Solution Paper Questions 2022

Running head: SOLUTION PAPER 1
Solution Paper
Student’s Name
Institutional Affiliation

NURSING ASSIGNMENT SOLUTION PAPER 2
QUESTION 1
Which type of immunity is expressed in the following scenarios? Choose between:
QUESTION 2
Choose TWO of the below scenarios and highlight these rows bold. State which general
property of adaptive immunity the scenario illustrates in the second column. Select ONE phrase
(from the list below) that BEST describes what is happening at a cellular level to result in this
property of adaptive immunity. Write the letter corresponding to this phrase in the third column.
An example is included.
Scenario Type of immunity
Bacterial septicaemia (bacterial
contamination in systemic
circulation)
Specific (cell-mediated immunity)
Mucous-coated hairs within the nose
trap and filter microbes from inhaled
air.
Non-specific (first line defence)
Interferons are released by virus-
infected cells and interfere with viral
replication.
Non-specific (second line defence)
A virus multiplies inside the
epithelial cells in your throat.
Specific (antibody-mediated)

NURSING ASSIGNMENT SOLUTION PAPER 3
Scenario General
property of
immunity
Explanation
Even though your body contains a relatively small number of
lymphocytes, your immune system can mount a response
against almost any antigen it encounters.
Versatility A
Generally, after an initial infection, subsequent immune
responses to that antigen are faster, stronger and more
sustained.
Memory Cells C
You can suffer from ‘the flu’ multiple times throughout
your lifetime.
Tolerance F
Your immune system can distinguish between antigens on
your own cells, and those of an invading pathogen.
Possible phrases are listed below. Not all phrases will need to be used and only ONE phrase is
required per row. If you record more than one, you will not be awarded any marks for your
explanation.
A There are millions of different lymphocyte populations, each of which is sensitive to a
different antigen. Lymphocytes proliferate when activated by their specific antigen.

NURSING ASSIGNMENT SOLUTION PAPER 4
B Each T or B cell has receptors that respond to only one antigen and ignores all others.
C Activated lymphocytes produce two groups of cells: one group that attacks the
invader immediately, and another that remains inactive unless it is exposed to the
same antigen at a later date.
D Each T and B cell can recognise many antigens and respond to a wide variety of possible
threats.
E T cells are versatile because they produce copious quantities of antibodies that can
respond to a wide variety of threats.
F Phagocytes have a reduced ability to destroy pathogens during subsequent infections.
G The immune response ignores self-antigens and targets non-self-antigens.
H B cells differentiate into T cells to create a long-lived immune response.
QUESTION 3
Which bone cells would be MOST affected by an absence of parathyroid hormone? In you
answer, you must explain the relationship between these cells and any subsequent effect
upon blood calcium levels.
The calcium homeostasis is usually maintained by the parathyroid hormone in the body.
This hormone is usually secreted by the parathyroid gland and only acts in the presence of too
much calcium levels in blood. In that case, the bone cells which will be affected at most in the
absence of PTH is osteoclast (Austin, 2017). These cells usually helps the PTH in maintaining
the calcium levels.

NURSING ASSIGNMENT SOLUTION PAPER 5
QUESTION 4
Define hypertrophy and use an example to explain how this term relates to skeletal muscle
tissue.
Hypertrophy is one of the ways through which cells grow in order to adapt changes
within their environment which can be both advantageous and disadvantageous. However, the
skeletal muscle hypertrophy usually increases the skeletal muscle’s cross-sectional area by the
biosynthesis of the new structures (Babai et al., 2019).
QUESTION 5
Think about how the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system acts to maintain normal blood
pressure. Susan has sustained damage to her adrenal glands. Consequently, her circulating
levels of aldosterone are abnormally low. What do you expect the lack of aldosterone to do
to Susan’s blood pressure? Explain your answer.
The Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone system is usually the hormone based system that
helps in blood pressure and fluid balance regulation. The kidney is usually stimulated to release
renin when the nerve impulse indicates low blood pressure. The Renin enzyme usually breaks
the angiotensinogen into angiotensin I. This enzyme is then converted to angiotensin II by the
angiotensin converting enzyme (Cabandugama, Gardner & Sowers, 2017). However, the
aldosterone is the hormone produced by adrenal cortex region of adrenal gland which influences
the kidney filtration. Therefore, Susan having low levels of aldosterone will affect the blood
pressure. The kidneys will therefore not be in a position to regulate salt and water balance.

NURSING ASSIGNMENT SOLUTION PAPER 6
QUESTION 6
Tasma is enjoying a night out at the pub with her friends. It is well established that alcohol
inhibits the secretion of ADH. Explain how this will affect her urine output.
Alcohol will inhibit the secretion of the ADH and hence the following will happen. To
start with, there will be excessive water intake. Tasma will experience diabetes insipidus which
causes the kidney to release large amounts of water thus making a person to feel thirsty. Last but
not least, there will be low serum osmolality (Ching et al, 2018). All the above mentioned
conditions will increase rate of urine formation thus increasing the output.
QUESTION 7
Haemophilia is the oldest known hereditary bleeding disorder. Explain why haemophilia is
more commonly seen in males.
Hemophilia is an X-linked recessive disorder of genes. As an illustration, the males
usually have only one X chromosomes while the females have two X chromosomes. Therefore,
because of the single X chromosome, if it is affected by the hemophilia then will be expressed in
males (Favre, Esnault & Van Obberghen, 2015). On the other hand, in the female both
chromosomes have to be affected in order to express the disorder. This is the reason why it is
common in males.
QUESTION 8
Describe the changes in volume and pressure inside the chest cavity during a normal, quiet
inhalation.