Effects of domestic violence on children and intergenerational cycle

This research proposal aims to analyze the effects of domestic violence on children and the intergenerational cycle of domestic violence. It discusses the challenges faced by children, strategies to minimize the impact, and the child protection authorities involved. The proposal also includes a literature review and a conceptual framework based on attachment theory and social learning theory.

Research proposal
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Table of Content.
TITLE..............................................................................................................................................4
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................4
Background of the research.........................................................................................................4
RESEARCH AIM............................................................................................................................5
RESEARCH OBJECTIVES............................................................................................................5
RESEARCH QUESTIONS.............................................................................................................5
Alternative Hypothesis................................................................................................................5
Null Hypothesis...........................................................................................................................5
LITERATURE REVIEW................................................................................................................5
Notion of domestic violence that has produced on children within their developmental stage
and later parental capacity as an adolescent................................................................................5
Challenges or difficulties faced by children in terms of domestic violence during their
development and later parental capacity as an adolescent...........................................................6
Strategies or ways to minimize the effects of domestic violence during the child’s
developmental stages and later parental capacity as an adolescent.............................................7
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK....................................................................................................7
Attachment Theory......................................................................................................................7
Social Learning Theory...............................................................................................................7
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY....................................................................................................8
Research philosophy....................................................................................................................8
Research approach.......................................................................................................................8
Research strategy.........................................................................................................................8
Choice of methods.......................................................................................................................8
Sampling......................................................................................................................................9
Ethical consideration...................................................................................................................9
Temporal plan..............................................................................................................................9
DATA ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS..........................................................................................10
Research Instrument..................................................................................................................10
DISCUSSION................................................................................................................................11
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CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS..........................................................................12
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................13
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TITLE
“Effects of domestic violence that has produced on children and the intergenerational cycle of
domestic violence”
INTRODUCTION
An exposure of the child or the adolescent towards any of the incident of threatening or
violent behaviour is generally referred to as a form of child maltreatment. It is generally linked
with enhanced risk of social, psychological, emotional as well as the behavioural issues. A
domestic violence can be referred to as a systematic pattern of specific abusive behaviours within
a relationship which were used to maintain or enhance the control and power on the other person.
It is quite common among the women as they are violently attacked every minute within
Australia (Family, domestic and sexual violence in Australia, 2018). Apart from that the impact
of abuse generally ripples via a family mainly influencing not only on the victim, but it can
impact the children and their developmental stages as well. In the research, there is a discussion
about the effects of domestic violence which has greatly produced on child and their
developmental stage as well. There is a discussion about the difficulties faced by the children
(such as impacting psychological stage, physical and emotional well-being) due to domestic
violence during early and later parental capacity as an adolescent. Furthermore, some strategies
would be made so that its impact can be minimized to promote a healthy living among children
within early and later parental capacity as an adolescent. In addition, there is involved the child
protection authorities which deals with the domestic violence cases among children. The purpose
of this study is to summarize the current investigation, highlight essential challenges within the
research as well as to provide recommendations for further study.
Background of the research
As per the consequences regarding domestic violence on the victim, the influence over the
children is far reaching as there are several psychological effects for the children who generally
witness for such abuse. Children are mainly experiencing numerous delays within their cognitive
and emotional development, an extreme aggressiveness or withdrawal, having anxiety issues and
the specific behavioural problems (Weeks and Gilmore, 2020). The main issues which were
linked with domestic violence such as aggressive behaviour, lack of self-esteem, sleep
disturbance and many more.
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RESEARCH AIM
To analyse the effects of domestic violence that has produced on children and the
intergenerational cycle of domestic violence.
RESEARCH OBJECTIVES
1. To understand the notion of domestic violence that has produced on children within their
developmental stage and later parental capacity as an adolescent.
2. To evaluate the challenges or difficulties faced by children in terms of domestic violence
during their development and later parental capacity as an adolescent.
3. To measure the strategies or ways to minimize the effects of domestic violence during the
child’s developmental stages and later parental capacity as an adolescent.
RESEARCH QUESTIONS
1. What is the notion of domestic violence that has produced on children within their
developmental stage and later parental capacity as an adolescent?
2. What are the challenges or difficulties faced by children in terms of domestic violence
during their development and later parental capacity as an adolescent?
3. What are the strategies or ways to minimize the effects of domestic violence during the
child’s developmental stages and later parental capacity as an adolescent?
Alternative Hypothesis
There is exposure of domestic violence towards children, can enhances risk in their
developmental stage and can affect their parental capacity as an adolescent.
Null Hypothesis
There is no exposure of domestic violence towards children, can enhances risk in their
developmental stage and can affect their parental capacity as an adolescent.
LITERATURE REVIEW
Notion of domestic violence that has produced on children within their developmental stage and
later parental capacity as an adolescent.
As per the view of Marianne James (1994), a child malfunction and a domestic violence
are generally not a fresh social issue, nor are they a disorganized or the divergent activities.
These both are generally considered as an accepted part of the culture. The author defines the
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concept of domestic violence as one of the most entrenched as well as a pervasive forms of the
violence within the today’s society. Despite the fact that author says that the prevalence of
domestic violence among Australian children can occur every year and along with children,
women can also suffer from psychologically, physically as well as sexually as an outcome of the
acts of violence against them within the home. In this, a protection of child and domestic
violence is generally a complex and wide area (Muldoon and et. al., 2019). It is generally
common for the domestic violence, as the occurrence of stressful situations or issues in the early
life is generally referred to as an adverse childhood experiences. By the study, it has been
determined that an adverse childhood experiences generally consist a lifelong effect into an
adulthood. It can be considered as a source of the lifelong psychological distress and consisting a
longitudinal impact on the physical well-being, interpersonal violence, misuse of substances and
self-harm as well. In addition, a systematic screening for the presence of domestic violence by
welfare of child professional as well as the systematic screening of the child malfunction by the
domestic violence service providers are both difficult because of the medical trust problems as
well as the parent-child dynamics included. Children and mother can both underreport for the
same concepts, associated with the concerns about being parted from each other.
Challenges or difficulties faced by children in terms of domestic violence during their
development and later parental capacity as an adolescent.
As per the opinion of Monica Campo (2015), the specific challenges or the difficulties that
were faced by the children in regards with domestic violence such as separation anxiety as the
domestic violence is not only restricted to the pre-schoolers and the young aged children mainly
suffering from such anxiety that could be clingy. In context with physical impacts of the
domestic violence, the author states that the effect consisting but are not limiting to eating issues,
injury as well as the stress linked conditions like bronchitis. An emotional effect which are
noticed, are mainly manifested in the disruption towards school, attention, lack of proper
attendance along with concentration issues, insecurity, having low self-esteem and depression.
Later on stages of development, the impacts might be altered in conduct, behavioural issues,
aggression, disturbance in sleep and hyperactivity and so on. Domestic violence can negative
impact over the language development, cognitive skills as well as their educational attainment.
As per the view of Isabelle Mueller and Ed Tronick (2019), witnessing the childhood abuse
does not only affect the socio-emotional development, but it can also make impact on the
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cognitive functioning, child’s IQ and many more functioning’s more adversely. At its most
extreme, violence against female generally may have a toxic consequence for both child and
mother as well. The children can be specifically accused as a part of the maltreatment of their
mother and vice versa, generally making it more challenging at the times to separate out discrete
parts of the child maltreatment and domestic violence, it is because in most of the cases it is
generally the intention of an accuser that maltreatment of the children will make a dreadful
influence on the mother as well (A Critical Review of Quantitative Analyses of Children Exposed
to Domestic Violence, 2007).
Strategies or ways to minimize the effects of domestic violence during the child’s developmental
stages and later parental capacity as an adolescent.
As per the UNICEF (2020), although exposure towards the neglect or abuse can
significantly enhances the risk of negative social, psychological as well as the emotional aspects,
the child’s resilience may protect them from improving the poor mental as well as the physical
well-being issues. As per the chosen article, resilience among children and adults can allow them
to thrive in spite of their critical circumstances. It can be positively overcome by building
confidence, building connections, enable the children to effectively express the feelings, educate
the child about necessity of healthy behaviours and many more (Dye, 2018).
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
Attachment Theory
An attachment theory is generally an evolutionary, psychological as well as an
ethnological theory mainly concerning about the relationships with other humans. The theory
mainly looks at necessity of improving the brain on behaviours and emotions throughout the
living of an individual. An attachment theory is mainly rooted in a psychodynamic thought and
concluded the whole work in attachment, separation and loss as well. If the theory go on talk
about how the attachment can occurs by the termination of one year among all the children, as
well as the lack of attachment can significantly lead towards having critical symptoms regarding
the developmental process among them. It can give a useful aspect to progressively improves the
understanding of domestic violence and its influence that make on the development of children.
It is because it can provide the capability to effectively understand essentiality of the
relationships, the attachment and its affect which an insecure attachment generally made on the
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relationships. Within this, the particular theory can offer a high understanding of the children in
terms of domestic violence and their later life stages as well (Cohrdes and Mauz, 2020).
Social Learning Theory
A social learning theory is generally a thought that a child can learn from observing the
other individuals. It is a school of the behavioural thoughts which can look at both the internal as
well as an external thought processes. With help of social learning theory, it can be visualised the
necessity of communication (verbal and non-verbal) and modelling for the children as well as
their developmental growth also. As per the theory, the children are more exposed towards
violence other than adults within the family and society as well (Talmon and Ginzburg, 2019). It
can process and integrate the violence as both normative and socially acceptable behaviour for
correcting the other people’s an undesirable behaviour.
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Research philosophy
A research philosophy is a system of the scientist thoughts, following which new, relevant
understanding about the research objects that are obtained. A research philosophy is mainly of
four types which include Pragmatism, Interpretivism, Realism and Positivism. A positivism
research philosophy is being chosen as the study is systematic and practical. It is highly
structured in order to collect the relevant information about the topic and is used within
quantitative nature of research as well.
Research approach
A research approach is a plan as well as the procedures for the study which span the steps
from wide conventions or the descriptive methodologies in order to detail the approaches of
collecting the information, its analysis and interpretation as well. A research approach is mainly
of two types such as Deductive and Inductive research approach. For doing the research, there is
being chosen a Deductive research approach to complete the research to a relevant topic of
interest. It is chosen because a person will more typically link with the scientific study.
Research strategy
A research strategy provides whole path of the study, specifically consisting the processes
by which the study is being conducted. A research strategy usually includes an action-oriented
study, a systematic literature review, a qualitative survey, questionnaires, observations, interview
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methods and a case study research. For doing the research, a research strategy chosen here is
questionnaire. As it includes a list of questions which is used to collect the relevant and effective
information from the respondents about their experiences (Rosen and et. al., 2020).
Choice of methods
A research choice within research methodology generally defined about the method which
is being chosen in the study to complete the investigation. A research choice is mainly of three
types such as mono method, multi method and mixed method. In order to complete the study,
there is being opted a mono method involves using one research approach for the investigation
such as quantitative research choice.
Sampling
A sampling in research is a group of an object or people that are specifically undertaken
from a larger public for the measurement as well. There are generally the two types of sampling
in research methodology such as Random and Non-random sampling. A random sampling
method is used for doing the quantitative research on the topic and about 10 participants are
selected for the survey. It is chosen because random sampling is meant to be an unbiased
demonstration of the overall population.
Ethical consideration
An ethical consideration within research is generally a set of significant principles which
can help to guide the research design and practices as well. These such principles can include an
informed consent, voluntary participation, confidentiality, anonymity, potential for harm and the
results communication (Goddard, 2021).
Temporal plan
Topics/Months FEBRUARY MARCH APRIL MAY JUN
E
JUL
Y
AUGUST SEPTEMBER
TITLE,
INTRODUCTION
RESEARCH
AIMS AND
OBJECTIVES
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LITERATURE
REVIEW
RESEARCH
METHODOLOGY
DATA
ANALYSIS AND
FINDINGS
DISCUSSION
CONCLUSION
SUBMISSION
DATA ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS
Research Instrument
Questionnaire: It is a list of specific questions that are effectively used to collect the informative
data from the respondents more specifically about their experiences, attitude or opinions as well.
It can be used to gather both qualitative and quantitative data about the research problem.
Interpretation of the research findings:
TABLE 1:
Question 1: Did you really know about the
impact of domestic violence that influence the
psychological, emotional and physical state of
children?
FREQUENCY
A: Yes 2
B: No 5
C:Average 1
D: Not sure regarding this. 2
Interpretation:
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The above pie chart is representing that among participants, 2 of them have the
understanding about the impact of domestic violence that influence the psychological,
emotional and physical state of children. Among all the 10 participants, 5 were don't have
the knowledge about its impact and 1 participant is consisting average knowledge and 2 of
them not sure about the impact of domestic violence.
Question 2: Did you try to reduce the domestic
violence such that you can live a healthy life?
FREQUENCY
A: Yes 5
B: No 2
C:Average 1
D: Not sure regarding this. 2
Interpretation:
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From the above representation, it is being determined that 5 of them have try to reduce the
domestic violence such that you can live a healthy life. 2 of them did not try. one participant did
an average try to reduce the impact of domestic violence. Among all, 2 of them are not sure
about this.
DISCUSSION
From the above discussion, it is analysed that the impact of trauma can significantly affect
the psychological state of a child, their relationship and self-esteem as well. It is quite clear that
exposure towards the violence can place a high burden over the children among all the
developmental stages (The Impact of Witnessing Domestic Violence on Children, 2017).
Inappropriately, the impacts of violence are more likely to create a long term intergenerational
cycles of maltreatment if are not treated early. It has been analysed by the research report that
domestic violence is generally an essential risk indicator of direct sexual and physical abuse of
the children, mainly representing the extension of an ongoing violence. It can involve a national
household surveys, the questionnaire surveys of convenience samples of the females as well as
of the domestic violence service providers along with the mixed approach study with the young
adults. The research findings also depict that the domestic violence negative influence on the
ability of women in order to develop the authority and control on her children and resulting in
physical aggression by the adolescents towards their family members (The impact of exposure to
domestic violence on children and young people, 2008).
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CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
From the above research report, it has been concluded that domestic violence generally
continues to be an issue among several families. Breaking the cycle of violence will generally
need work for the family members and among all impacted individuals. Furthermore, there is
need to produce a social climate which can break the domestic violence and continue to bring
such issues within the public light as well.
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REFERENCES
Books and Journals:
Clark, B.A. and Virani, A., 2021. This wasn’ta split-second decision”: An empirical ethical
analysis of transgender youth capacity, rights, and authority to consent to hormone
therapy. Journal of bioethical inquiry, 18(1), pp.151-164.
Cohrdes, C. and Mauz, E., 2020. Self-efficacy and emotional stability buffer negative effects of
adverse childhood experiences on young adult health-related quality of life. Journal of
Adolescent Health, 67(1), pp.93-100.
Dye, H., 2018. The impact and long-term effects of childhood trauma. Journal of Human
Behavior in the Social Environment, 28(3), pp.381-392.
Goddard, A., 2021. Adverse childhood experiences and trauma-informed care. Journal of
Pediatric Health Care, 35(2), pp.145-155.
Hastings, P.D., Kahle, S., Fleming, C., Lohr, M.J., Katz, L.F. and Oxford, M.L., 2019. An
intervention that increases parental sensitivity in families referred to Child Protective
Services also changes toddlers’ parasympathetic regulation. Developmental
science, 22(1), p.e12725.
Muldoon, O.T., Haslam, S.A., Haslam, C., Cruwys, T., Kearns, M. and Jetten, J., 2019. The
social psychology of responses to trauma: Social identity pathways associated with
divergent traumatic responses. European Review of Social Psychology, 30(1), pp.311-
348.
Muniz, C.N., Fox, B., Miley, L.N., Delisi, M., Cigarran, G.P. and Birnbaum, A., 2019. The
effects of adverse childhood experiences on internalizing versus externalizing
outcomes. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 46(4), pp.568-589.
Peterman, A., Potts, A., O'Donnell, M., Thompson, K., Shah, N., Oertelt-Prigione, S. and Van
Gelder, N., 2020. Pandemics and violence against women and children (Vol. 528).
Washington, DC: Center for Global Development.
Rosen, L., Runtz, M., Eadie, E.M. and Mirotchnick, C., 2020. Childhood victimization and
physical health in women: The mediating role of adult attachment. Journal of
interpersonal violence, 35(5-6), pp.1182-1205.
Talmon, A. and Ginzburg, K., 2019. The intricate role of dissociation in the relations between
childhood maltreatment, self-objectification, and narcissism. Psychological trauma:
theory, research, practice, and policy, 11(8), p.909.
Weeks, W. and Gilmore, K., 2020. How violence against women became an issue on the national
policy agenda. In Making social policy in Australia (pp. 141-153). Routledge.
Zhang, X., Gatzke-Kopp, L.M., Fosco, G.M. and Bierman, K.L., 2020. Parental support of self-
regulation among children at risk for externalizing symptoms: Developmental trajectories
of physiological regulation and behavioral adjustment. Developmental psychology, 56(3),
p.528.
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Online:
A Critical Review of Quantitative Analyses of Children Exposed to Domestic Violence, 2007
[Online] Available through: file:///C:/Users/user/Downloads/FowlerChanmugam2007.pdf
Children's exposure to domestic and family violence, 2015 [Online] Available through:
https://aifs.gov.au/resources/policy-and-practice-papers/childrens-exposure-domestic-
and-family-violence
Domestic violence as a form of child abuse, 2018 [Online] Available through:
https://aifs.gov.au/resources/policy-and-practice-papers/domestic-violence-form-child-
abuse-identification-and
Early Life Exposure to Violence: Developmental Consequences on Brain and Behavior, 2019
[Online] Available through:
https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnbeh.2019.00156/full
Family, domestic and sexual violence in Australia, 2018 [Online] Available through:
https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/domestic-violence/family-domestic-sexual-violence-in-
australia-2018/summary
The impact of exposure to domestic violence on children and young people, 2008 [Online]
Available through: https://sci-hub.se/10.1016/j.chiabu.2008.02.004
The Impact of Witnessing Domestic Violence on Children, 2017 [Online] Available through:
https://sophia.stkate.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1779&context=msw_papers
Violence against children, 2020 [Online] Available through:
https://www.unicef.org/protection/violence-against-children
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