of good governance lay
emphasis on considering the best process while taking decision about the growth and development
of nation. Moreover, good governance and decision-making aspect offers several benefits to the
local government in terms of sound relationship with citizens, international investors etc. Hence, by
following the aspects of good governance in terms of framing competent policies, meeting service
quality protocols etc SSA can attain success to the significant level.
Further, it has identified from the literature review section that on the basis of good
governance local government has accountability to clearly state or present the reasons and benefits
of decision taken by them. Moreover, government takes decision on the behalf of society and
thereby contributes in the welfare of them. Hence, local government has also obligation to follow
the rule of law while making policies and another competent framework. Hence, an aspect of good
governance entails that laws and legislation such as equal employment opportunity Act. Health and
Welfare Act assists in developing competent plan. Along with this, governance can be said to good
only when local government implements decision by making optimum use of resources such as
man, material and machine etc.
Along with this, SSA focuses on taking suggestions from local people or public. Hence, by
practising such participative style and taking suggestions from the members of community SSA can
18

maintain good corporate governance. Hence, local government or authority of Sub Saharan Africa
has made high level of efforts in maintaining relationship with market, citizens, officials etc. Hence,
government of SSA has maintained sound relationship by offering equal opportunities to the people.
However, on the other side, from investigation, it has been assessed that conditions in relation to
governance aspect is not highly good or sound. Moreover, inclusion level of local citizens is highly
lower in relation to the decision-making aspect.
Africa is highly suffering from the religious conflicts which take place due to the high level of
migration. Further, SSA has taken several actions or measures with the motive to improve the
situation of good governance. Hence, sector of good governance is making their best efforts to the
respond the challenges which are facing by SSA. Hence, for sharing knowledge and gaining
benefits from such aspects SSA has taken decision in relation to the adoption of joint approaches.
By considering this, authorities of Sub Saharan Africa have decided in relation to doing partnership
with Germany. On the basis of this aspect, through the means of joint learning and conceptual
framework SSA has made its best efforts in relation to maintaining the effectual relationship with
market as well as citizens.
Theme 2: Contribution of Nigeria in the economic development which in turn makes it more
reliable and credible
Economic growth and development is the major indicator which in turn provides deeper
insight about the extent to Nigeria is highly credible and reliable. Moreover, economic growth is the
measure which in turn helps in understanding the extent to which highly effectual initiatives have
been undertaken by government. The reason behind this, government plays a vital role in
developing policies which make contribution in the welfare of local community. GDP, per capita
income, spending level, living standard etc are the main elements which in turn provides
information about the extent to which economic aspects of Nigeria is good. From secondary data
investigation, it has been identified that Nigeria is the 20th largest economy in the world regarding
purchasing power parity. Besides this, Nigeria has attained 21st position in the world regarding
nominal GDP level. This in turn shows that Nigeria of SSA has made its best efforts in relation to
strengthening the economic conditions and policies. By assessing the trend, it has been identified
majority of the population of world lives in urban areas. From evaluation, it has been identified that
growth of Nigeria was not static over the past six decades. However, it is highly varied and cyclical
which in turn closely influences the overall growth and position of the economy. By doing research,
it has been found that Nigeria slips into recession which is not a good indicator for the economic
aspects of firm.
19

20

(Source: Nigeria Economic Outlook, 2017)
The above depicted table shows that in the year of 2014, economic growth level inclined
significantly and accounts for 6.2%. However, in 2015, level of economic growth declined from
6.2% to 2.8% respectively. In addition to this, GDP per capita level also declined from 3182 to 2677
respectively. Further, international trade balance was negative during the period of 2015. Along
with this, import and export level of Nigeria was negative during the year of 2015. Hence, by taking
into account such aspect it can be said that in the year of 2015 situation of Nigeria was not good as
compared to the prior years. In addition to this, by doing analysis of articles it also has been found
that the price of oil has fallen down from $112 a barrel; to $50 a barrel. It is one of the main aspects
that have direct and significant impact on economic growth and development. Moreover, 70% of
government revenue is highly based or dependent on the sales of oil & gas. Hence, decreasing price
level; shows that policies framed and introduced by Nigerian government are not highly sound.
Further, delay in decision made by government regarding devaluing Nigerian currency may result
into negative impact on economy. Due to such aspect, several business entities of Nigeria faced
issues in getting foreign currency for making payments in relation to import.
In the beginning of 20th Century, Nigeria of SSA counted in the fastest growing economy of
the world. However, from the perspective of structural development and aspects Nigeria faced
21

difficulty. Hence, to make the economical aspects highly competitive Nigeria placed more emphasis
on encouraging innovation, FDI to the significant level. However, issues in relation to the rising
poverty, climate change, poor infrastructure has created difficult in front of local government of
Nigeria. Due to such aspect government authority of Nigeria (SSA) has faced difficulty in managing
the economic growth as well as development. In order to make the economies highly credible and
reliable government of Nigeria is highly required to create more employment opportunities. From
data evaluation, it has been assessed that 13.90% population of Sub Saharan Africa is unemployed.
It shows that government authority of Nigeria has made remarkable contribution in the economic
growth as well as development.
(Source: Nigeria unemployment rate, 2017)
Further, it has been assessed from investigation that income level is the major elements that
represent the growth of particular country. Moreover, individuals invest money in the quality
products only when they have high disposable income. In this way, lifestyle and quality of the life
of people are highly influenced from their income level. Over the past years, individuals take
services of highly experienced care personnel or professionals. It clearly shows that quality of the
life of individuals is increased prominently. In addition to this, student’s enrolment in the primary
and secondary education also increased as compared to the previous years. By considering this, it
can be stated that awareness among the individuals regarding educational aspects increased to a
great extent.
Theme 3: Condition of Sub Saharan Africa and Nigeria in the recent times
As per the analysis of secondary information, it can be stated that condition of Sub Saharan
Africa in recent era is not appropriate. It is significant for overall organisation to overcome such
kind of issues and lead business firm to impressive level of success. African economy consists for
22

trade, industry and agriculture. Africa is the rich country in terms of resource continents and it is
continuously makes effort to enhance economic growth as well as development. However, in the
year of 2013 Africa was considered as poorest inhabited continent. Moreover, government
authorities assumed that income level of people will incline to the significant level. It has been
noticed that income of individual is critical aspect within nation. By having an improved focus the
key aspects, the key issues can be overcome in desired manner. If income level within nation is not
stable then it will influence the key aspects of development within nation. In addition to this, it can
be stated that by having an effective understanding of such values the issues can be overcome in
desired manner.
African countries failed to meet the expectation level in relation to attaining the status of
middle income level. It has been noticed that job opportunities within organisation is very low
which creates an issue. If people are not having appropriate job opportunities then it will influence
the overall outcome. It also creates an issue in regard to the income level which might also impact
the long-term sustainability within organisation. However, there are various other positive values
which are associated with the development of nation. It has been noticed that by having an
improved focus on Saharan GDP aspects the positive values can be understand. In present era, the
level of education need to be advanced so that issue can be overcome. It will also assist in meeting
key goals and objectives and lead to continuous development. Africa was one the fastest growing
country of the world but due to the occurrence of slowdown growth rate deteriorated to the large
extent. But after some time, worst performance has been recorded over the two decades. In the
year of 2016, growth of the economy has fallen from 3.2% to 1.2. There are several reasons due to
which economy of Saharan Africa has faced difficulty in managing the situations.
As per the context of African economy is based on trade, industry and agriculture which are
the major elements of it. Africa is a resource continents country; it makes continuously resources for
the country to more enchantment in economic growth and development. However, in 2013 Africa as
poorest inhabited continent. Government authorities assumed people’s income level will incline to
the significant level. Thereby African companies failed to meet the expectations of the public. On
the critical note, as per the author, Africa was one of the fast-growing countries but due to current
market conditions growth rate is slowdown. Author stated. In Africa over the two decades has been
recorded its bad performance. In 2016, growth rate of economy has fallen from 3.2% to 1.2%.
Saharan Africa has faced so many problems due to the changing climatic conditions. Moreover,
climate is the major condition which has high level of impact on the agriculture production and
profitability aspect.
Further, export and import related practices are also highly influenced from the level of
23

production and prices. Hence, due to having financial difficulties and constraints Sub Saharan
Africa has faced difficulty in relation to managing the production and thereby price level of oil as
well as other commodities like metal. This in turn places direct impact on the export activities and
thereby the situation of balance of payment. In the recent times, living standard of Sub Saharan
African people is increased significantly. Now, people of Saharan Africa places more emphasis of
eating healthy which in turn raise their living standard. However, still there is less number of people
whose living standard is very high. Thus, it can be stated from the overall investigation that Sub-
Saharan Africa needs to take effective measure for improving the economic condition or position.
In addition to this, it can be stated that by having an improved focus on recent conditions, it
has been noticed that Africa is facing diverse issues in context to long term sustainability. Issue of
terrorism has also been advanced in recent year which need to be referred effectively from the
nation. In present era, the issues are raised due to application of unethical practice. It is necessary to
overcome such values so that outcome can be attained. Such aspects include low commodity prices,
weak external demand, weather conditions and security problem. Brent crude oil prices are declined
to the significant level. Along with this, prices of many agricultural and mineral commodities are
remained weak which in turn closely influences the trade terms of commodity exporters. Further,
during the period of 2015 and 2016, due to the situation of adverse development negative shocks
have been suffered by SSA. Along with this, it has been assessed that weather is one of the main
phenomenon which has placed negative impact on agriculture production and other aspects.
Along with this, ratio of unethical practice is being advanced which also influences the
overall outcome. Oil exporters and South Africa accounts for slowdown takes place in the economic
aspects or situations. Moreover, Angola and Nigeria are the main two oil exporters whose growth
rate slowed to the significant level due to financial strains and difficulties. Heavy decline took place
in oil production due to aspects of lower investment in Angola and Militants attack took place in
Nigeria resulted into low prices. Along with this, demand of domestic people also reduced
significantly due to the declining trend of revenue or income. Moreover, spending level or criteria
of people are highly influenced from the income generated by them. Hence, reduction took place in
both crude oil prices and production compelled government to cut spending level significantly. It
has been noticed that ratio of oil export activities has advanced in unethical manner. By having an
improved focus on such aspects, the issues can be identified effectively. It has been noticed that
unethical practice in regard to diverse practice need to overcome. If such aspects are not well
maintained then it will impact overall development.
Exporters of commodity like metal faced difficulty in relation to adjusting the declining
price level. Hence, it is also one of the main causes due to which undesirable situations were faced.
24

In the recent times, Sub-Saharan African is continuously making efforts in relation to managing the
declining prices of oil. Hence, such economy has setting down target in relation to increasing the
growth by 2.9% pertaining to oil prices. Along with this, growth of South Africa is expected to
incline by 1.1%. Fiscal policy introduced by government and unemployment rate has high level of
impact on consumer spending. In addition to this, it has been identified that economic situation of
Nigeria is expected to recover from recession through the means of competent framework. This in
turn may result into 1% growth in the economy through the means of improvement in oil
production. It enables country to boost revenue and thereby makes significant improvement in the
growth and existing condition.
(Source: Nigeria Economic Outlook, 2017)
From evaluation, it has been assessed that Unemployment level of Nigeria decreased from
7.3 to 4.3 at the end of 2014. Thus, it can be stated that Nigerian government has undertaken
strategic action or measure which in turn created several employment opportunities. However, level
25

of industrial production decreased from 8.3 to 0.3 which in not a good indicator. Moreover, it has
direct impact on the income level and other growth opportunities. GDP, fiscal balance and policy
interest rate shows that economic position and condition of Nigeria is still require improvements.
Hence, by developing sound policy or framework government authority of Nigeria would become
able to strengthen the economic condition or position.
In addition to this, it can be stated that if unethical practice is not overcome then it will
influence the development of nation. It means governance needs to ensure about such aspects so
that goals and objectives can be accomplished.
Theme 4: Factors that influence the local content based economic development of Sub Saharan
Africa
In the recent times, there are several factors that act as a barrier in the economic growth and
development of Nigeria. Literature review section clearly presents that tax is the major elements
that closely influence the planning and execution level or aspect of respective country. Moreover,
tax which is collected by the government from varied sources helps it in making contribution in the
development of infrastructural aspects. Further, local government invests more funds in the
development of industries when they have more money or earning in the form of taxation. Thus, by
considering such aspect it can be stated that due to the failure of developing highly suitable tax
polices low level of economic development has taken place in the aspects of Nigeria. Further, it has
been assessed from the secondary data sources that due to the bribe and corruption related activities
or practices Nigeria has faced issue of low development. In addition to this, Nigeria also faced
difficulty in generating more FDI. This in turn places adverse impact on the employment
opportunities and development of other aspects. Moreover, when FDI is greater than economic
growth also increased with the higher pace. Further, level of R&D activity is highly lower as
compared to the previous years. Due to this, low level of innovation takes place in Nigeria.
26

CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
From the above dissertation, it has been concluded that good governance includes four main
aspects such as international affairs, corporate sectors, local governments and scientific exploration.
Hence, it can be seen in the report that good governance aspect is highly concerned with the
international development and other aspects. Such term clearly presents the manner in which public
institutions conduct public affairs by managing the resources. Hence, governance is the process
which in turn helps company in undertaking suitable decisions. Along with this, it clearly entails the
way through which decision will be implemented. In this way, governance process assists
institutions in taking suitable decisions and thereby helps in attaining the desired level of outcome
or success. In other words, term of governance assists in evaluating and determining the relationship
or interaction takes place between the sectors and society.
Model of good governance helps in comparing ineffective economies or political bodies with
the effective one. Thus, such model or tool has been applied by the scholar to assess the extent to
which government of Nigeria maintains effectual or prominent relationship with market, citizens,
private or voluntary organizations, civil society etc. Besides this, aspects of good governance entail
that local government has accountability to take decisions in such a manner which ensures proper
balance in the interest of stakeholders. Along with this, it has been articulated from report that GDP,
employment rate, living standard of people etc. are the main indicators which represents the
situation of high economic growth and development. Moreover, local government is assigned with
the responsibility to frame highly competent policies and framework that directly contributes in the
economic growth as well as development. It can be revealed from the dissertation that government
of each country is placing high level of emphasis on taking strategic measure or actions to reduce
the level of poverty.
From investigation, it has been assessed that government of Nigeria has undertaken several
measures in terms of the creation of employment opportunities. Meanwhile, developing countries
such as Nigeria has enjoyed high economic growth in the recent past. However, it can be stated
from the report due to the situation of deflation and decline in the prices of oil and other
commodities growth of Nigeria affected in the negative direction. Along with this, high corruption
and bribe related activities also have placed negative impact on the growth and development of
Nigeria. Further, ineffective taxation policies also create difficulty in front of government in
collecting and investing money in other productive activities. Moreover, tax is the major source of
income generation for government.
27

In this, in the lack of having enough resources it is not possible for the government to offer
high level of employment opportunities to the people. It can be seen in the report that average rate
of unemployment is increased in Nigeria with the very high pace. From current report, it has been
identified that 47% population of Sub Saharan Africa is facing major issues due to high level of
unemployment. It is the main measures that have high level of influence on economic growth as
well as development. Due to the situation of high unemployment Nigeria is facing major issues
regarding the low living standard of people etc. Hence, with the motive to ensure high growth and
development government authorities of Nigeria has offered high level of freedom to the of society.
It has been summarized from the secondary data evaluation that now people have more freedom to
provide their children with better education and other facilities. It shows that local government of
Nigeria has made vital contribution in human development. Thus, it can be stated that highly
reliable and credible efforts are made by local institutions Nigeria.
It can be summarized from the report that decision regarding the health care services is
highly influenced from the level of income. Besides this, primary and secondary education level is
also highly affected from the income level of citizens. Thus, it can be stated that for ensuring better
economic growth and development. It can be presented from the report that present economic
situation or condition of Nigeria is not highly sound. Moreover, economic growth slowed in the
year of 2016 to the large extent. From investigation, it has been identified that due to the ineffective
weather condition growth of Nigeria affected in the negative direction. Moreover, agricultural
production or activities significantly account for GDP as well as overall growth of economy. Along
with this, weather condition also closely influences the activities related to export and thereby
places high level of impact on balance of payment.
Thus, by considering the overall trend, it can be stated that declining price and production level
in relation to oil and commodities highly impacted the current position or situation of Nigeria in a
negative manner. It can be concluded that current fiscal or taxation policy employed by Nigeria is
not highly effective. Such policies have major impact on investment and thereby overall economic
development. The rationale behind this, in the case of high tax liabilities companies is discouraged
to take part in export related practices. It has been presented from the report that monetary policies
of Nigeria are also not highly effective. Meanwhile, interest rate places more impact on the
industrial growth and development aspect. Moreover, business entities prefer to expand their
operations only when they easily get monetary assistance from banking institutions at effectual
interest rates. Thus, for making improvement in the industrial development government authorities
require to make modifications in the existing framework. Besides this, it can be inferred that there
are factors that have major impact on the growth and development of Nigeria as ineffective
28

monetary and fiscal policies, lack of R&D activities, level of employment etc. Thus, government of
Nigeria needs to keep in mind all such factors while developing competent policy framework.
Along with this, by building harmonious relationship with the citizens, international investor’s etc
government of Nigeria can make such country highly credible and reliable.
Recommendations
 It is recommended to Nigeria to promote or enhance economic growth and development by
using innovative practices. Moreover, innovation is the key which helps in raising the living
standard of people to a great extent. Along with this, innovation and new start ups fuel our
economic growth by creating large number of employment opportunities. In this way, by
encouraging entrepreneurship within the society Nigeria can create more jobs and thereby
provides customers with high quality products or services. Thus, for local development
government needs to encourage people to come with the unique ideas or suggestions.
Further, government authority also needs to take initiatives regarding innovation by
providing more funds to the business entities that having sound plan or framework.
 Along with this, local government is also required to develop highly competent policies and
programmes. Hence, for ensuring high level of economic growth authorities of Nigeria are
required to new laws and legislation regarding gas as well as coal. Further, authorities also
need to make changes in the existing tax frameworks or aspects. Hence, by setting suitable
policies or framework public institutions would become able to invest the amount of fund in
other productive activities.
 Nigeria of SSA also needs to place high level of emphasis on the up-gradation or
advancement of technological aspects. The reason behind this, technological aspects
enhance the efficiency level of output and thereby increases the level of GDP to a large
level. In addition to this, technological development or advancement also helps in raising the
literacy rate. Moreover, country which is filled with the high level of advancement offers
opportunity to the people widens their skills and knowledge about varied field and aspects.
Hence, by getting proper and in-depth knowledge about the different areas high level of
development can be ensured.
 By encouraging FDI Nigeria can achieve its goals and objectives. Moreover, FDI boosts
employment within the economy. For instance: When investors invest money in the country
then it may result into the development of more opportunities. In addition to this, when
global investors implement their innovative ideas and thereby offers unique products to the
customers. In this way, FDI will assist Nigeria in improving the lifestyle of people. Further,
increasing will also contribute in the human development through the means of training
29

session and sharing of ideas as well as suggestions. Moreover, large sized or leading
business organizations who enter in different country through the means of FDI organizes
sessions to enhance the competency as well as proficiency level of personnel. Along with
this, FDI also facilitates high level of technological advancements and thereby helps in
gaining competitive edge over others. Further, facilities and resources which are shared by
foreign investors assist in enhancing workforce productivity and profitability more
effectually. National income of Nigeria also increases in line with the FDI because it boosts
more jobs and higher wages in the respective country.
 Good governance can be maintained and strengthened by Nigeria through the means of high
responsiveness. Thus, higher authorities should focus on developing highly effectual
structure and process. This in turn helps government authorities in meeting the expectation
level and needs of citizens. Further, personnel of public institutions also need to respond the
complaints of within the suitable time frame or period. Moreover, satisfaction level and faith
of the citizens are highly influenced from the manner in which government respond their
issues. Hence, it can be said that promptness is highly required for building and maintaining
effectual relationship with citizens. Thus, by creating and transparency authority can practise
good governance.
 In addition to this, according to the principle of good governance, government is required to
frame policies and laws that protect human rights significantly. Moreover, discriminatory
practices have high level of impact on the trust aspect of local citizens. When people are
discriminated on the ground of age, race and gender etc then they prefer to move in other
country. Cultural diversity is recognized as assets because different people having varied
qualities. This in turn makes significant contribution in the overall development of Nigeria.
Thus, authorities need to make competent framework for managing the diversity level.
Hence, by taking such kind of initiatives authorities can develop sub Saharan Africa in terms
of developed country.
 Nigeria should lay focus on sound financial management which in turn helps in fulfilling
the economic goals as well as objectives. Thus, authority of local government is required to
make proper estimation of cost of services. Hence, by framing high suitable budgeting
framework local government make optimum use of financial resources.
 Nigeria also have requirement to invest money in R&D activity which is major element of
high economic growth and development. Hence, by performing research activity authorities
of Nigeria would become able to foster high level of innovation. Moreover, research is the
main activities which in turn help in finding high tech equipments and ways to perform
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activities more efficiently.
Thus, by undertaking all such measures government authority of Nigeria can practise good
governance in an effectual way. Further, above mentioned aspects will also help in building and
maintaining good international relationship. Along with this, strategic actions which are identified
above will also help in ensuring high local content based development.
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REFERENCES
Books & Journals
Adegbite, E., 2015. Good corporate governance in Nigeria: Antecedents, propositions and
peculiarities. International Business Review, 24(2), pp.319-330.
Asaolu, T. O., Adedokun, S. A. and Monday, J. U., 2016. Promoting Good Governance through
Internal Audit Function (IAF): The Nigerian Experience. International Business
Research. 9(5). p.196.
Baylis, J., Owens, P. and Smith, S. eds., 2017. The globalization of world politics: An introduction
to international relations. Oxford University Press.
Cloete, N., Bailey, T. and Pillay, P., 2011. Universities and economic development in Africa. African
Minds.
Cornelissen, S., Cheru, F. and Shaw, T. eds., 2016. Africa and international relations in the 21st
century. Springer.
Etuk, R.U., Etuk, G.R. and Michael, B., 2014. Small and medium scale enterprises (SMEs) and
Nigeria’s economic development. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences. 5(7). p.656.
Ibraheem, N.K., Umar, G. and Ajoke, F.A., 2013. Corruption and economic development: Evidence
from Nigeria. Kuwait Chapter of Arabian Journal of Business and Management Review. 3(2).
pp.46-56.
Inyang, B. J., 2017. Corporate Governance Regulatory Framework in Nigeria: The Offerings and
Challenges. In Dimensional Corporate Governance (pp. 63-78). Springer International
Publishing.
Iyke, B.N., 2015. Electricity consumption and economic growth in Nigeria: A revisit of the energy-
growth debate. Energy Economics. 51. pp.166-176.
Kingma, K., 2016. Demobilization in Subsaharan Africa: The Development and Security Impacts.
Springer.
McIntire, J., Bourzat, D. and Prabhu, P., 2016. Crop-livestock interaction in sub-Saharan Africa.
Washington, DC: World Bank.
Mshellia, P. S. and et.al., 2016. Emotional Intelligence and Contextual Performance among Nursing
Professionals in Jos Metropolis, Plateau State, Nigeria. Journal of Good Governance and
Sustainable Development in Africa (JGGSDA). 3(1). pp.19-33.
Nurudeen, A. and et.al., 2015. Trade Openness-Economic Growth Nexus: Empirical Evidence from
Nigeria. Economic Journal of Nepal. 35(3).
Nwekeaku, C., 2014. The Rule of Law, Democracy and Good Governance in Nigeria. Global
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Journal of Political Science and Administration. 2(1). pp.26-35.
Okoro, E. R., 2014. Terrorism and governance crisis: The Boko Haram experience in
Nigeria. African Journal on Conflict Resolution. 14(2). pp.103-127.
Osemeke, L. and Adegbite, E., 2016. Regulatory multiplicity and conflict: towards a combined code
on corporate governance in Nigeria. Journal of business ethics. 133(3). pp.431-451.
Storeygard, A., 2016. Farther on down the road: transport costs, trade and urban growth in sub-
Saharan Africa. The Review of Economic Studies, p.rdw020.
Online
Economic development and growth in Nigeria. 2017. Online. Available through: <
https://www.dailytrust.com.ng/news/saturday-comments/economic-development-and-growth-in-
nigeria/123963.html> [Accessed on 11th August 2017].
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