Analysis of Traffic Accident Data on A406 North Circular Road in UK

This research study aims to evaluate the road traffic accidents and injured people in the UK, specifically focusing on the A406 North Circular Road. The study will analyze the current rate of road traffic accidents, examine the reasons behind the increasing number of accidents, and recommend strategies to reduce accidents.

ANALYSIS OF TRAFFIC ACCIDENT DATA ON A406 NORTH
CIRCULAR ROAD IN UK
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Table of Contents
Chapter 1: Introduction.................................................................................6
1.1: Introduction.........................................................................................6
1.2: Background of the study.....................................................................6
1.3: Aims, Objectives and research questions...........................................7
1.4: Rationale of the study.........................................................................8
1.5: Significance of the research...............................................................9
1.6: Structure of the dissertation..............................................................10
1.7: Summary..........................................................................................10
Chapter 2: Literature Review......................................................................11
2.1: Introduction.......................................................................................11
2.2: Analysis of the reasons behind the increasing number of accidents
on A-road in the UK.................................................................................11
3. Methodology...........................................................................................15
4. Background information and data presentation of road accident...........17
5. Quantitative Analysis..............................................................................21
6. Findings..................................................................................................28
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7. Discussion and Recommendations........................................................29
8. Conclusion..............................................................................................32
9. Reference...............................................................................................33
10. Appendix............................................................................................36
Appendix 1: Analysis of Accidents in the A roads of UK 2009 - 2019.....36
Appendix 2: Accident Severity.................................................................37
Appendix 3: Road Surface Conditions.....................................................38
Appendix 4: Carriageway Hazards..........................................................39
Appendix 5Accidents in Urban or Rural Area..........................................39
Appendix 6: Police Officer Attend Scene of Accident..............................40
Appendix 7: Special Conditions at Site....................................................40
Appendix 8: Weather Conditions.............................................................41
Appendix 9: Light Conditions...................................................................41
Appendix 10:Pedestrians Crossing Human Control................................42
Appendix 11: Pedestrians Crossing Physical Facilities...........................42
Appendix 12: Total Police Force involved in reducing the Accident cases
.................................................................................................................43
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List of Figures
Figure 1.1: Economic burden of traffic accidents in the UK..........................5
Figure 1.2: Structure of the dissertation.......................................................7
Figure 2.2: Number of accidents as per vehicle type...................................9
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List of tables
Table 2.1: Total number of causalities in the severities of the reported
accident......................................................................................................14
Table 2.2: Fatal accident rate of the UK.....................................................15
Table 2.2: Rate of slightly injured due to accident in the UK......................16
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Abstract
The paper reviews about the road traffic accident data analysis that have
been turned out to be huge global public health as well as development
problem. In UK, it has rapidly increased the rate of accidents and deaths in
relation to large number of vehicles on the road. Also realizing that required
to establish an effective baseline information on this study.
The review the paper and realized that road traffic accidents not only
harm the persons involved in the accident. But it also affecting on the while
economy of nation. The A- ROAD OF UK is a technically advanced
country. As per current statistics, almost 38.4 million cars run every day on
the roads of the A- ROAD OF UK. However, all the cars do not follow the
road safety rules properly and the number of car accidents is continuously
increasing in the A-roads of the A- ROAD OF UK (statista.com. 2018).
Heavy vehicles and goods carriage vans are mostly involved in accident
cases. Sometimes fatal accidents lead to serious injuries of all persons
involved in the accidents. The increasing number of traffic accidents also
affects the growth of theA- ROAD OF UK economy. Therefore, it is
important to identify the main reasons behind the increasing number of
traffic accidents in the A- ROAD OF UK along with its impact on the
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economy of the A- ROAD OF UK and the health and wellbeing of the A-
ROAD OF UK citizens. In case of road service condition the p-value came
out to be 0.04 which is found to be most significant independent variable
that is able to render impact in changing the intensity of road accidents in
the A-roads of A- ROAD OF UK. Recommendations are drawn over the
fact that it is highly essential to police officer that should be present in
accident prone zones. Secondly there is higher importance to the light
conditions in the night or in Sub-urban areas which requires significant
improvement. The road service conditions in the roads of A- ROAD OF UK
should also be improved in order to avoid the intensity of accidents which
are found to get lowered after 2017 and onwards.
Keywords
Traffic accidents, number of vehicles, pedestrians, drink and
driving,Pedestrians Crossing, Physical Facilities, Human Control, Road
Surface Conditions, A406 North Circular Road in A- ROAD OF UK,
Weather Conditions, light Conditions
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Chapter 1: Introduction
1.1: Introduction
Road and traffic accidents are mainly involved uncertainty but represents
as unpredictable. These are considered as road traffic accident on the
basis of different causes which depending on the different variables such
as pedestrians, unlawful crossing the pedestrians. As per survey, it has
been determined that it has increasing the road traffic accident on regular
basis in United Kingdom. In order to determine rate of road traffic accident
through statistical data, there are approximately 38.4 million cars run every
day on the roads of the A-road of UK.It has been observed that total
injuries as recorded during 2018 is 1,22,635 compared to the accidents
recorded on 1979 which was 2,54,965 (GOV.A- ROAD OF UK, 2020).
Furthermore, this report will discuss about the various reasons behind
the accidents. It mainly include improper driver behavior, risky driving and
driving in fatigued conditions (Smith,. 2016). It will be examined the another
reason of accident being not following traffic rules. The solutions to
tacklethe road accidents are improving transport infrastructure and use of
safety measures as per guidelines of ISO 39001(Concaet al., 2016).The
application of simulation based technology to assess the risk of accident
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and takes necessary measures to mitigate the occurrence of accidents
(Waizmanet al., 2015).The increasing number of traffic creating congestion
at A- Road Of UK. It is estimated that the situation will be very challenging
during 2030.To manage the situation and control the traffic congestion
several measures like efficient pricing, smart motorways, improvised bus
services etc. can be applied to solve the problem. Data models based on
the factors like causalities, information about roads, types of vehicles and
license related issues gives the reasons of the upsurge of the traffic at A-
Road in UK.
1.2: Background of the study
The number of traffic accidents is increasing on the roads of the UK along
with the increasing number of motor vehicles. Therefore, Traffic accidents
are not only harmful for people life but also majorly affected the overall
economic growth of UK. As per the current statistics of 2018, almost 1784
people have died on road accidents in the UK and more than 25,511
people have become seriously injured in road accidents (brake.org.uk,
2020). Current statistics say that the cost of road accidents in the UK is
near to £2.2 millionin 2018 (statista.com, 2018). The cost can increase
further and can reach to £26.1 million in the coming years (statista.com,
2018). This can be considered as a huge economic burden and the GDP
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growth of the UK can be largely affected by it (togetherforsaferroads.org,
2020).
Figure 1.1: Economic burden of traffic accidents in the UK
(Source: statista.com, 2018)
Figure 1.1 shows that the road accidents are gradually decreasing. The
declining of accident rate is observed from 1990 and gradually it has been
decreased significantly.However there are challenges in other aspect. It
has been observed the deaths due accidents are still happening in
significant number. Every year in the A- ROAD OF UK somewhere in the
range of 3400 individuals died on the street accidents, of whom 218 are
children. A further 37000 are truly harmed and 272 500 marginally harmed.
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Hence conducting research is quite pertinent to analyze and find the cause
of such road accidents
1.3: Aims, Objectives and research questions
Aim
To evaluate the road traffic accidents and injured people in UK.
Objectives
 To determine the current rate of road traffic accident in UK
 To examine the reason of increasing the road traffic accident in UK.
 To evaluate comparison between the statistical data 2015 to 2018 in
context of performance and safety.
 To recommend strategies or measures to reduce the road traffic
accident in the United Kingdom.
Research Questions
 What is the current rate of traffic accidents on the roads of the UK?
 What are the major reasons behind the increase in the number of
traffic accidents on the roads of the UK?
 What are the types of injury occur due to accidents?
 What are the suggestions for reducing the rate of accidents in the
United Kingdom?
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1.4: Rationale of the study
From the background of the study, the major focus to delve into the factors
that are increasing the chances of road accidents in A406 North Circular
road of UK. It may happen that the main factors responsible for the
increase in road accidents are the increase in the number of cars, drink
driving, reckless driving, increase in the number of goods carriage vans,
lack of knowledge regarding the road safety rules and many other things
(Rolisonet al. 2018, p.12). Traffic incidents in the UK cause a lot of deaths
and injuries. The economic burden of traffic incidents is also increasing
every year (Wijnen and Stipdonk, 2016, p.98). Therefore, it can be said that
traffic incidents do not only affect the health and well-being of the persons
involved in the accidents but also the economic growth of the UK.
Reduction of GDP growth can harm the overall well-being of the citizens of
the country (Gorea, 2016, p.6494). Therefore, it is important to identify the
factors that lie behind the increase of traffic incidents on the roads of the
UK. Thisresearch evaluates the current data related to road accidents in
the UK for identifying the reasons behind the increased number of road
accidents in the UK.
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1.5: Significance of the research
The importance of research study is to determine the accurate rate of road
traffic accident in United Kingdom and also identifying the different
factorsresponsible for increasing the accident on regular basis. Moreover, it
can be determined the effectiveness of road safety laws in the country.
Through this study, investigator always tried to evaluate both social
as well as economic impact on the traffic crashes in UK. It is useful for
identifying the entire process and consider alternative method to reduce
the number of traffic crashes on the roads of the UK. This can facilitate the
economic growth of the UK and can control the negative impact of road
accidents on society. Therefore, it can be said that the research is
significant.
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1.6: Structure of the dissertation
Figure 1.2: Structure of the dissertation
1.7: Summary
The chapter discusses the background of the research work which provides
relevant data regarding the percentage of road accidents in the UK. Road
accidents have also been discussed in the background. The research aims
and objectives have been discussed in this chapter and the research
questions have also been formed. The rationale part of the chapter helps in
analyzing the significance of the research work. Moreover, the detailed
structure of the dissertation has been analyzed in this chapter.
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Chapter 5: Conclusion and rtecommendations
Chapter 4: Result and Discussion
Chapter 3: Methodology
Chapter 2: Literature review
Chpter 1: Introduction

Chapter 2: Literature Review
2.1: Introduction
The research papers that are reviewed and critically analyzed in this
chapter have also helped in collecting relevant secondary data for the
research work.
2.1 Current rate of road traffic accident in UK
As stated by (Gorea, 2016, p.6494). there is high rise in number of
accidents in UK. It is found that there were total 160,597 causualities
reported in 2018 in UK. But it is less than 6% as compared to 2017.
Besides that it is found that rate of fatalities per billion has reduced to 1%
from 5.43 to 5.38 in 2018. However, there were 25511 serious injury
reported in road traffic accident in UK. Moreover, total 1784 people killed
in 2018 due to accident since 2012 . however death was less than 1% as
compared to 2017.
2.2: Analysis of the reasons behind the increasing number of
accidents on A-road in the UK
According to Nævestadet al. (2015, p.96) road accidents is rising in
UK as people are not able to drive safely on road. Also, it is found that
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there are many reason due to which these accidents are occurring. So for
that both government as well as individuals are responsible for it. this is
because the government is not taking effective measure and action to
reduce accidents and also individuals are not responsible enough as well
for it. so, there are various reason for accidents which has been evaluated
as below
2.2.1Increased number of vehicles and pedestrians
The high population growth rate of the UK has caused an increase in the
number of vehicles and pedestrians on the roads of the UK
(seriousinjurylaw.co.uk, 2020). As a result of it, the roads are becoming
over congested which is the main reason behind the increased number of
traffic crashes on the roads of the UK. As per the point of view of Rolisonet
al. (2018, p.12), the drivers of large vehicles often do not follow the traffic
rules properly in the busy roads and because of this, the number of fatal
accidents on the roads of the UK has increased considerably. In many
cases, the pedestrians also do not follow the road safety rules properly
which can cause major accidents.
2.2.2 Drink driving
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Though the drink driving laws are very strict in the UK, studies have
revealed that a large number of drivers on the roads of the UK continue to
drink drive. As mentioned by Smith (2016, p.6), drink driving is a major
factor working behind the increase of road accidents on the highways of the
UK. As per the statistics of 2017, it has been shown that almost 14% of the
reported road accidents are caused by the faults of drunk drivers
(racfoundation.org, 2017). Notably, majority of the vehicles involved
areToyota Prius with 111 accidents per 10000 cars while Citroen Saxo with
106 and BMW 330D with 102 accidents per 10000 cars respectively.
2.2.3 Reckless driving
Researchers like Nævestadet al. (2015, p.96), think that reckless driving is
one of the major causes of the increasing number of road accidents in the
UK. Many of the drivers do not follow the speed limit specified for driving on
busy roads. Especially, the drivers of vans andgoods carriage vehicles
drive recklessly during night hours and as a result of it, they often lose their
control of their vehicles which leads to traffic crashes.
2.2.4 Casualty of drivers
In this context, it is possible to explain that carelessness of drivers is one of
the major reasons for the road accidents. It has been found that the
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casualty of drivers causes accidents on the A406 North Circular road in UK.
In this aspect, it can be stated by Localeet al. (2017, p. 241) that the
carelessness of driver sometimes causes distraction while driving on the
roads. As for this reason, the speed limit cannot be well contoured by the
driver during the car driving in the road. It causes a traffic accident in the
country. Moreover, it is needed to drive carefully on the road for preventing
an accident.
2.2.5 Pedestrian locality
Due to the location of the pedestrian, drivers cannot control the speed of
the car which causes an accident. In this situation, it has been identified
that the inattentiveness of drivers during cardriving causes a pedestrian
accident. It has been found that the rate of pedestrian accidents is
gradually increasing. For this reason, it is necessary to consider the
location of a pedestrian while driving the car. In this regard, it is also
required to take into account the driving speed so that a pedestrian
accident can be prevented in an effective note (Cartwrightet al. 2018, p.
303).
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Figure 2.3: Causes of traffic accident
(Source: Liu et al. 2018, p. 245)
2.2.6 Pedestrian movement
By considering the road safety strategy, pedestrian movement while
crossing the road needs to be taken into account for understanding the
causes of the accident. A road safety strategy in the country is made to
prevent the rate of road accidents. In this aspect, it has been found from
the study of Smith (2016, p. 245) that pedestrian movement without
considering the road safety strategy can cause accidents. In this regard, if
possible the driver needs to control the speed of the car on the road.
2.2.7 Failure to Use Safety Equipment
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Increased number of vehicles and pedestrians
Drink driving
Reckless driving
Pedestrian locality
Pedestrian movement
Avoiding safety gear
Condition of light

It has been identified that drivers sometimes avoid safety gear while driving
on the road. In this context, it can be possible to clarify from the opinion of
Harris et al. (2018, p. 140) that traffic accidents can happen due to
avoidable safety gear like seat belts and helmets. It is because wearing a
helmet or seat belt cans double the chances of surviving in the case of
serious accidents. In this regard, it is required to prevent deaths from
accidents by considering the use of safety equipment like helmets and seat
belts. It helps to keep people safe as well as intact in the case of a traffic
accident.
Conditions of light
On the roads, the light condition is one of the major aspects in causing an
accident. It has been detected from the study of Morgan et al. (2016, p.
103) that the condition of light on the road can cause traffic accidents. On
the other hand, drivers sometimes cross the vehicles by not considering
red light in a traffic signal. It also causes a traffic accident on the road.
From the above discussion, it can be possible to state that the reasons
behind the traffic accident need to be considered in order to prevent traffic
accidents in the country.
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2.3 Comparison between the statistical data 2015 to 2018
According to study done by (Data.gov.uk. 2020) it is found that in
2018 there were 1839 road fatalities in UK as compared to 1856 in 2017.
Moreover, there were 25511 serious injury in 2018 in road accidents and
in 2016 it was 24101 in 2017 it was 24831 and in 2015 it was 22144. .
Besides that in 2018 there were 133302 slight injuries in 2018 which is
less than 2015.
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So, it is stated that there is decline in injuries in 2018 as compared
to 2017. It is shown that 6% decrease in all casualties, 8 % in slightly
injured.
2.4 strategies or measures to reduce the road traffic accident
As said by Rolisonet al. 2018, p.12) there are several measures that
can be taken in order to reduce traffic accidents. This is necessary to take
so that people death can be reduced. So, the strategies taken are
signs boards- the UL government should post signs boards on both
sides of roads so that people can follow it while driving. These boards will
give them notification or make them aware. Through that it will be easy to
drive slowly and safely.
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Rules and regulations- the government should form strict rules and
regulation in driving. They must impose huge fines or cancel license of
people who met with accident. This will help in reducing accidents.
Providing training- here, training can be provided to drivers that how to
drive safely and carefully on road. Also, in that they can be trained how to
follow rules and regulations during driving. ….
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