Hypertension – A Significant Risk Factor for Cardiovascular/Cerebrovascular Diseases & Organ System Complications in Adults and Elderly People

This document provides an overview of hypertension, its risk factors, and complications in adults and elderly people. It discusses the importance of hypertension management and treatment approaches. The document also includes information on the prevalence of hypertension in different countries and its impact on cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. It concludes with recommendations for reducing the risk and prevalence of hypertension and related complications.

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Title: Hypertension – A Significant Risk Factor for
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in Adults and Elderly People
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Table of Content
Section 1: Abstract………………………………………………………………………………………………..2
Section II: Introduction………...………….……………………...………………………………………………3
Section III: General Information…..……………………………………….……………………………………..4
Section IV: Importance of Topic/Application…………………………………………………………………….6
Section V: Treatment Approaches……………..………………..………………………………………………..7
Section VI: Expected Outcomes………………………………………..………………………………………..8
Section VII: Conclusion…………..………………….………………………………………………………….9
Section VIII: References…………………………………………………………………………………...……10

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Section I: Abstract
Hypertension is a multifactorial condition that predominantly elevates the risk of various ca
cerebrovascular, and organ system complications in adults and elderly individuals of various age g
health care professionals and the patients must improve their insight of hypertension stages in the
improving their clinical management. Hypertension and related vascular manifestations substantia
health, wellness, and quality of life of individuals across the USA, Canada, England, and other deve
of the world. However, with an increasing awareness of hypertension-related complications, resear
noticed a downward trend in hypertension prevalence across various developed countries. Contrar
of hypertension continue to rise in economically deprived and impoverished nations of the world. C
hypertension management strategies are based on pharmacotherapy, lifestyle modification, dietar
and exercise interventions. The health care professionals need to access and evaluate disease risk
and elderly people in the context of configuring innovative treatment approaches for their
management.

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Section II: Introduction
Hypertension is a chronic disease condition that manifests with abnormal elevation in systolic and
pressures beyond 140mmHg and 90mmHg for a prolonged duration (Bolívar, 2013). Evidence-bas
literature describes hypertension in terms of a multifactorial condition that develops in adults and
under the sustained impact of various behavioral, environmental, and genetic factors.
The onset of blood pressure elevation occurs after an acute disruption of the body’s compensatory
Elevated intake of salt for an extended tenure substantially increases the risk for hypertension and
complications (Bolívar, 2013). Other significant risk factors for hypertension include limited potassi
sedentary lifestyle, emotional stress, aging, diabetes, and obesity.
The threesignificantstagesof hypertensionincludeprehypertension,stage-1hypertension,and stage-2
hypertension (NHBPEP, 2004). Prehypertension manifests with systolic and diastolic blood pressure
of 120-139mmHg and 80-89mmHg. Similarly, stage-1 hypertension is based on systolic and
pressure elevations of 140–159mmHg and 90-99mmHg (NHBPEP, 2004). However, stage-2 h
diagnosed after when the systolic and diastolic blood pressures levels reportedly supersede
100mmHg.
Blood pressure elevation for a longer duration substantially elevates the risk of organ dete
cardiovascular diseases in adults and elderly individuals (IQWiG, 2006). Hypertension leads to the
of clinical complications including kidney damage, stroke, heart attack, myocardial insufficie
muscles’ weakening), and peripheral circulation disruption.
Hypertension predominantly affects the health and wellness of the rapidly growing population of e
across the globe (Lionakis, Mendrinos, Sanidas, Favatas, & Georgopoulou, 2012). Hypertension
predisposition of elderly people towards various chronic disease complications including dementia,
insufficiency, congestive heart failure, cerebrovascular accident, and coronary atherosclerosis.
Hypertension is a commonly reported public health problem that affects the quality of life and ove
of the adult populations (Singh, Shankar, & Singh, 2017). The presented paper proves to be a reve
knowledge enhancing resource for adults and elders who aspire to understand and evaluat
hypertension and its connectedness with various health complications. The overall goal of writing t
related to the promotion of health-related activities to minimize the prevalence of hypertension an
complications in adults and elders of various age groups.

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Section III: General Information
Thesis Statement: A thorough assessment of clinical literature about hypertension, its risk factors,
complications is paramount for taking necessary measures in the context of minimizing unhealthy
adults and elderly populations for effectively reducing their burden of cardiovascular/cerebrovascu
and organ system manifestations.
Hypertension reportedly elevates the risk of stroke and heart disease in the majority of US residen
impacts the health and wellness of more than 75 million adults across the United States (CDC, 201
every three adults in the USA experiences hypertension and related risk of cardiovascular, cerebro
other organ system complications. More than 54% of American adults and elderly people find subs
to effectively control their systolic and diastolic blood pressures (CDC, 2016). Furthermore, 1100 A
meet death per day under the sustained impact of hypertension and related clinical complications.
more than $48.6 billion per year in the context of treating hypertensive patients and mitiga
working days (CDC, 2016).
Hypertension is the major cause of chronic kidney disease, cardiovascular disease, disability,
deaths across the globe. Global health data reveals more than 972 million cases of hypertension in
(Mills et al., 2016). Elevated prevalence of hypertension is reported in middle and low-income coun
recent years. 25.9% of adults (of age greater than 20 years) across the globe reportedly experienc
and related health complications. 25.1% %women and 26.4% men in the year 2000 reportedly exh
specific prevalence of hypertension.
Recent years have experienced an upward trend in hypertension prevalence (i.e. 7.7%) across the
low-income nations (Mills et al., 2016). However, hypertension prevalence in high-income nations e
has reportedly experienced a downward trend from 31% to 2.6% in the year 2000. Health care pro
across the globe recorded 466.8 million hypertension cases in the year 2000 (Mills et al.,
middle/low-income countries and high-income nations reportedly incorporated 440.1 million and 26
hypertension cases until the year 2000.
Evidence-basedliteraturedescribescholesterollevel, education,occupation,and age of individualsas
independent predisposition factors for hypertensive complications (Kishore, Gupta, Kohli, & K
More than 46% of ischemic heart patients and 54% of cerebrovascular accident patients a
experience these conditions under the sustained impact of hypertension (Kishore et al., 20
hypertension cases are reported in Canada as compared to England and the USA (Joffres, et al., 20
Canada shows the highest public awareness, treatment prevalence, and control of hypertension in
the USA and England. These statistical findings are categorically described below.

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Hypertension PrevalenceHypertension AwarenessHypertension TreatmentHypertension
Control
Country
19.5% 83% 80% 66% Canada
29% 81% 74% 53% USA
30% 65% 51% 27% England
Hypertension – A greatest risk factor for Cardiovascular Disease

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Section IV: Importance of Topic/Application
Hypertension proves to be a significant predisposing factor for various cardiovascular and c
diseases that substantially threaten the life expectancy of adults and elderly people (Kjelds
diseases include renal failure, cerebral stroke, cardiac arrhythmias, valvular heart diseases,
hypertrophy, and coronaryarterydisease.Men as compared towomenexperience an elevatedrisk of
hypertension-related cardiovascular complications (Kjeldsen, 2018). 24-hours blood pressure moni
risk hypertensive patients is necessary warranted in the context of evaluating their predisposition
types of cardiovascularor cerebrovasculardisorders.Hypertensionprevalenceand onset of related
cardiovascular, cerebrovascular, and organ system complications elevates the age of various popu
Hu, Chou, Huang, & Chou, 2015). Hypertension elevates the mortality risk of the patients
comorbiditiesincludingrenal impairment,diabetes,and cardiovasculardiseases.Non-complianceto
antihypertensive medicines not leads to adverse health outcomes in cardiac patients but a
hospitalization length, readmission rates, and frequency of hospitalization (Zhou, Xi, Ling, & Veera
Most of the hypertension patients exhibit a substantial reduction in their health-related qua
adversely impacts the prognostic outcomes of their comorbid conditions. Arterial hypertension
elderly patients elevates their risk of end-organ damage to manifolds as compared to normotensiv
(Schmieder, 2010). Hypertensive adults/elders who experience vasculopathy in many clinical scen
from seriouscardiovascularconditionsincludingaortic aneurysm,arterioscleroticstenosis,generalized
atherosclerosis, and endothelial dysfunction (Schmieder, 2010). Cerebrovascular damage und
impact of hypertension in elderly people leads to the prevalence of disease conditions includin
vascular dementia, lacunar infarction, intracerebral hemorrhage, stroke, and acute hypertensive e
Other serious disease conditions related with hypertension in elderly people/adults include heart fa
microangiopathy, atrial fibrillation, left ventricular hypertrophy, renal failure, chronic renal in
proteinuria, and albuminuria (Schmieder, 2010). These outcomes substantially reveal hypertension
risk factor for cardiovascular disease, cerebrovascular disorders, and organ system complications i
elderly populations.

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Section V: Treatment Approaches
Dietary approaches for hypertension prevention are based on the optimized intake of salt through
items. WHO recommendations substantiate the administration of 2 grams of salt per day for adults
of reducing their risk of hypertension (Bazzano, Green, Harrison, & Reynolds, 2013). A diet compos
magnesium ammonium potassium chloride, 25% potassium chloride, 50% sodium chloride p
effective to reduce the systolic and diastolic blood pressures of elderly people and adults.
consumption of dietary fibers and avoidance of alcohol are other significant measures that assist in
blood pressure levels while reducing the risk of cardiovascular, cerebrovascular, and other
complications. The activity of food protein’s natural peptides inhibits the functionality of angiotens
enzyme that eventually reduces the risk of hypertension and related clinical complications (Martin
2017). Antihypertensive drugs are categorized into beta-blockers, diuretics, calcium channel
angiotensin system antagonists, alpha-adrenoceptor antagonists, and centrally acting sympathom
& Niebauer, 2004). Aerobic and resistant exercises also play a pivotal role in controlling hypertens
clinical complications in adults and elderly people (Pescatello, MacDonald, Lamberti, & Johnson, 20

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Section VI: Expected Outcomes
The initial approach to hypertension management is based on follow up and screening intervention
2018). The physicians and nutritionists need to recommend lifestyle management approaches in th
improving health -relates the quality of life of hypertensive patients. A blend of recommended food
exercise approaches in many clinical scenarios require utilization to minimize the risk of hypertens
vascularcomplicationsin eldersand adultsof variousage groups.Secondly,the administrationof
pharmacotherapy is recommended in cases where the hypertensive patients experience high-risk
life-threatening conditions. First line antihypertensive therapy is based on angiotensin-conve
inhibitors and diuretics. However, the treatment methodology requires modification in accor
clinical outcomes and severity of the patients’ comorbidities.

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Section VII: Conclusion
Hypertension is a commonly reported public health issue that impacts the health and wellness of a
people to a considerable extent. Hypertension not only deteriorates the cardiovascular and
comorbidities of the patients but also reduces their life expectancy while elevating their risk of end
The prevalence of hypertension in developing/economically deprived nations continues to increase
to the developed countries of the world. A blend of exercise interventions, dietary modification, an
management approaches with therapeutic management are highly recommended to reduce the ri
of hypertension and related clinical complications in adults and elderly populations across the glob

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Section VIII: References
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Hypertension. Curr Hypertens Rep, 15(6), 694–702. doi:10.1007/s11906-013-0390-z
Bolívar, J. J. (2013). Essential Hypertension: An Approach to Its Etiology and Neurogenic Pathophys
J Hypertens, 1-11. doi:10.1155/2013/547809
CDC. (2016, 06 16). High Blood Pressure Fact Sheet. Retrieved from
https://www.cdc.gov/dhdsp/data_statistics/fact_sheets/fs_bloodpressure.htm
IQWiG. (2006). High blood pressure: Overview. In InformedHealth.org [Internet]. Cologne, Germany
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Joffres, M., Falaschetti, E., Gillespie, C., Robitaille, C., Loustalot, F., Poulter, N., . . . Campbell, N. (20
Hypertension prevalence, awareness, treatment and control in national surveys from Englan
and Canada, and correlation with stroke and ischaemic heart disease mortality: a cross-secti
BMJ Open. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2013-003423
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Pescatello, L. S., MacDonald, H. V., Lamberti, L., & Johnson, B. T. (2015). Exercise for Hypertension
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