Analysis of UK Terrorist Attacks and Hate Crimes

This assignment requires a thorough analysis of terrorist attacks in the UK, focusing on challenges faced due to incomplete or inconsistent data. Students are expected to evaluate available datasets from government agencies and police forces, acknowledging variations in hate crime occurrences over years. The task involves assessing the reliability of data sources and comparing findings with similar research like 'A Framework for Analyzing the Total Economic Impacts of Terrorist Attacks'.

DISSERTATION

Contents
Contents...........................................................................................................................................2
CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY.............................................................................1
3.1 Introduction............................................................................................................................1
3.2 Research Strategy..................................................................................................................1
3.3 Research approach.................................................................................................................1
3.4 Research design.....................................................................................................................2
3.5 Research Philosophy..............................................................................................................2
3.6 Data collection method..........................................................................................................2
3.7 Data constraints.....................................................................................................................3
3.8 Data analysis..........................................................................................................................3
3.9 Ethical consideration.............................................................................................................4
3.10 Research Limitation.............................................................................................................4
REFERENCES................................................................................................................................5

CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 Introduction
This is an important part in in dissertation and as it was discussed earlier this chapter is
included in the research. It consist of information about the type of methods and techniques that
are used to carry out the topic. With this respect, it consist of various type of tools and
procedures like research approach, data collected, analysis, etc. The present topic is focused on
understanding the relationship between terrorist events and increase in hate crime incidents. To
carry out the research in effective manner, the focus is made on selecting appropriate
methodologies so that information can be gathered and evaluated.
3.2 Research Strategy
There are two different type of strategies through which investigation can be conducted
and these are quantitative and qualitative. Quantitative is a type that that focus on statistical
methods like standard deviation, correlation, regression, etc. On the other hand, quantitative aims
at making use of theoretical aspect for the entire study (Landau, Mitnik and Lev-Ari, 2016). Both
are highly effective to conduct the research in effective manner. Among these two strategies, the
researcher has made use of quantitative strategy in which the data from government websites of
UK from 1990 to 2015 are analysed. There are many terrorist attacks that took place and this
caused increase in hate crimes in UK. This enables to develop in depth understanding about the
research.
3.3 Research approach
Research approach is a type of research methodology in which it focus on the pattern of
data collected. Research approach are of two types which are deductive and inductive. Deductive
approach aims at conducting the research from specific to general. On the other hand, inductive
is focused on presenting the research from general to specific (Hwang, Mossa-Basha and Anzai,
2016). The topic that is selected is initially explained in general way and then they are explained
in specific manner. Both these have their own set of importance and disadvantages. Inductive is
flexible as investigator need not to follow any type of pre-determined information. Deductive is
dependent on the methods of testing hypotheses. In accordance with the research topic,
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investigator has made use of deductive approach. Among these two approaches, deductive is
selected by the research as is focus on explaining the topic from generalized way and to specific.
3.4 Research design
Research design is a process that enables to present the information collected for the
research topic. These are of different types of research design which includes descriptive,
correlational, semi-experimental, experimental, review, etc. All these are helpful enough to
gather data in effective manner (Mammen, Norton and Butz, 2016). Correlational is focused on
observational study and case studies that are helpful in providing adequate information. Further,
Semi-experimental are those research designs that aim at quasi experiments and field
experiments. Lastly, descriptive research design focus on describing the characteristics of
population selected for the study. Among these, the researcher has made use of descriptive
research design as it is helpful enough to focus on the case studies that have occurred in relation
with terrorist attack happened in UK and it also includes survey and observation. Descriptive
design has helped in identifying the changes in characteristic of UK population due to terrorist
event taken place. More specifically, the rate of harassments was high but with increase in
terrorist event rate of crime related to public fear, alarm or distress raised by the year 2002.
3.5 Research Philosophy
This refers to assumptions, values and belief that are considered by the target population.
These are of two types which are positivism and interpretivism. Interpretivism is dependent on
the fact and numerical aspects of the research (Muriana and Vizzini, 2017). On the other hand,
positivism make analysis of facts and figures related with quantitative analysis made. Among
these two philosophies, the investigator has made use of positivism as the main focus is made on
the secondary information and the related facts and figures that are identified. This enables to
make proper analysis and in presenting the data collected or gathered in effective manner.
3.6 Data collection method
There are two different type of method that are conducted that enable to gather
information with respect to the topic. With this respect, it includes primary, secondary and
tertiary methods. Primary methods are those data that are gathered for the first time, it includes
methods like interview, questionnaire, observation, etc. (Raynor, Ayubcha and Alavi, 2017). On
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the other hand, secondary information are those which are already gathered by some other
researcher. Investigator has made use of secondary data as it help to conduct the research and in
determining the evaluation that are made by the investigator. Further, the information is gathered
from government agencies and their websites that includes various form of crime. There are
proper records maintained government agencies of the crime activities that are occurred in UK
since 1990 to 2015. Moreover, there are 11 religiously aggravated crime types that happened
within 1990- 2000 and it also includes 12 similar crimes that happen during the year 2000- 2015.
This information from the year 1990 to 2015 has provided data about different type of crime that
has taken place related with racially/ religiously aggravated crime and these data are used in this
research. In addition to this, in 2010 system of reporting changed for hate crime. The hate crime
were broken down into 5 strands which are race, religion, sexual orientation, disability and
transgender, these information from 2010 to 2015 are also used. These secondary data could help
in understanding the relationship of terrorist attacks and reasons for increased ratio of hate
crimes in UK.
3.7 Data constraints
There are three different set of information that are gathered in which it include list of
crimes that happened in the year 1990 to 2000. One of the constrain faced in this areas was that
there were no data available from the year 1990 to 1998. Further, data was gathered from crime
occurred in the year 2000 to 2015. There was difficulty in sorting out the information as per the
crime and on yearly basis. Lastly, from the data gathered for the year 2010 to 2015 was available
in yearly basis and it was difficult to make it combined and to make it as single data.
3.8 Data analysis
Data analysis enables to come up with appropriate result in accordance with the research
topic. There are two different types of data analysis which are qualitative and quantitative.
Among these two, researcher has made use of quantitative analysis for understanding the impact
of terrorist events on hate crime incidents. SPSS has been used to present the information in the
form of regression, correlation, etc. The researcher analysed the data sets on historical crime that
were available through government websites. This way, SPSS was helpful to make use of the
data and to come up with appropriate outcome in knowing the relationship between terrorist
attacks and increased hate crime in UK. When comparing and viewing the data of different
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years, the impact of terrorist event on hate crime could be analysed. Further to conduct the
research, descriptive statistic is used in which different variables are analysed and T-test is also
applied to test hypothesis. In the data gathered, there were missing values which was main data
constrain.
3.9 Ethical consideration
These are important points that were considered by the researcher so that there are not
negative impact over the society. As the information gathered is secondary so it requires to have
effective analysis made for the relevant sources (Médici and Allen, 2016). It is important that
proper information is provided to government agencies so that they understand the requirement
and provided information as per requirements. Further, all the information that are provided in
journals, articles or through any other sources should not be used as it is. This is a type of
condition due to which the issue of plagiarism increases. In addition to this, it requires to have
proper citation done for the data that use by secondary sources. Account to be made online so as
to access the articles.
3.10 Research Limitation
There are different types of limitations raised in order to conduct the research in effective
manner. With this respect, information was required from the year 1990 but it was available from
1999. The data was gathered from police force and government agencies but there are limitations
faced due to lack of information and accuracy. It was difficult to gather relevant information as
search was made to list out the terrorist attacks that happened in UK. Further, there are different
type of crime in relation with racial and religious aggravated in which for many of the crimes the
data were missing. There are number of data available from the data of government agencies and
police forces but there was limitations faced in distributing the data and to change it to reliable
source. Apart from this, there are variations that can be identified in the hate crime over years
which show inconsistency. Research conducted on similar topic like A Framework for Analyzing
the Total Economic Impacts of Terrorist Attacks and Natural Disasters also faced problem with
respect to inaccurate set of data as many of the terrorist attacks may not be recorded links but can
be found on others web sources (Rose, 2009).
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REFERENCES
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Mammen, J. R., Norton, S. A. and Butz, A. M., 2016. New approaches to qualitative
interviewing: Development of a card sort technique to understand subjective patterns of
symptoms and responses. International journal of nursing studies.58. pp.90-96.
Muriana, C. and Vizzini, G., 2017. Project risk management: A deterministic quantitative
technique for assessment and mitigation. International Journal of Project
Management.35(3). pp.320-340.
Raynor, W., Ayubcha, C. and Alavi, A., 2017. Assessing global uptake of 18F-sodium fluoride
in the femoral neck: a novel quantitative technique to evaluate changes in bone turnover
with age. Journal of Nuclear Medicine.58(supplement 1). pp.1223-1223.
Médici, E. F. and Allen, J. S., 2016. A Quantitative Technique to Compare Experimental
Observations and Numerical Simulations of Percolation in Thin Porous Materials. Transport
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Rose, A. Z., 2009. A framework for analyzing the total economic impacts of terrorist attacks and
natural disasters. Journal of Homeland Security and Emergency Management. 6(1).
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