Conflict Management Approaches for Project Success

This dissertation explores conflict management approaches used by project managers to assure project success in construction organisations. It discusses the challenges faced in implementing conflict management models and recommends strategies for effective conflict resolution. The case study focuses on Galliford Try's Residential building construction project.

Dissertation

Abstract
Business environment get very complex especially for construction organisation because
it involves many persons who come from different traditions and culture. Due to this, the
workplace diversity increases day by day which creates conflicts in the organisation. Conflicts
give a great impact on the employee’s productivity and efficiency as it reduced. It also impact on
their morale which negatively affect by conflicts. It becomes very important for every
organisation that they should focus on reducing and resolving conflicts. Increasing in conflicts in
workplace environment, it becomes very complex situation for a construction company that how
they can complete their project effectively and efficiently. This report gives some important
conflict management approaches which helps organisation in order to resolve their problems or
conflicts.

Acknowledgement
Firstly, I would like to thank my teachers who gave me a great opportunity for giving this
project. I also like to thank God which always gives a great support in order to come with
difficult situations. I am feeling very grateful to perform this project as it gives many experiences
and knowledge. It's really helpful for my career future opportunities. With guidance and support
from my teachers I am able to complete this project on time.
In addition to this, I also like to thanks to Galliford Try's Residential building
construction company always ready for supporting me in order to complete this project. They
always give time for gathering information from employees, customers, etc. It is very pleasure
situation for me because they give freedom to ask questions from their clients which help me to
complete my questionnaire. I am really very thankful for all people who give their support and
assistance in order to complete this project.

Table of Contents
Abstract............................................................................................................................................1
Acknowledgement...........................................................................................................................2
Project title: To investigate conflict management approaches used by project manager to assure
project success.................................................................................................................................5
Chapter 1: INTRODCUTION..........................................................................................................5
1.1 Background to the research........................................................................................................5
1.2 Research question, aims and objectives.....................................................................................6
1.3 Justification of research.............................................................................................................6
1.4 Outline methodology.................................................................................................................7
1.5 Outline of the rest of the dissertation.........................................................................................8
Chapter 1 Summary.........................................................................................................................9
CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW........................................................................................10
2.0 Introduction....................................................................................................................10
2.1 Theme 1-To develop understanding about the concept of conflict management..........10
2.2 Theme 2-To assess theories and models associated with conflict management within
construction sector...............................................................................................................12
2.3 Theme 3-To investigate challenges facing by Galliford Try’s Residential building with
regards to conflict management...........................................................................................15
2.4 Theme 4-To recommend effectual strategies to Galliford Try’s Residential building for
conflict management............................................................................................................17
Summary of the chapter.......................................................................................................21
CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY..........................................................................21
3.0 Introduction....................................................................................................................21
3.1 Research Paradigm.........................................................................................................22
3.2 Research Philosophy......................................................................................................22
3.3 Research Approach........................................................................................................22
3.4 Research Design.............................................................................................................23
3.5 Data collection and analysis...........................................................................................23
3.5.1 Sampling.....................................................................................................................23

3.5.2 Primary data collection...............................................................................................24
3.5.3 Secondary data collection...........................................................................................24
3.6 Analysis of data..............................................................................................................25
3.7 Research ethics...............................................................................................................26
3.8 Limitations of the research.............................................................................................27
CHAPTER 4: FINDING AND ANALYSIS................................................................................28
CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS....................................................46
Introduction..........................................................................................................................46
5.1 Critique of Adopted Approach.......................................................................................46
5.2 Analysis..........................................................................................................................46
5.3 Overall Conclusions.......................................................................................................46
5.4 Limitations of the Study.................................................................................................48
5.5 Opportunities for Further Research................................................................................48
5.6 Recommendations..........................................................................................................49
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................51
Books and Journals:.............................................................................................................51
APPENDIX....................................................................................................................................56

Project title: To investigate conflict management approaches used by project
manager to assure project success
Chapter 1: INTRODCUTION
1.1 Background to the research
This research aims to investigate conflict management approaches which are to be
applied by project manager to assure project success. It is identified that in nowadays
organisation need to give more focus on resolution of conflicts as there are many conflicts that
are arising due to many factors (Elgoibar, Euwema and Munduate, 2017). Factors that influence
conflicts in organisation are politics, cultural environment of workplace, diversities, etc. These
factors give a great influence on organisation success and growth as it decline the motivation and
productivity in employees. There are many conflict issues occurs in the organisation such as
cultural and gender issues, clashes in personality, poor communication, sharing resources,
contrasting styles, etc. Cultural issue is one of the important issues which come in every
organisation. These are matters that have an effect on the nature and culture of society. These
issues can be the changing nature of employees and employees needs and demands (Nicholas,
and Steyn, 2017). This is the main reason that companies need to take a corrective measure in
order to resolve conflicts in the workplace. It is identified that if companies cannot take a right
action then they can face many negative consequences in the organisation. For that purpose,
organisation need to used conflict management approaches so that they can make assure about
project success. These all cultural issues and challenges have to be faced by project manager.
The company which is taken in this research report is Galliford Try is the British construction
company which is registered in the London. It is formally involved in house building and these
results in selling its housing business to Bovis Homes. This was founded in the year 1908 and
considers being the public limited company. This construction company is facing certain cultural
issues and conflict within an organisation. It is between the employees who are working there.
This report includes research rationale, research methodology, literature review, data and
interpretation as this helps the investigator in identifying their truth results. At last this research
covers recommendations, conclusion and reflection of investigator.

1.2 Research question, aims and objectives
Research aim:
“To evaluate conflict management approaches used by project manager to assure project
success.” A case study on Galliford Try’s Residential building construction Project
Research objective:
Based on above aim, following dissertation objectives are as follows:-
 To develop understanding about the concept of conflict management.
 To assess theories and models associated with conflict management within construction
sector.
 To investigate challenges facing by Galliford Try’s Residential building with regards to
conflict management.
 To recommend effectual strategies to Galliford Try’s Residential building for conflict
management.
Research questions:
Based on research objectives, following research questions can be framed:
A research question is:
 What are the challenges in implementing models associated with conflict management in
the construction field?
1.3 Justification of research
This research is based on cultural issues and conflict management approaches that are
being involved in the organisation. The diverse cultural background of the individuals engaged in
the execution of the proposed residential project can have major implication on the execution of
the respective project plan (Rahim and Katz, 2019). The inability of the project members to
facilitate the acceptance and coordinate with their colleagues can lead to major threats on the
functioning and management of the residential project. The proposed research report is important
because this helps the manager in focusing on certain challenges which are being involved in the
organisational among employees. It will help in the determination of the most potential obstacles
in terms of cultural and diversity in the organisation. It will also assist the manager in the
implementation and regulation of the appropriate conflict resolution techniques which will help
the employees to facilitate better understanding and coordination. The report will also provide
an opportunity to the researcher to acquire essential insights pertaining to the cultural aspect of

management and gain relevant understanding in relation with the same. This research topic is
essential because it helps the investigator in enhancing the knowledge and skills used in this
project (Hobbs, and Petit, 2017). The analytical skills of the investigator will be encouraged
through this research study which in turn will facilitate in the professional development of he
same. The overall knowledge of the researcher pertaining to the respective topic will be
accelerated as well. The facilitation of the proposed research study will also broaden the scope
of research in the field of cultural and management. It can be stated the execution of the
particular research will lead to greater advancement and will serve a foundation for conducting
further research activities and operations in the field of cultural management.
1.4 Outline methodology
Research methodology can be identified as the appropriate tools and techniques taken
into consideration in order to gather analyse or examine the data and information necessary for
the facilitation of the research study (Snyder, 2019). The philosophy of pragmatism has been
selected in order to realise the finding and outcomes of the research study in numerical. The
research strategy that will be exercised in order to lead the research further can be termed as
literature review as well as survey (Ørngreen and Levinsen, 2017). This research report is using
quantitative method because it helps in easy to understand with the help of statistical data. For
that purpose the researcher uses categorical data that includes bar graphs, pie chart, etc.
Quantitative method has been selected by the researcher in order to facilitate the analysis and
interpretation of the research report in a statistical form. Quantitative method of research is time
efficient and more reliable and appropriate in relation with the concerned research study. In the
respective research study, both primary as well as secondary tool of data collection has been
utilised by the researcher in order to acquire the specific information and data (Mohajan, 2018).
Primary tool is utilised in order to gain information from the source of questionnaire. Secondary
tool of data collection is taken into utilisation in order to acquire required data for literature
review. Questionnaire can be termed as the research instrument incorporated in the respective
report in order to accumulate the collect the data from the research participants who are a
prominent part of the research study (Zangirolami-Raimundo, Echeimberg and Leone, 2018).
The research study is conducted in accordance with all the ethical considerations in order to
alleviate the degree of authenticity of the same.

1.5 Outline of the rest of the dissertation
Outline of the dissertation can be characterised as a section of the research study that
reflects upon the systemic overview about the different chapters that will be incorporated within
the research report (Wong and et. al., 2018). It details about the key aspects of each chapter in
order to lead the research in an organised manner. In the proposed research report, there are five
major chapters. The information in respect with what will be discussed in each chapter is
mentioned below:-
Introduction
It can be termed as the first and foremost chapter of the research. Introduction involves
the background of the research (Tabassi, Abdullah and Bryde, 2019). It also highlights upon the
aims and objective of the proposed research as well as the research questions pertaining to the
topic. The justification behind the behind conducting the research is also discussed in the
chapter. A brief outline about the proposed methodology as well as the structure of the report is
mentioned under this chapter as well. The detailed summary in context to the entire chapter is
also discussed at the end of this section.
Literature review
The respective chapter will involve the formation of literature in relation with the topic
selected for the research purpose (Owan, 2018). Various articles and journals of different authors
will be examined in order to formulate this section in an effective manner. The concerned section
allows the investigator to bridge the gaps pertaining to the research study in appropriate manner.
Every given objective of the research is provided with the relevant discussion in the respective
chapter of the research study.
Methodology
The respective chapter involves the various research approaches and methodologies
utilised by the researches in order to process the information in a systemic way (Rispens, Jehn
and Steinel, 2021). Research philosophy, tools of data collection, research approach, research
instrument, research strategy, sampling procedures and technique etc. are discussed within the
respective chapter. It is a very significant and important chapter as the further data analysis and
interpretation is based upon the approaches and techniques selected in this particular chapter.
Finding and Analysis

This can be termed as a chapter of the research study in which the research information is
examined and analysed in order to interpret the relevant findings from the same. In order to
analyse the quality information, frequency distribution is capitalised by the researcher as it is
more suitable method relation with the existing research study.
Conclusion
It can be termed as the last chapter of the dissertation way. The conclusion of the report
needs to be very precise and impactful in order to sum up the entire work facilitated by the
researcher in a productive manner. It summarises the entire dissertation and concludes the
finding of the same in a very deliberate manner. The respective part of the research study
signifies the accomplishment of the aims as well as objectives of the research study in an
effective way.
Chapter 1 Summary
From the introductory chapter, it can be summarised that culture play a significant role in
the management process conducted by the business organisations. In terms of residential
building project, it becomes very necessary for the management personnel to deal effectively
with the emerging diversification in the cultural aspect of the co-workers (Morselli and et. al.,
2017). The manger is required to ensure that all the workers are on the same level of acceptance
in order to implement the business operations of the project plan in accordance with the
predetermine criterion set for the same. The introductory section of this research section
highlights upon the aims and objectives of the research report as well as research question that
needs to be answered in the further course of the research plan. The research in the above
mentioned domain is externally important to be conducted so as individuals working under such
condition can gain insights about the ways and measures through which they can enhance their
operations (Kay and Skarlicki, 2020). The research can also reduce the repercussions associated
with the concerned situation. The methodology of the research report is also discussed in the
respective chapter. The proposed chapter also lays concern over the structure that will be
followed through the research. It depicts what will be discussed under each chapter and provides
relevant information associated with each chapter as well.

CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW
2.0 Introduction
Literature review can be characterised as the review of scholarly articles by the legitimate
authors in order to provide an overview about the topic that has been selected by the researcher.
The respective part provides the necessary information in relation with the topic chosen for the
facilitation of the dissertation. As per the respective research, articles related to cultural
management will be discussed under this section in order to develop a literature that is
significant in terms of proving necessary information related to the objective illustrated in the
respective report. The secondary sources of information and data such as Books, journal,
magazines, online articles, newspapers etc. has been utilised in order to design the receptive
literature in an effective manner. The main objective and purpose of incorporating the literature
review is to facilitate the solution the existing gaps in the research study. The concern gap in this
research study can be defined as the challenges associated with the conflict management in
construction and the models that needs to be incorporated in order to solve the same. The
proposed literature review will try to exhibit the relevant information in respective domain.
2.1 Theme 1-To develop understanding about the concept of conflict management
According to the viewpoint of Aref Charehzehi and et. al., 2017 it can be stated that
conflict management is an integral part of every given business organization. Conflict
management is required to solve the conflicts issues that are poor communication, personality
clashes, discrimination, competition, politics etc. This type of conflicts creates issues in
organisation which ultimately effect on companies operation and functions. It just not effect on
organisational goals but also it gives impact on employee’s productivity and efficiency (Niu, Li
and Liu, 2020). If the company wants to grow successfully and sustainability then they have to
focus on conflicts issues in which they the use of appropriate conflict management approaches.
Conflict issues ruins employee-employer relationship which effect on their objectives and goals.
It can be defined as a concept wherein the management of a business organization is required to
identify and determine potential solution to the emerging conflicts within the business
environment. The main purpose behind the same to ensure that the firm eliminates the root
causes of the conflicting factor. The former process leads to smoother flow of business activities
within the organizational setting. Construction industry is a very complex industry and there are

numerous elements and aspects associated with the same. It can say that the bigger the project is,
the higher the chances of disagreements and disputes are. A large amount of investment is
incurred in order to lead the plan of construction (Yin and et. al., 2020). The stakes are very high
and the management staff handing the same are required processing the project plan in way that
the goals are met in an efficient and effective manner without any interruption. It can be said that
potential conflicts within the workforce may cause various implications on the construction
project. The project timeline can be compromised due to the emerging conflicts within the staff
members. This can also lead to delay of the construction plan and the money invested could also
get wasted as well. Disputes can hamper the productivity as well as work performance of the
employees as well. The construction industry works in a very organized and systemic manner
which means that the employees working under the same are required to be sincere and focused
upon their work. Their concentration needs to be alignment to the construction goals and
objective. Hence, it becomes really important for the managerial staff to ensure that every
individual is aligned and inclined towards the goals. It is required that the managers to monitor
that the interrelationship and equations among the employees. The respective practice can allow
them to identify any potential communication gap or other conflicting attributes that can hinder
their performance (Butler, 2018). In order to deal with the conflict situations in the construction
sector, it is necessary for the business firm to implement techniques which can reduce the
implication of these conflicts. The constructions form needs to focus upon the encouragement of
their work productivity and performance and the elimination of the distressing factors as well. In
order to promote smooth flow of functioning and operations within this sector, the business firms
need to ensure that coordination and cooperation is facilitates in a productive and effective
manner. The construction organizations are required to extremely be assertive towards
monitoring the behaviours of the individuals so as to assess their working rapport. In order to
find solution to the conflicts, it is very necessary for the construction organization to understand
the reason behind the same terms (Caputo, Ayoko and Amoo, 2018). A detailed assessment in
various dimensions needs to be facilitated by the concerned firms so as to realize the potential
causes behind the conflicts. There are various significant models that have been introduced in the
business environment in order to assist the organizations in solving their concerns and issues
relating to the conflict management. The construction firm needs to select or choose the most

appropriate conflict management technique that aligns with the organization culture and existing
environment of the firm.
2.2 Theme 2-To assess theories and models associated with conflict management within
construction sector
According to Lu and Wang, J., 2017, it is necessary for the organisation that they have to
use some theories and models in order to reduce conflicts in organisation. In the case of
construction sector, they are always have a project that need to be accomplish within time period
and that time if any conflicts occurred then it is possible that they are not completing the project
successfully. So for that purpose organisations need to use some important methods in order to
resolve employee’s issues and challenges. It can be effectively done with the help of some
important models and theories of conflict management so that Construction Company can
successfully compel their project. So for that purpose, there are some important models of
conflict manage that are Khun and Poole's model, DeChurch and Marks's meta-taxonomy, and
Rahim's meta-model (White and et. al., 2020). These are the best models that help in
identification of reason that arise conflicts in construction companies so that they can formulate
strategies in order to deal with them. Company should be using these models so that they can
find the reason and solutions of conflict management. It is necessary for the company that they
have to make sure the effective implementation of these models as it assist them to reduce the
conflicts in organisation so that construction company make sure that they can accomplish their
goals and objectives by successfully completing the project.
According to Hossu and et. al., 2018, first model of conflict management i.e. Khun and
Poole's model that are concerned with two important sub models which includes integrative and
distributive. Distributive is the model in which an organisation provides a task that gives win
lose situation. A person who win the situation then they get positive outcomes and other one lose
them. Integrative model is helpful as it integrate two groups by understanding the needs and
wants of two groups so that they can find out the best possible outcome (Lesher and et. al.,
2019). This model is more focusing on compromise by both sides of groups so that they can
remove the conflict. It is identified by that integrative model is more appropriate than distributive
model. This model becomes very beneficial for the company if they can implement in order to
resolve the issues.

According to Patton, 2017, the second model is DeChurch and Marks's meta-taxonomy
which assist them to take competitive advantage in the market with the help of resolving by 2
subtext. First is activeness that becomes necessary for the construction company if they enter
into a project. With the help of activeness they directly involved in the conversation so that
everything is clarified and cannot be changed by any other party. According to the activeness
every member is including which related to the project. It is necessary that company have to take
some important measures why they are talking about project details (Ghavifekr, Nair and
Ibrahim, 2019). They are concerned with resources and time period of project. It gives benefit to
the parties that they can negotiate together so that they can come at a single point. On the other
hand second is agreeableness which mainly focuses on compromise by both parties. In the
second point of this model states that both parties should be agreed on each other point of view
so that they can perform for a common goal or a purpose. It becomes beneficial for the company
that parties are agreed in order to complete the task (Zahlquist and et. al., 2019). Main thing that
should be kept in mind of parties is they have no right to give any surprises. For example one
party thought that they have to use expertise knowledge in order to gain profits. But it is not
appropriate if they are not agreed with other party. It is analysed that activeness and
agreeableness becomes beneficial for the successful project as it reduces the all chances of
creating conflicts by discussing on each and every point. If company can successfully discuss
with the client related to their project then it will be definitely complete within time period. It is
very necessary that conflict should be removing by using this type of model. This model gives
helps to both parties by giving opportunity to clarify all the things essentially. It almost removes
the causes of conflicts issues which cannot create any conflicts between parties (Shanka and
Thuo, 2017). A company can achieve the goals and objectives when parties are ready to work in
a collaborative manner which can be done with the help of this model as it reduced all the causes
and chances for raising any conflicts. Company needs to take care that what they have to be
choose between activeness and agreeableness. That means it is not good if a company choose
agreeableness when they need activeness.
According to Benitez, Medina and Munduate, 2018, Rahim's meta-model states that
conflict can be remove with the help of two dimensions that are concern for self and concern for
other. According to Rahim it is identified that no single model can reduce and manage conflicts.
They thought that there is no single model available in the market that health organisation to

reduce and manage conflicts (Jagannathan, Sathiesh Kumar and Meganathan, 2019). This model
states that instead of creating any model, Rahim creating Meta model which is based on five
important management approaches. 5 important management approaches are avoiding,
integrating, dominating, compromising and obliging. First management approaches integration
that refers to looking for alternatives, openness, examine differences, exchange information, in
order to solve the problem which can be accepted by both parties. It clearly states that parties
need to identify for more alternatives which helps them to stay on a common point. They have to
look forward for minimising differences with the help of analysing them (Chaziza, 2018). The
main purpose of integration is integrate or combined each other point of view so that they can
agree with them. The second management approaches is management approaches is obliging
which always focus on reducing the differences with the help of increasing for highlighting some
common things between parties so that they can satisfy. In the third management approaches
dominating which mainly concerned with the one party that always when the situation and ignore
those needs and expectations of another party. It is not so much effective because other party
cannot be agreeing with that situation. The second last management approaches avoiding that it
always avoids their own and other party concern. That means they cannot give focus on their
own requirements as well as other party requirement. The last management approaches
compromising which is a situation of give and take with both parties something give up and
something achieve (Piryani and Piryani, 2018). It is the situations where both parties are
mutually accept a decision.
It is analysed from the above discussion that a company can be manage with the help of
using some important theories and models. Conflict is not an external situation which has to be
accepting but it is a situation that is occurred due to the internal factors. If Galliford wants to
complete the project then they need to reduce conflicts between the parties. It can be done with
the help of using appropriate models and theories. Organisations critically analyse each conflict
management approaches which can be suited to their situation and did not rely only on one
model. So if company adopt best conflict management model then they can achieve
organisational objectives and increase employee’s productivity.

2.3 Theme 3-To investigate challenges facing by Galliford Try’s Residential building with
regards to conflict management.
According to Almas, 2018, it is not easy for an organisation that they can manage conflict
in the business. A company need to identify all challenges that they are facing and analyse for
the purpose of finding the best solution to overcome the challenges. Complexities in organisation
get rises day by day. Due to the high competition in the market place, every organisation focuses
on making strategies in order to retain in the market. In the case of Construction Company, they
have to make many projects in which many persons are involved that creates conflict issues
(Gossman, Ellis and Toney-Butler, 2020). With the participation of more and more people it is
obvious that it raises conflicts in the company. Conflicts issues such as differences in perception,
goals and objectives are different, cultural and personality issues, poor communication, etc. This
means that if a company cannot take any action regarding the goals and objectives that they
become in a bad situation. It is necessary for a company to find the solutions in order to deal with
challenges. In conflict management, it is finding that this is not an easy task for any organisation.
In conflict management process, they need to change perception of each person which is not
easily possible. Every person has certain different aspects, which becomes very tough for
company that should match with their objectives (Bakaki and Mehrl, 2021). They have to try
more and more approaches so that they can reduce or resolve conflicts. Some important
challenges that faced by company during the challenge management process which have to be
resolved by the company. It becomes necessary if company wants to achieve organisational
success and sustainable growth in the marketplace. Business environment get more complex and
competitive that creates many uncertainty for company. There are many internal external factors
which influence organisation operations and employees performance. Sometimes it causes
conflicts between employees and employee relationships. For example due to inflation
employees are in difficulty that they have to manage their expenditures but it becomes very
tough for organisation that they increase their salary. Due to this, employees are not ready to give
their best and perform (Lee and Kim, 2017). Employee’s efficiency and productivity are day to
day decreases. It gives directly impact on organisation. A company cannot achieve their
objectives without the support of their employees. The only reason of their success is employee’s
productivity and efficiency and if it affects due to any conflict issues then it becomes very
difficult for a company.

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abstract.similar-articles.1&>

APPENDIX
Questionnaire
1. Do you have the experience of working with individuals from diverse cultures and
background?
a) Yes
b) No
2. Did you like collaborating with peers and colleagues from different cultures?
a) Yes
b) No
3. Do you agree that cultural diversity in workforce can benefit the business institution?
a) Agree
b) Neutral
c) Disagree
4. What is the most essential attribute that needs to be exercised by the management while
facilitating operation within multi cultural environment?
a) Equal opportunities for growth & development
b) Communication
c) Team work
d) Fair treatment of employees
5. Have you ever been a part of conflict based upon cultural diversity?
a) Yes
b) No
6. According to you, Is conflict can create any barriers in the success of project?
a) Yes
b) No
7. How conflicts create barriers in the process of successful project management?
a) Reduction in employees’ efficiency
b) Demotivate employees
c) Create distractions for employees
8. According to your viewpoint, Is company can take any action for the resolution of conflicts?

a) Yes
b) No
9. In your opinion, what are the major sources of conflict generation within an organisational
setting?
a) Cultural diversity among employees
b) Issues pertaining to labour legislation
c) Ineffective communication practices
d) Lack of collaboration and cooperation
10. Does your organisation have a set and defined policies and procedures related to conflict
management?
a) Yes
b) No
11. Choose the most frequent actions taken by the employees in order to report conflicts within
the business enterprise?
a) Ignore the conflicting situation
b) Report to the manager
c) Mutual solution and compromise
12. Are you satisfied with the conflict management approaches implemented by the business
firm?
a) Yes
b) No
13. Do you think that project manager can contribute towards the conflict management?
a) Agree
b) Neutral
c) Disagree
14. Select the most relevant measure utilised by project manager in order to facilitate conflict
resolution with the firm?
a) Elimination of the source of conflict
b) Immediate action on the conflict
c) Avoidance
d) Compromise

15. On a scale of 1 to 5, how would you mark the performance of project manager in resolving
the cultural conflicts within the business institution?
a) 1
b) 2
c) 3
d) 4
e) 5
16. What are the recommendations that you would like to suggest to the Project Manager in
order to reduce conflicts within the organisation?
a) Positive and health working environment
b) Flexibility in work and hours
c) Open Communication
d) Team spirit
e) Conflict resolution training
17. What are some important models that helps organisation to reduce conflict and effectively
manage conflict?
a) Khun and Poole's model
b) DeChurch and Marks's meta-taxonomy
c) Rahim's meta-model