Female Genital Mutilation Research Analysis

The provided assignment is a collection of research studies related to female genital mutilation (FGM). The studies cover various aspects of FGM, including its prevalence, cultural significance, health impacts, and experiences of individuals affected by it. The document includes references to qualitative and quantitative methods used in the studies, as well as discussions on ethical considerations and challenges in conducting research on FGM. This assignment is likely for a course or research project that requires an analysis of existing literature on the topic.

DISSERTATION
(HOW HAS FGM AFFECTED THE HEALTH AND WELL-BEING OF WOMEN AGED 18-35, LIVING IN
LONDON FROM GUINEA BISSAU?
ABSTRACT
The report below evaluates how women from Guinea Bissau, aged between 18-35, living in London,
are affected by FGM, both psychologically and physically.
From the report, it has been evaluated that the women who have been suffering from the female
genital mutilation have suffered a lot of consequences and even death. There are different kinds of
practices and actions which government taken or conduct in order to ensure that the women's
which are suffering from such an issue can be provided with better healthcare and improvement
facilities. Along with it, the measures required for better taking care of the women's suffering with
such issue are explained in the report, which is going to ensure better care of the women's suffering
from the situation of female genital mutilation.
Table of Contents

ABSTRACT 2
CHAPTER 1 – INTRODUCTION 5
Overview of report 5
Background of study 5
Project rationale 7
Research objectives and aim 8
Scope of present report 9
Significance of the study 9
CHAPTER 2 - METHODOLOGY 10
Research philosophy 10
Research approach 10
Research Design 11
Research type 11
Sampling 12
DA 12
Data analysis 14
Ethical consideration 14
Research limitation 15
Reliability and validity 15
Conclusion 16
CHAPTER 3 - LITERATURE REVIEW FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION 17
Introduction 17
Ratio of Female Genital Mutilation UK and Guinea-Bissau 17
Physical and psychological impact of FGM 18
Element that influence practice of Female Genital M mutilation 20
Strategies and action of government that are in place to prevent FGM 22
Chapter 4: conclusion and recommendations 24
Introduction and Summary 24
Conclusion 26
Recommendations 28 References 31
CHAPTER 1 – INTRODUCTION

Overview of study
FGM is generally known as removal and cutting of all the external female genitalia organ which is
painful procedure. It includes process that intentionally cause serious injury to women's body parts
for non medical purpose. This activity is rooted in gender difference which attempts to control
sexuality in women's and mostly in younger girls, modesty, beauty, wrapped around the concept of
purity. However, there are several adverse health effects that occur due to this process as an
individual may get infections, face difficulties in urinating & menstrual flow, chronic pain, etc. In
addition to this, some may develop problems in conceiving, fatal bleeding, complications in
childbirth. FGM procedures is usually initiated and carried out for young girls as well as women's in
order to control sexuality among them, that is generally known as insatiable when parts of genitalia
exide. It is practised in order to ensure virginity of the women, before marriage and fidelity (Muteshi,
Miller, Belizán, 2016).
The study will develop deep understanding over FGM practice and its historic and current
prevalence in UK women’s from Guinea Bissau. The first chapter of the research will explore the
motive and reason behind conducting FGM. Further, I will outline research methods which I have
used to collect and analyse valid information. Chapter 3, is filled with evidence-based information,
accumulated with the help of search strategy like key words, data base, etc. The information will be
supported by analysis from different scholars to address the research question. Lastly, the
dissertation will include discussions and analysis, which will highlight how FGM affects physical as
well as psychological well-being of women aged 18-35, from Guinea Bissau, who have passed
through this experience, Guinea-Bissau is the nation in West Africa.
Study background
FGM define as the procedure of complete or partial removal of female external genitalia or other
major injury to women's genital parts. This activity is generally undertaken in some underdeveloped
communities in Europe, Australia and North America, also practised in 30 nations in North eastern
and western Africa(Female genital mutilation, 2018). UNICEF estimated that from 2016 that 200
million women living in more than 30 nations where this procedure is common practise, (Mestre-
Bach, Tolosa-Sola, Farré, 2018).
Typically, it is carried out by traditional circumcisers, using blade; although the average age is usually
before five years old, it is conducted on girls between the stages of birth to puberty. The procedure
can differ from country to country or ethnic group as well. Most common practices include in
process of removing clitoral hood, some part of Labia Minora, clitoral glans, inner & outer labia etc .
(Abdulcadir, Catania, 2016).
This process is defined as infibulation, so that very small hole left for passage of menstrual fluid and
urine. There are different categories of FGM types. Its starts with category, which is Clitoridectomy
which consist of surgical removal, partial or reduction removal of clitoris. Second type of FGM is
excision in which labia as well as clitoris minora ae partly or completely removed with or without
removal of labia majora, large outer lips. Third category of FGM is a severe form which is also called
as pharaonic or infibulation type. This is a process involving the of tapering vaginal orifice by creating
covering of seal by appositioning and cutting the labia majora. The last category of Female Genital

Mutilation is consist of all process to genital organ of women or younger girls for non medical
reason, such as incising, cauterization, pricking etc.
According to (Llamas, 2017) the origin of Female Genital Mutilation activity could derived as far back
as Ancient Egypt with discoveries of female mummies in 484 BC. The practice was implemented for
female slaves in Ancient Rome. In the book GUINEA BISSAU: THE LAW AND FGM. (2018), focuses on
the current condition of FGM practice in Guinea Bissau where girls age 4 to 14 and women near to
married undergo this traumatic practice. 81.4% of women aged 15–49 who have heard and
experienced FGM- believe it is unethical and should be prohibited. The Article 24 and 25 in the
constitution of Guinea Bissau, aims at providing equal rights of women and men as per law.
However, article 37 (2) depict that no one excepted to inhuman, forced, subjected to degrading
treatment and punishment. Further, FGM practice is discussed in Article 4 which aims to punish
people involved in incision excision, clitoridectomy and infibulation. In addition, article 5 (1) and (2)
states that FGM performed on minors is a criminal activity and parents, guardians and custodial
person is responsible for preventing FGM on the child.
Figure 1: FGM prevalence among girls 0 to 14 years of Age
(Source: Llamas, 2017)

The study is focused on Guinea Bissau because Medicalised FGM does not appear to be prominent in
Guinea Bissau. According to UNICEF, 50 % of FGM in Guinea Bissau is done regardless of enforced
laws and penalties. However, as per Equality Now and City University London, approx. that there
10300 females living with FGM in London. Some of the long-term problems associated with FGM
includes: immediate trauma, stress, anxiety, sleeping disorder and even memory loss. Physical
health impacts include, lack of sexual desire, pain and decreased lubrication during intercourse.
Project Rationale
The reason behind selecting this research subject is to highlight how FGM affects women in later life,
particular on their physical and psychological wellbeing, (Abdulcadir, Rodriguez, Say, 2015).
Authorities across the UK have focused on preventing children becoming victim to FGM and are
encouraging teachers through to GP’s to become more aware of children at risk of FGM. However
little attention is given to female's and younger girls who are living with Female Genital Mutilation.
FGM is generally regarded as harmful practice and consist procedure which deliberately cause
harmful injury to genital organs of women for non medical purpose. Another reason behind this
work is to give the reader an in-depth and critical understanding on feeling and emotions of females
living with FGM, to help improve knowledge of people's about this activity and to reflect on the
services quality available for women's specially those who suffer from FGM.
To achieve these outcomes there are relevant statistical evidence focusing on women from Guinea
Bissau, supported with relevant literature. In addition to this, I have also researched and assessed
the healthcare provision, available for these women. The quality of these services and the support
given to these women will affect how they recover or better cope with their experience.
The process of Female Genital Mutilation is referenced in countries across Middle east, Asia and
other nations; it is considered as a infraction of human rights. The findings from my survey identifies
certain long-term health issues that are associated with 18 to 35 year old women who have bad
experience of FGM.
Aim and objectives
Aim: “To analyse the mental and physical affects of Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) on women
from Guinea Bissau, living in London, aged 18-35 years old.”
Objectives
 To identify and highlight some of the common problems women with FGM, from Guinea
Bissau (aged 18-35), face.
 To highlight some of the health problems women with FGM face,
 To examine some of the services available to women with FGM.
 To assess elements that influence the practice of Female genital mutilation and strategies of
UK government in order to prevent women from FGM.
Scope of the present study

Female Genital Mutilation include procedure that intentionally considered as cutting of genital parts
of women or female for non surgical purpose. This process does not provide any kinds of benefit on
health towards girls and women. The present study also tends to understand the issues and
problems arriving under Female genital mutilation and provides solution for it. These problems
generally include problems in urinating, genital infections and complications in childbirth. (Muteshi,
Miller, Belizán, 2016).
In more than 30 nations, 300 million women and girls alive today, in various nations and have been
victim to FGM. focus on female genital mutilation globally has helped to highlight the issue
internationally. The United Nations Children's Fund helps to fund local campaigns and initiative to
end this practise globally. International monitoring bodies have produced resolutions condemning
FGM along with official or legal structure and increasing political support to end FGM effectively. In
the UK this activity is categorised as child abuse and carries an offence if caught practising it or
supporting it. As a result of these global efforts, as well as enhanced numbers of female and male,
from practising communities, speaking out agianst it, FGM is on the decline. (Balfour, Abdulcadir,
Hindin, 2016).
Significance of the study
UK government’s strategy on prevention of FGM, helped to create a culture of anti-FGM perspective.
The government and anti-FGM campaign groups helped the public to increase and gain knowledge
of the issue. Furthermore, it also showed how activity of cutting genital organs has a harmful effect
on victim’s physical and mental health or well-being (Pashaei, Ponnet, Majlessi, 2016).
The significance of this study will also demonstrate how gaining wider information and knowledge,
particularly on the way Female Genital Mutilation is effect, adds to global perception of this practices
being crime of human rights of women and girls. Anti-FGM campaigners won support for their
campaign because they were able to expose how this practise was rooted with difference between
constitutes and genders extreme discrimination against female.

CHAPTER 2 - METHODOLOGY
Research methodology can be defined as tools and techniques which helps to support researcher,
conduct an investigation in a systematic manner. Different tools and practices taken into
consideration in order to ensure appropriate research methodology are listed below.
This study is focused on women aged between 18-35, from Guinea Bissau because they are the ones
suffering from the process of FGM the most. Hence, my study will take the form of Interpretivism
method. This is because, interviewing people will help to obtain qualitative knowledge in response
to the research question.
Research approach is a planned procedure that is generally used and consists of steps with broad
assumptions in detailed methods. With this regard, data collection, analysis and interpretation must
be implemented to address a problem, (Norlyk, Haahr, Hall 2016).
Furthermore, relevance of hypothesis to the study regulate in two aspects such as inductive and
deductive. Deductive approach is generally used to conduct tests in order to validate an assumption.
On the other side, inductive approach support to emerging new generalisations and concerned with
generation of new theory. Inductive approach is a type of method to conduct a study from a
general to a specific question/ problem, while deductive determines investigation from specific to
general. Therefore, it can be stated that in the present study, inductive approach is useful because it
does not require framing hypotheses. In the deductive approach, framing of hypothesis is used to
carry problem and issue (Mill, Allen and Morrow, 2016).
It can stated that different assumptions are also needed which are helpful to demonstrate clear
understanding towards the present topic. Furthermore, this study is based on women psychological
and mental health that effects from FGM, I will use inductive approach which will support to
generate meaningful conclusion and results with involvement of theories. Hence, the emphasis is on
the valid conclusion and outcomes of the research being conducted (Carey, Asbury 2016).

Research design
It is considered as a plan that sets strategy which is generally used to carry the research in a
systematic manner. In this regard, different methods are used that are closely related to the
research question, to assure that data obtained helps to reply research question more effectively,
(Holloway, Galvin 2016).
In addition to this, I will consider the collection of data and information which put emphasis on
different aspects such as exploratory, conclusive, descriptive. Exploratory design is generally used to
gather insight details that are related with particular subject matter. It helps to explore information
and find out appropriate answers that are affiliated to the research topic. In this regard, conclusive
is other kind of framework which help to demonstrates how, applying correct actions through
proper conclusion can be stated in the research topic. This can be objective more than subjective
consideration (De Schrijver, Leye Merckx 2016).
Descriptive is the kind of methods or tool that describe with applicable facts which involves certain
facts with includes theories and models. In this method, in-depth information can be easily gain
which assists to focus on facts that are needed in each research study. This is because, it is well
suitable and known more regarding FGM and its consequences towards women who facing issue
from this problem in the country.
Literature Review
After the research, analysis will be conducted in order so the researcher is able to reach end results
with this method. There are different kinds of methods for data analysis that are generally used to
regulate effective functioning in the whole study. Furthermore, SPSS is a statistical tool that is
generally regulated by researcher to concentrate on putting right value and information into
computer software and considered as statistical calculations that is used to acquire appropriate
outcomes. Beside this, thematic analysis is right kind of method which generally undertaken into
qualitative report (Abdulcadir, Rodriguez Say 2015).
The researcher is able to concentrate on demonstrating different themes which undertaken on the
basis of literature review. This is because, LR helps focus and determine impact of FGM on well being
of women's and girls. The secondary accumulated information is summarised in this literature
review with the help of themes like Prevalence of FGM UK Guinea-Bissau, Psychological and physical
impact of FGM.
Research type
There are two types of research methods I have considered, which would help to gather
information. Quantitative and qualitative are the two different types of research. Qualitative
research strategy is mainly exploratory research which is apply to increase understanding of
underlying reasons, view points, opinion and also used to increase motivations, etc. (Moxey, Jones
2016).

It helps to provide depth understanding of the problems that helps to create new ideas and
hypothesis for quantitative research. It is used to reveal trends that helps to ascertained deeper into
the problem. Qualitative is the type of research which apply with theories and model. In this regard,
there is no requirement of statistical tool to perceive results. On the other side, Quantitative
research type are generally used with quantify problem in a particular way to generate numerical
data that are changed into usable data. This method generally used to specify attitude, opinion,
behaviours, outlined variables etc. It assists to generalised results from large sample population
(Reig Alcara, Siles González, Solano Ruiz 2016).
For this research on (FGM) and its effects on female health; the research method will be an
interview with the victims to collect qualitative in-depth and to allow the victim to freely express the
challenges they encounter. The data generated from these interviews will not require any
calculation so that the investigator will emphasis on hypothesis related with Female Genital
Mutilation. Hence, this used to collect information related with secondary type outcomes
(Abdulcadir, Rodriguez Say 2015).
Data collection
Data collection is another important tool that helps to collect primary and secondary data that are
useful to analyse the topic in an appropriate manner. Primary data collection is that in which
researchers collecting information for any specific purpose of the study with first-hand information.
These data are collected by researchers themselves with using different tools and techniques which
is generally considered appropriate information. There are different tools to collect primary data
such as surveys, interviews, direct observation. In this consideration, researcher focus on collection
of right and accurate information that is using in the whole study to determine appropriate
functioning at workplace (Creighton, de Campos, Hodes 2016).
In addition to this, another technique of data collection is secondary data analysis from secondary
sources such as books, journals, government sites, etc. For this research, secondary information
from different books, journals, articles were collected, primarily from the internet. These secondary
sources contain useful primary data. In this way, the researcher is able to make an appropriate
judgement from the whole study which signify to assess deficiencies and collection of additional
information in a systematic manner (Goldberg, Stupp, Danel 2016).
Inclusion and exclusion
The secondary data analysed were obtained from a variety of books and journals which are based on
the Female Genital Mutilation practices from the past. These books include FGM: A Applicable Guide
to Worldwide policies & Laws (Published in 2000) and Eradicating Female Genital Mutilation: A UK
Perspective (Published in 2015).
The usage of these books has allowed the study to be in more depth. Along with it, these books
have helped the researcher to collect the appropriate statistics to develop a wider picture of the
issue.

The exclusion criteria of the study explain that it has made use of observational design. Under which
the FGM cases have been observed and known from past 20 years. Along with it, the study has made
use of qualitative methodology.
This has helped the researcher to understand the observational design clearly from which the cases
of FGM across the world and the United Kingdom are identified.
Ethical consideration
Furthermore, in the present research it helps to signify that the scholar concentrated on all kinds of
information that are generally considered in appropriate and right manner. With this aspect, it can
be stated that the researcher did not copy any data and information from any source without proper
referencing. In this regard, it can be stated that findings from the present study applied in
appropriate manner to take proper regulation of belief and moral. Furthermore, this study was
conducted with the adherence of all the moral and ethical practices. In addition to this, the present
study helps to concentrate on the practice of different activities and tasks that are undertaken to
consider effectiveness in the present research study (Creighton, de Campos, Hodes 2016).
In the present study, ethical consideration determined by researcher is that they ensure, consulting
with women will not negatively impact on them. All information must be kept confidential in line
with data protection laws. All the participant must sign a consent form. In addition to this, all data
will be collected from reliable resources with proper referencing to prevent any plagiarism. Scholar
will also ensure that the questions also helps to protect belief, moral and practices of
participants (Goldberg, Stupp, Danel 2016).
Research limitation
The types of questions asked and the manner in which they framed, must not be suggestive, or biase
the research. In this regard, it can be stated that the researcher needs to concentrate on collected
information that will be useful and relevant to the whole context of research aim and objectives.
There are different kinds of information regulate in appropriate manner that is useful to ascertained
desired level of outcomes (De Schrijver, Leye and Merckx, 2016).
There were some limitations of the present study is to ensure that proper framing of question and
valid information is lacking so that there is match to ethics. Therefore, it can limited accumulation of
data or specific information in large perspective. Appropriate investigation of gathered information
helps to ascertained addressing research questions with demonstrate objectives in it. With this
regard, collection of information is validated which is effectively determined with participant morale
and beliefs (Abdulcadir, Rodriguez Say 2015).
Reliability and validity
In the present study, it can be stated that researcher need to concentrate on collecting information
that are reliable and validate to ascertained appropriate functioning of the study. In this
consideration, it can be stated that with the help of specific information appropriate research

question address with accomplishment of objectives. As a result, it signifies outlining collected
information which is useful to restrict accumulated information in whole study (Abdulcadir,
Rodriguez Say 2015).
Conclusion
From the present research methodology aspect, it can be stated that present research study is
useful to considered analysis and impact of FGM. In this regard, it can be stated that outlined and
collected information must be demonstrate in appropriate manner which lead to find relevancy in
the study. It is also important to show physical and psychological impact of valid outcomes (De
Schrijver, Leye and Merckx, 2016).
CHAPTER 3 - LITERATURE REVIEW FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION
Introduction
In this chapter, secondary information from different sources has been identified and collected that
are generally undertaken which is related with psychological and physical health well-being. FGM is
medical practice generally carried out on young girls between age of 15 and infancy, it undergo with
process to remove or cut of external genitalia of young generation of female (Hernandez, Hassan
and Tidwell, 2018).
To identify and highlight some of the common problems women with FGM, from Guinea Bissau
(aged 18-35), face.
According to the views of Abdulcadir, Catania, Abdulcadir (2016), the region in Guinea-Bissau have
the highest FGM prevalence among women in age of 18-35 in east. In urban areas of England and
Wales many women from Guinea-Bissau are living with this issue. In London, FGM rates are high
with an estimated 21% women affected by this practice. Outside of London, Manchester, Bristol,
also have high rates of female living with Female Genital Mutilation. Most of this practice are
generally done as part of a cultural tradition with no medical basis. Main district where this process
is done are Gabbu and Bafta. However, regions where the lowest prevalence occur is Cachou.
Generally, women belonging to farming areas where there is a lack of knowledge and illiteracy are
more likely to have FGM performed on them. Unethical practices also has negative effects on
women leaving them with physical and emotional issues.
With respect to considered views of Berg, Odgaard-Jensen Vist (2016), it can be stated that there is
not any benefit of FGM it only creates harmful effect on female body. In different places, this is
comparatively different practice which people or some social communities have been implement in
life and adopted from people's who live near by them. In some time it is generally considered as
traditional community or group cultures with old social structures. Most of the people's at location
where this is not experienced and feel which take custom and individuals who generally travel into
placed where this practised have been adopted. More than 300 million females experienced
different form of FGM. On other hand, Nordqvist, (2017) argued that the ratio of girls aged 15-19
years who undergone in 2014 ranged from 98% in Somalia that is less than from 1% in Uganda.
Younger women are less likely to undergo this procedure. This practices is known to prevalent in 27

nations of Africa, Iraqi Kurdistan, Yemen where 125 Million females have undergone this harmful
practice. Moreover, in Africa approximately 92 million women also undergoes process of FGM.
To highlight some of the health problems women with FGM face
As per point of Abdulcadir, Catania, Abdulcadir, (2016), FGM create major impact on female well
being. This is because, it investigates psychological effects in UK migrant communities. Foremost, it
helps to examine psychological or mental disorders faced by an person which considering their old
culture identity. Along with this, Female-genital-mutilation impact on psychological health of
women, their relation with families as well as husband.
On other hand, Dixon, Shacklock, Leach, (2019) stated that psychological effects of FGM determines
impact in general way so that WHO reported that psychological trauma due to FGM on women may
stem from the pain. Furthermore, physical force on female during FGM procedure directly impact on
their mental ability and health. Some Communities belief that this practice is religious requirement,
due to this non medical purpose activity depression post-traumatic stress disorder and memory loss
occur that negatively affect on women health. 80 percent female and young girls suffer from this
serious practice, it cause long term issue with childbirth, physical activity and mental ability.
Hernandez, Hassan, Tidwell, (2018), generated their views that there are several damages
experienced by FGM which go through genital tissue swelling. This is because, it can increase
inflammatory response or local infections. It creates major issues for women and impact as adverse
conditions such as death, aids, etc. During female genital mutilation process when people and
untrained person use contaminated tool and equipment, it effect on women health and causes
disease which leads to heath issues . Therefore, removal of genital organs with similar and
contaminated surgical instrument mazimize risk of transmission of HIV virus. This issue occurs when
FGM process undergo together.
On the other hand, Hernandez, Hassan, Tidwell, (2018) stated that female also face issues and
problems because of depression and other things while they experience of FGM. It generally identify
that female faces issues in their married life which leads with contrary steps such as separation and
suicide. FGM activity is less common in most nations among girls from wealthiest homes and also
less in those areas or communities where mothers gets secondary and primary education. It is non
medical reason which may be affect on longer and short term period, but majorly affect on victim
behaviour and nature, they loss trust and frustrated from life.
As per the point of, Dixon, Shacklock and Leach, (2019), many women in world experience cognitive
dissonance, a state of having inconsistent beliefs, thoughts and attitude, the experience of this
practices is not been shared with other. Desire to gain social status also comply which influence
health of women. In this consideration, it can be stated that most of the women forced by men and
people who belongs to traditional culture and carried old beliefs about FGM. These kinds of
individuals wished that every girl and women goes through this harmful practice. However, there
are different solve issue of dissonance that arises because of conflicting belief and actions. In UK,
effects distress something Westerners that is not acceptable with certain consequences. Moreover,

it can be stated that it was terrible that changes cannot be easily placed which considered in the
society. It requires a lot time so that women make better outcomes with FGM process.
In term of opinions of Abdulcadir, Catania and Abdulcadir, (2016), due to Female Genital Mutilation
(FGM) immediate psychological trauma create impact on women that have experienced in FGM.
Girls living with female-genital-mutilation have experienced the most harmful activity, this kind of
bad experience increase short time and long time risk on healthy depend on the age of female, it is
unacceptable and non medical purpose practice opposite from human rights and health practices. In
this consideration, health perspective occurs so that there is higher risk which create noxious impact
on wellness of female. Severe pain is considered as short term risk of FGM, which affect women
mental health, cutting sensitive genital organ and nerve ends causes extreme pain that is not
bearable. Due to FGM risk of excessive bleeding during procedure result death, most of the women's
at time of removal cannot be able to survive for longer.
On the other hand, Miiro, DeCelles and Torondel, (2017) argued that painful urination, keloids, pain,
female sexual health and psychological consequence is long term health risk of FGM on female.
Therefore, it impacts negatively on their health. Majorly, they are facing issues such as problem in
passing urine. They are also experienced with FGM which can create face pain which increase
conditions of haemorrhage. Due to this process, results in death of female through severe bleeding
leads to neurogenic shock as outcomes of trauma and depression. Furthermore, they are also facing
issue of excessive bleeding which make weaker position and physics of women. In addition, the pain
by FGM cannot stop with initial procedure, often constant as ongoing pain throughout female life.
Female experience chronic pelvic infections, genital ulcers, infection of reproductive system,
excessive scar tissue formation and decrease sexual enjoyment.
Dixon, Shacklock and Leach, (2019) stated that there is major harm which female experienced
during process of FGM. In this aspect, genital tissues swelling which create major issues and
problems. It considered as inflammatory response infections. It makes female weak which leads to
harmful situations such as death.
Beside this, Haylock, Cornelius and Mbandazayo, (2016) argued that removal of genital with old
surgical instruments also increase HIV. They also suffers problems and issues related with menstrual
problems. It can be a reason of problem in physical activity. It also creates pain during irregular
messes and pain in passing blood.
Along with this, Reig Alcaraz, Siles González and Solano Ruiz, (2016) generated their views that‐ ‐ ‐
women undergone FGM n which impact from anxiety and depression. It has been examine that in
marital life they also face issues and problems which leads to adverse impact such as suicide and
divorce. There are certain issues faced by women during intercourse. It may create the biggest issue
and problem on them in their relationships. In respect to solve issues and problems, it can be stated
that there is little attention devoted which is fundamentally important problem.
Beside this, Abathun, Sundby and Gele, (2016) stated that female who suffer from FGM goes
through feeling of frustration and anger. They generally lost self-confidence and motivational level
which make them ill. Female those facing issues have genitalia and feel disguised during clinical
examination or sexual intercourse. Furthermore, engage in proper sexual intercourse will lead to

fulfil desire for bearing child because there are many females facing issues and problems related
with depression.
Haylock, Cornelius and Mbandazayo, (2016), contrast that women who is unable to have difficult
peeing as outcomes of FGM, recommend surgery which is beneficial for them. Surgery include taking
cut to open scar tissue over entrance to physical part. They are generally considered matter of good-
deed. Communities engaged to perform FGM process so that female feels that god is being
impressed with this act. Therefore, author has determined main causes of such unethical practices
due to low unawareness and education.
Beside this, Llamas, J., 2017 stated that local structure of authority and power which includes
religious and community leaders, circumstances. It includes medical personnel which contributes to
maintain certain practices. In respect to making this practices stop, government need to educate
their communities and leaders on this. Some communities also believe that vaginal cut increases the
chances of female getting married and they are purer for male.
To assess elements that influence practice of FGM
As per the views of Miiro, DeCelles and Torondel, (2017), Female Genital Mutilation typically
undertaken between age group of 0-9 years. Therefore, it is practised in several parts of the
Migrants from the nations. With this consideration, it can be stated that community sensitization is
one of the important factor that influence practice of FGM. This is non-associative learning
procedures which restructured administration that stimulant results in the progressive amplification
of a response. In this consideration, it stated that FGM is carried in many nations due to female get
affected by psychological and physical impact.
On the other hand, Dixon, Shacklock and Leach, (2019) stated that cultural factors are those which
established beliefs, values, traditions, languages, laws, etc. These elements considered in particular
nation and society. These factors are also including artistic value and religious beliefs that indigenous
is particular region. Therefore, it creates major impact on response and outcomes. As a result, it is
essential to reduce influence of different practices that are taken in FGM.
Abathun, Sundby and Gele, (2016) contrasts that UNG assembly include FGM in their resolution,
they declare on Elimination of violence against women, UNICEF promote evidence based social
values approach by using ideas from game theory related to how communities reach at appropriate
decision. 20 percent young girl suffer from post traumatic disorder, on the other hand many people
face physical issues due to FGM. It affect on their bodies ability to work and do daily activity with
stress. Women cannot be able to remember procedure of cooking and working itself, they cannot
carry those memories in their mind systems which is related to their normal lives. FGM causes
different emotional disturbances that effect on health and living standards of female negatively. It is
very important to end this practice for ever, psychological impact of FGM is less occur among
communities when they get educated and have knowledge about this criminal action.

As per the point of Reig Alcaraz, Siles González and Solano Ruiz, (2016), culture believe also‐ ‐ ‐
demonstrates moral knowing and thinking which is right and something that can be implement
universally. Moral systems also judge which is inferior in savage so that when FGM category 3
consist in western cultural perspective which is hard to avoid strict in moral imperialism. It is matter
of custom and tradition which create abuse of human rights. There are several arguments also
shows that in World Health Organisation consist that FGM which is a profoundly rooted, traditional
practices which impact adversely impact by physical and psychological consequences.
Beside this, Abathun, Sundby and Gele, (2016) stated that in Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) is
show that little care has been dedicated which is fundamentally essential issue. Formal education
and training of female is also major issues and problems which impact long term consequences.
With this consideration, it can be said that entrench effective strategies so that girls problems also
need to solve with using different consideration. Formal education helps to consider social
development of female with eventual empowerment. (FGM) is a psycho-socio-cultural that is
generally considered as female discrimination.
In accordance with point of Haylock, Cornelius and Mbandazayo, (2016), there are several unethical
practices exists that are created impact on female. In Female Genital Mutilation (FGM), these
practices performed with social factors so that it vary from area to area. In many areas, it has been
stated that reducing girls is major problem which is generally reduced through following different
rules and regulations. In this consideration, it can be stated that solution of the problem must be
manage with considering appropriate solution.
To examine some of the services available to women with FGM. and government’s strategy to
prevent FGM.
According to the point of Miiro, DeCelles and Torondel, (2017), Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) is
criminal activity in the UK. In Wales and Northern Ireland act of FGM repealed and re-enacted with
provision of 1985. Australians territories and states made FGM as crime, it is criminal practice taken,
taken to child outside of nation to have FGM process performed. In this kind of amended section 3
and 4 of the 2005 considered which apply to UK national and residents instead UK residents. In
Scotland, court take action to protect women from FGM, they are able to make order for person at
risk of being subjected to this practices. This study is taken change to 2003 Act. However, Khosla,
Banerjee and Fried, (2017) argued that section 71 anonymity for victims of female genital mutilation.
The law lasts for lifetime of alleged person. In this consideration, principle offence considered by
government strategy which need to prevent and undertaken into the procedures.
As per the point of Abathun, Sundby and Gele, (2016), Scottish government work on these areas,
take forward step towards work to end FGM. They assure that what they do protect women's from
those risk from delivers and harm services of FGM. In this consideration, it can be stated that guided
by strategic documents determine equally safe with strategy that helps to protect female.
Government of Scotland considered scheme which updated on website in 2016. It is complimented
by delivery plan that is published in 2017.

On the other hand, Reig Alcaraz, Siles González and Solano Ruiz, (2016) argued th‐ ‐ ‐ at strategy sets
with objective of flourishing Scotland where each and every one are equally respected. In this
aspect, females and young girls are free to live their lives and free from discrimination, abuse which
helps to perpetuate their attitude. In this regard, it can be articulate that risk factor and standards of
the issues need to priorities which sets that how people can create performances frameworks that
allow to realise ambitions.
As per the views of Sundby (2016), it is important for the government of United Kingdom to ensure
that the women's safety is the biggest issue that needs to be considered in this time. This will help
the women's to be safer and ensure that, they are not being affected by any sort of physical trouble.
It is one of the most important aspect of the life of a human being, this will help them to deal with
the issues of medical problems. It is important for the government and country to ensure that their
women are safe are not facing any related issues to the growth and development of the society and
the health of the women as well.
Along with this, Bazant, Mahler and Plotkin, (2016) stated that Scottish government create action
plan to eradicate FGM. They set out appropriate actions, objectives and accountabilities required to
deliver and drive change. Government considered this as illegal and unacceptable activity, and also
define as form of violation and abuse of human rights. It is the particular form of discrimination
against women, as enclosed in Equally safe Scotland strategy to secure violence against female
under guide of religion.
On the other hand, Haylock, Cornelius and Mbandazayo, (2016) stated that removal of genital tissue
highly damage whole body, and lead to sexual issues in women after marriage. This practice is
almost done in across then world, where over than 90 percent of girls suffer from of cutting sensitive
tissues. In many nations practices has been started to stop this crime and lead to end. It work at
many levels, communities and families take action, protect girls, provide care services to women's.
UNICEF lead the biggest global system to end and finished FGM effectively. This program helps zero
tolerance policies while performing with healthy employees to both provide care to girls and
eliminate genital mutilation who have experienced procedure.
Along with this, Collier and Sterck, (2018) argued that the WHO estimates that 140 million women in
all over the world have been affected by the FGM. 137,000 girls and women's with this practice,
born in nations where FGM is performed, were citizen in Wales and England lives. Women who have
undergone through this, significantly increased risk that genital organ in mothers negatively affect
on new born babies.
On the other hand, Abathun, Sundby and Gele, (2016) stated that many people's get affected by
female-genital-mutilation, implemented on women's. In New Zealand, send child mostly girls out of
nation to performed FGM is illegal. Resident outside and inside country, encourage other citizen to
do not performed this activity because it is harmful and dangerous for every person. Because of poor

circumcisers and lack of knowledge, female suffers from FGM, they cannot be able to take action
against this painful activity. It is associated with increase risk of post partum haemorrhage,
instrumental delivery and extended maternal hospital stay.
CHAPTER 4: Discussion Conclusion and Recommendations
Discussion

CHAPTER 4: Discussion Conclusion and Recommendations
Discussion
In accordance with review and background of study it can be said that women who have
experienced with female circumcision in areas of England and Wales in urban places. Therefore, the
majority of the issues faced by the women who lives in rural areas. London, this is the country who
has heighest ratio of women who have undergone this process and affected by unethical practices as
well (Hassan and Tidwell, 2018). Women suffers from pain of FSM between the age of 18 to 35.
Henceforth, the rate of FGM in women is quite high in rural areas than women living in urban areas.
Furthermore, it has been identified that in some place FGM is relatively new practice that
communities must have adopted. At some places, it is revival of an old custom. It is generally clean-
cut from relative incidence of FGM which is described procedure that undergoing in particular time
period that is contemporary or historical (Goldberg, Stupp and Danel, 2016). This is practised in
Africa, Middle East, Malaysia, Indonesia, etc. Nowadays, it is generally increasing in 30 African
nations.
As per the report of WHO and UNICEF, over the 200 millions females must have experienced
form of FGM. However, it can be stated that percentage of female aged between the 14 to 49 years
that had went through FGM in the year of 2013 ranged from 98% in somalia to less than 1% in the
country as Uganda. On the other hand, in Africa alone it is believed that almost 92 million girls who
have aged 10 years and over to it have undergone the procedure of FGM. Also, 3 million grils in
Africa are though to undergo the process of FGM each year. Within the eignt countries the
prevalence is about 80%.
With the help of above research, this also has been identified that FGM represent the decent sexual
behaviour. However, the damage to the genitalia will be the chance of a women having illicit sexual
relation is reduced. However, the Femininity and modesty can be a component that is perceived to
be cleaner and beautiful if her genitals are cut. However, it has been identified that individuals in
some believe and agree that FGM must be dominate and this needs to prevent it. In addition to this,
this can be stated that the FGM also spoils individual rights as health, security and physical integrity
and the right to get free from torture, inhuman and degrading environment.
One of the religion prescribes female circumcision. There are some communities who have low level
of literacy that practice is religious one. With the time religions must be tolerated encoraged and
should condoned the practice. Therefore, there are number of religious leaders that are against the
FGM and involved in movement to eradicate the practice.
On the other hand thee are also some social reason that occurs the prevalence of FGM. However, in
societies with low literacy rates, social convention it is what others do and what have always done.
There are some communities in which women have not undergone FGM will not be allowed to
handle and water because they use to be unclean. Therefore, they seems to posing health risk to
others.
In this way, the societies thinks that this is proper thing to do as part of the female upbringing. The
one common philosophy behind doing this is to prepare a girl for adult life and marriage. Within
some culture people use to think that people will believe that uncut clitoris will use to grow to the
size of penis and this will make the women to become more fertile.

Also, it has been identified that removal and cutting of highly sensitive genital tissue may affect the
sexual sensitivity and can leads to sexual problems such as decreased level of sexual desire and
pleasure, pain during sex and difficulty during penetration and decrease lubrication at the time of
intercourse and reduction in rate of frequency. This can be estimated that more than 200 million
girls and women are facing to the issue as undergone female genital mutilation in courtiers in which
practice is concentrated.
Culture also demonstrates which considered as critical determination of roles and identity. In this
consideration, it can be demonstrated that each culture has distinctive moral code so that FGM was
traditionally associated with rites of passage ceremonies.
Hence, it is the culture which demonstrates in an appropriate manner. Ethical frameworks any
externally referenced show moral imperialism. Thus, it can be stated that FGM is cultural practices
that may find it typical to decide against having their daughters cut for fears that their families will
be ostracised and girls deems to be ineligible for marriage.
In order to prevent abuse, government also committed with taking forward steps with all
appropriate actions that can helps in prevent abuse arising and support women and girls in
particular communities. It includes working with communities that can support with attitudinal
change (Miiro, DeCelles, Torondel, 2017).
Hence, it can be stated tat FGM can be considered as serious health complication and even death.
Thus, immediate risk inclusive of haemorrhage, urine retention and severe pain. Therefore, girl who
suffers from issue are also at the increased risk of becoming child brides, to dropping out of the
school and to threaten their ability to build better and advanced future for themselves. In present
trend there is an alarming trend in some of countries is to medication of FGM in which the
procedure will be carried out by the health care provider.
Conclusion
From the present study, it can be concluded that present research shows psychological and physical
impact of Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) process on women health and their well-being. In this
regard, it shows prevalence of the process in UK and assists to investigate factors that influence
practices of this process. In this consideration, it can be stated that research is beneficial for
developing critical understanding over experience towards women who face this issue. In this
consideration, report provide discussion to develop clear understanding towards experience which
faced by women. Therefore, study present effectiveness to reduce this process in different areas of
the world. Furthermore, report summarised about methodology which is used to support different
scholar and conduct investigation in systematic manner. Solutions are also made with using different
tools and techniques that helps to take support in detail manner.
In the present research study, Interpretivism philosophy has been selected that is used to study
about qualitative information. It is required to consist theories and models to reduce issues of
female well-being in age of 18-35. It involves gaining better and insight details of research problems
and issues. Furthermore, researcher apply inductive research approach which helps to generate
meaningful conclusion and results with involvement of theories and models. It is generally emphasis
on valid conclusion and outcomes in the research study. Moreover, with the help of descriptive

research design, researcher can concentrate on gaining useful information related with in-depth
outcomes (Carey and Asbury, 2016).
With this consideration, well-being of female in age group of 18-35 is well suitable in which
consequences towards women has been taken within the country. Along with this, present study
considered discussion with secondary information analysis which can be transform in usable
statistics. As a result, it helps to understand collected information to gather relevant information.
In the process of research, it can be stated that right number of people from large population has
been selected in which knowledge and skills possess that is related with subject matter. Along with
this, study supported with secondary information on the basis of literature review which helps to
investigate physical and psychological impact of Female Genital Mutilation (FGM). It is highly impact
on women health and well-being under the age group of 18-35. Along with this, present study shows
that researcher also able to concentrate and demonstrate several themes which considered with
literature review. It assists to focus on women health well-being and assess impact of Female Genital
Mutilation (FGM).
Furthermore, research study articulated about prevalence of FGM in UK among age group of 18-35.
Recommendations
As per the above evaluations, it has been seen as the women's between the age of 18-25 are majorly
facing the issue of FGM. In order to ensure this, it is important for the government to ensure that
they are being provided with the right awareness. This will help the females to be more safe and
secure and ensure that they are being provided with the right knowledge of the situation. Along with
it, this is going to help the government to ensure that women living wth FGM in the UK, are not
suffering from any of the issues which are impacting their personal growth and development
(Abathun, Sundby and Gele, 2016).
It is important to ensure that they are being provided with the right knowledge and guidance about
the issue and in what manner the government is ready to help them. The women's which arrive in
the age of 18-35 are still young and it is the duty and responsibility of the government to ensure that
required growth and development is being provided to these women's.
It is important to ensure that the environment in which they are living into, is safe and non-
damaging to the self. It is one of the most essential importance of the clinical facilities to ensure that
they are providing the right and basic growth to the people of the society.
In this aspect, the medical facilities tends to understand the importance of the health and safety of
the women and they need to take effective measures as well. The medical facilities can help the
women's to ensure that they are safe and secure and would be supported with the right facilities

when required. This can help them to reach towards better opportunities in ensuring better health
and welfare of the women's of the society.
It is also important that the women's which are facing the issues related to the FGM, and when they
visit the medical facilities should be provided with the side effects of the female genital mutilation.
This can impact the overall growth and development of a particular women's and could help her to
reach for better options in order to reach better health and wealth.
It is important for them to ensure that they are safe and are not being exposed in front of the
society. In order to ensure this, the government and the healthcare facilities can ensure that while
dealing with such situations they are providing the women with the necessary security and safety
(Moxey and Jones, 2016). This can help the women to ensure that they are safe while explaining
such situations to the people in the medical facilities and in the government as well. It is one of the
most important requirements of both the government and medical facilities to ensure that the
information related to such cases and scenarios is kept safe and use of effective intellectual property
right is being made. Along with it, this will help the government to ensure that they are working in
order to ensuring a better health and safety of the women.
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