Alcohol Consumption and Health Risks

This assignment delves into the complex issue of alcohol consumption among high school students. It requires an analysis of research papers on binge drinking, associated health risks, and intervention strategies. Students are also tasked with conducting interviews or surveys to gather insights into student perceptions about alcohol use, appropriate drinking ages, and government efforts to curb underage drinking. The assignment aims to shed light on the factors influencing adolescent alcohol consumption and explore potential solutions to mitigate its negative consequences.

Research project
DRINKING CULTURE OF LONDON STUDENTS
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LITERATURE REVIEW
Factors influencing drinking behaviour
In the present era overall trends in the market are changing at faster pace where
youngsters have started to consume alcohols on larger basis. As per the report published by
ESPAD in the year 2013 it has been identified that North European and British young students
consumes alcohol over the moderate consumption and high risk of becoming heavy drinkers is
present. Further, the level of alcohol consumption and other problems linked with it in the young
people is one of the major concerns. Youngsters are generally seems to be at risk of harmful
patterns of consumption. As per view of Vasilaki, Hosier and Cox, (2006) students who are
pursuing higher degree stands on top in terms of alcohol consumption. In country like UK the
overall alcohol consumption per capita for drinkers lying under 15 years of age reached doubled.
Apart from this, some data of alcohol consumption is also present which is unrecorded and it
takes into consideration informally produced alcohol and those obtained through cross border.
World health organization has estimated that level of unrecorded alcohol consumption is about
1.7 liters per head (Vasilaki, Hosier and Cox, 2006). Further, the information linked with alcohol
consumption has been obtained from variety of sources which involves British beer and pub
association etc and it has been found that alcohol consumption of youngsters is quite high as
compared with people lying under other age group. On the other hand, obtaining correct
information regarding alcohol consumption is little bit difficult as it depends on the preference of
every individual.
However argued Haerens and et. al., (2008) that in country like UK consumption of
Alcohol is measured in units. At present the statistics of Alcohol 2015 organized from national
statistical institute of health and social care the total quantity which is being consumed by
youngsters lying in the age 16 to 24 years is far over the moderate consumption which is up to 9
units for women and around 12 units for men. Apart from this it has been identified that young
adult attitude along with children preference to alcohol drinking is influenced by their family
habits in relations with drinking of alcohol (Haerens and et. al., 2008). Different studies have
supported in knowing that young students who are residing with other people prefers to drink
alcohol. Further, 83% of the individuals who are living with no one drinks alcohol and had never
drunk comparing with 30% of the teenagers who have resided with one or more drinkers.
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Majority of the young individuals prefer to consume alcohol with their friends and family
members.
As per view Schulte, Ramo and Brown, (2009) of the infant feeding survey carried out in
the year 2010 has shown that 48% of the women have declined the level of alcohol consumption
during and after pregnancy and around 4% have drank the same. Further, information collected
from health and lifestyle in England in the year 2013 the second highest number of mental health
treatment were 19% for mental and behavioral orders which was due to alcohol. In short,
consumption of alcohol as a beverage is having harm on teenage brain.
Measures taken by government of UK to reduce alcohol consumption
As per view of Stueve and O'Donnell, (2005) government has developed alcohol
strategies in the year 2015 so that overall impact of harmful drinking can be reduced and main
stress is on protecting youngsters who are indulged into practices of excess alcohol consumption.
Further, UK government has increased tax rates on alcohol unit and sponsorship on this beverage
has been banned for sport and cultural activities such as musical concert where majority of the
individuals are under 18 years. Further, minimum unit cost for alcohol and other measures
implemented assisted in decreasing the level of alcohol consumption with 4% and on long term
main focus is on reducing the death level and overall crime which takes place in the society
(Engels and et. al., 2009). However argued that there is a need for young generation to assess
their identity and how their cultural genesis influences on developing groups and subculture
where different type of distinctive elements which involves norms, values, lifestyle etc. These
groups along with subculture always develop negative aspects in the society.
However, Bot and etl. al., (2005) argued that drinking alcohol more than amount
suggested can directly damage person’s health and it is not only considered as the burden on
individuals but also drain on hospital resources and public money. Government of UK has
introduced large number of guidelines with the help of which it is possible to support individuals
so that they can change their drinking behavior (Sobell, 2013). Apart from this, around £448
million amount has been invested with the motive to improve lives of 120,000 trouble families in
the country and it is ensured that hospitals are having liaison nurses so that people with alcohol
related issues can be determined easily. The overall treatment provided for alcohol dependence
has been improved where drug and alcohol recovery program has been introduced for the benefit
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of society. According to Ajzen, (2011) measures have taken in the field of advertisement also
where promotion of alcohol to youngsters has been decreased and specific rules have been
introduced regarding same. Apart from this, government has taken strict actions in order to
reduce the availability of the cheap alcohol as their exist direct relationship when price of
Alcohol increases then its consumption declines and vice versa. Overall taxes along with duties
on Alcohol have raised and this has lead to rise in rate of Alcohol which are being purchased by
youngsters in heavy amount. On the other hand, government is quickly responding to the issues
which are arising due to excess alcohol consumption. Issues such as crime are increasing along
with health related such as liver disease in young adults (Gache and et. al., 2005). In country like
UK it has been identified that liver disease from the year 2001 to 2009 has risen by 25% and it
has been identified that cost of managing such disease would be around £1 billion per year by
2015. Therefore, the overall investment in treatment of disease linked with alcohol is quite high
and it is required for government to take corrective actions for improving health conditions.
Consequences of excessive drinking
As per view of Bell and et. al., (2006) the short along with long term consequences that
arise from consuming alcohol are astonishing. Consumption of alcohol on regular basis leads to
adverse outcomes where 1900 of the 5000 deaths involve motor vehicle crashes, 1600 leads to
homicides and 300 leads to suicide. Further, it sometime leads to rise in the risk of physical and
sexual assault, can cause physical outcomes also such as death etc. In short excessive
consumption is injurious to health where it is the responsibility of individual to apply own efforts
so that body may not be affected (Miller and et. al., 2007). High doses of alcohol have been
found to delay puberty in female along with male. It can also lead to slow bone growth and leads
to liver disorder also. Apart from this, risky behavior is also adverse consequences of excessive
alcohol consumption. Drink and drive cases are also increasing in country like UK and it is also
one of the unfavorable consequences of alcohol consumption.
Further, it is well known fact that age between 18 to 25 is regarded as the time of change
where preferences along with other type of requirement of individual changes. The highest
prevalence of issue linked with drinking takes place among adults. According to Bouchery and
et. al., (2011) overall consequences of excessive drinking are adverse where it is required for
individual to prevent from consuming alcohol in large amount. It can cause serious injury such as
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fighting, drug overdose, self harm or suicide which is totally unfavorable for individual. Further,
it has been analyzed that misuse of alcohol can be associated with the misuse of other drugs.
Consumption of alcohol with other type of drugs can directly influence nervous system of
individual and can be risky. It can also lead to person’s along with heart rate to decline to
dangerous level. Excessive consumption of alcohol can have adverse impact on health of
individual and damages liver (Sobell, 2013). In short person has to face lot of health related
issues in near future in case when corrective actions are not taken to avoid alcohol consumption
in excess. In country like UK alcohol consumption has taken life of large number of individuals
and it can be in the form of suicide, liver damage, rash driving etc and therefore, due to this
reason such kind of situations have to be avoided.
Effective measures to prevent alcohol addiction
As per view of World Health Organization, (2007) different ways are present with the
help of which it is possible for youngsters to prevent alcohol addiction. One of the most
effective ways is to connect with parents and friends as they can provide right guidelines to
individual and can assist to reduce the level of alcohol consumption. Further, the opportunity to
provide advantage to any individual from someone’s life experience is also effective. Avoiding
temptation is also regarded as one of the most effective method where individual can avoid
situations which may be tempted to drink (Nilsen and et. al., 2006.). It is necessary to identify the
times where consumption is high and such type of condition can be avoided by individual for
personal benefit. Reward progress is also regarded as one of the most effective way through
which it is possible to prevent alcohol addiction. It is not easy for any individual to change
lifestyle but by rewarding oneself it is possible to do the same. Further, by keeping track on the
progress and keeping motivation level high consumption of alcohol can be reduced easily.
According to Popova and et. al., 2007 it totally depends on every individual the range of
techniques adopted for preventing alcohol addiction as sometime person may not have control on
oneself. Following the family rules regarding alcohol can be beneficial for individual in every
possible manner. It is well known fact that when any person grows then it is necessary to have
trust and respect towards parents and taking advice from them is beneficial. Proper interaction
with family members and other colleagues can support youngsters in preventing alcohol
addiction (Engels and et. al., 2009). Obtaining proper information regarding alcohol and drugs is
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also one of the most appropriate way through which it is possible for individual to reduce level
of alcohol consumption (Casswell and Thamarangsi, 2009). Moreover, it is necessary that
youngsters may have proper information regarding side effects of excessive alcohol consumption
and by gaining knowledge regarding the same consumption level can be reduced. Ability to take
decisions regarding consuming alcohol can involve getting educated and applying the same
practically.
As per view of UKATT Research Team, (2005) individual can develop plans at personal
level especially for the conditions which leads to consumption of alcohol. Apart from this in the
present era many inventions have been done in the field of medical science with the help of
which individual can prevent alcohol consumption up to extent. Individual can also try to indulge
oneself into activities which can assist in avoiding drinking. Further, it is well known fact that
when any person perform activities which are favorable then it leads to decline in consumption
level of beverages such as alcohol. Spending time with individuals who avoid drinking is also
one of the most effective techniques and this will support in preventing the presence of alcohol
every time which is beneficial for person.
Doing exercise on continuous basis can also be appropriate way to deal with the adverse
situation of alcohol consumption. In case if person is indulged into activities of doing exercise on
regular basis this issue can be tackled easily. As per view of Haerens and et. al., (2008) keeping
track on alcohol consumption can also support individual in preventing alcohol addiction. Person
can carry drink tracker card and this can support in knowing how much consumption is taking
place in a month. Reviewing the drinking progress timely can support individual to deal with this
adverse situation. Apart from this, noticing situations which leads to excess consumption of
alcohol can also be beneficial and by avoiding the same problem ling with rise in consumption
level can be avoided easily (Stueve and O'Donnell, 2005). Therefore, in this way these are some
of the most effective ways through which it is possible to prevent alcohol addiction.
Pilot survey testing
For conducting the present study pilot survey testing has been carried out with the help of
which questionnaire prepared has been tested through support of respondents who have been
selected for the present research. All the questions developed are understandable by respondents
and they are able to respond on the basis of same. Apart from this, respondents are able to
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understand the main motive of the present study which has enhanced the reliability of the entire
research.
Questionnaire
Remember respondents (Students of London) have the right to decline participating in research
and can stop participation at any time
Gender
 Male
 Female
1. How often do you consume drink containing alcohol?
 Never
 Once a month
 2.-3 time in a month
 3 to 5 time in a month
 More than 10 times
2. How many units of alcohol do you consume on a regular day when you drink?
 1 -2 drinks
 3-5 drinks
 6 to 7 drinks
 7-10 drinks
 More than 10 drnks
3. Have you or someone else been injured as a result of your drinking?
 Yes
 No
4. According to you, what are the consequences of excessive drinking?
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 Mental and behavioural disorders
 Harmful for brain development
 Causes of accident and deaths
 Drinking increases aggressiveness
5. What are major health consequences of alcohol abuse/misuse?
 Diseases of chronic pancreatitis
 Chronic hepatitis
 Fibrosis and cirrhosis of liver
 Intentional self-poisoning and liver diseases
 Mental and behavioral disorders
6. Have you felt any of Signs and Symptoms of Alcohol Abuse and Addiction?
 Thick or incoherent speech
 Poor balance and clumsiness
 Delayed reflexes
 Loss of consciousness or blacking-out
 Stomach pains
 Redness of the face after periods of consumption
7. According to you, what strategy of government does influence young people to get rid of
drinking?
 Maintaining high tax on alcohol unit
 Forbidden selling alcohol to under 18’s
 Deciding age of alcohol consumption
 Health promotion campaign
 Ban alcohol sponsorship for sport and cultural activities
Thank you for participating …...........
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Interview questions
1. Do you consume alcohol daily?
2. How many times you consume alcohol?
3. Has a relative or friend or a doctor make you concerned about your drinking or suggested
you cut down?
 Yes
 No
4. How often you had a feeling of guilt or remorse after drinking?
 Never
 Once
 For many times
5. What is your personal perception about alcohol consumption?
6. In what manner do you think alcohol consumption is bad for your health
7. What are your preferred ways to get rid of drinking
8. Do you find yourself unable to stop drinking?
 Yes
 No
9. Do you think, effects of alcohol in women are more harmful than from men?
 Yes
 No
10. What age you consider appropriate for consume alcohol?
 16 years
 17-20 years
 More than 20
11. Do you think, government strategies are enough to influence in stopping alcohol
consumption among young people?
 Yes
 No
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12. Do you want to quit drinking?
 Yes
 No
Statistical analysis Questions
1. Kindly rate the factors influencing drinking behaviours of London students on 5 points likert
scale
Strongly
Agree
Agree Neutral Disagree Strongly
Disagree
Family habits
Friends and social attitudes regarding
alcohol drinking
Surrounding
Alcohol consumption is considered as
a status symbol
Alcohol helps in sleep better
Consumption of alcohol allows to get
rid of physical pain
Environment of Workplace
Alcohol makes a person more
interesting
2. Complex needs of young age influence alcohol consumption among young people
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Strongly
Agree
Agree Neutral Disagree Strongly
Disagree
Personal identity
Social validation
Need of belonging to different groups,
Acceptance
Peer group pressures
Data analysis
Quantitative analysis
Demographics of respondents
Basis Number of respondents
Male 13
Female 7
The table above represents the gender demographic of respondents of the present
investigation. The respondents are aged between 18-24 years attending the City College located
in London. There were total 20 students who have taken part in the investigation among them 13
respondents were male. The rest of 7 respondents were female, however, the findings represent
that most of male respondents have taken part in the study.
Frequency of alcohol consumption
Basis Number of respondents
Never 0
11

Once a month 4
2-3 time in a month 9
3 to 5 time in a month 5
More than 10 times 2
Through the questionnaire used in the survey, the respondents were asked about their
frequency to consume alcohol. The total respondents of the survey are 20 students of City
College located in London. In the questionnaire, the respondents were given option to select their
frequency of consuming alcohol. In the primary investigation, most of the respondents have said
that they drink around 2-3 times in a month. On the other hand, 5 students out of twenty consume
alcohol 3 to 5 times in a month. There was no such student who had not consumed alcohol in his/
her life. This indicates a trend of drinking among young people within United Kingdom.
Further, from the respondents view point, it was assessed that 4 among 20 students are
involved in drinking alcohol once in a month. However, there were only 2 respondents who
consume alcohol more than 10 times in another. This number denotes a trend of excessive
consumption of alcohol. The number of excessive drinkers is only 10% of whole but it shows the
trends of alcohol consumption. The responses show that alcohol consumption has become a trend
in the UK society where young people are involved throughout in consuming alcohol. Hence,
most of the young students consume drink 2-3 time in a month.
Units of alcohol do you consume on a regular day when you drink
Basis Number of respondents 3
1 -2 drinks 8
3-5 drinks 5
6 to 7 drinks 1
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7-10 drinks 4
More than 10 drinks 2
Within the primary investigation, the customers are asked about the units of alcohol that
they consume in a regular day when you drink. The respondent was given the option of number
of units that they want to consume in a single day when they drink. Among 20 respondents, there
are majority of 8 students who consume only 1 -2 drinks whenever they drink. On the other
hand, total of 5 students of city collage of London consume 3-5 drinks for a single time when
they drink. The main motive of including this question is to assess the level of consuming
alcohol among young people. The respondents have shown that they consume 1 -2 drinks which
represents that they are not excessive drinkers. There was only one respondents who consume 6
to 7 drinks at a single time. However, 4 respondents are there who consume 7 to 10 drinks for a
single time whenever they consume drinking. The primary investigation has represented that 2
respondents are there who consume more than 10 drinks for a single time. The findings
rep[resents that the consumption of alcohol is varied among young people of United Kingdom.
Consequences of excessive drinking
Basis Number of respondents
Mental and behavioural disorders 8
Harmful for brain development 6
Causes of accident and deaths 2
Drinking increases aggressiveness 4
The respondent of questionnaire was asked about the consequences of excessive drinking.
According to most of the respondents, the excessive drinking lead to Mental and behavioural
disorders. There were total 8 respondents who were agreed that mental and behavioural disorder
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is the major consequence of consuming alcohol. There were total 6 students who have said that
the excessive drinking is harmful for brain development. Hence, it is considered as a
consequences of excessive drinking. From the evidence of secondary data, it was assessed that
there are many students perceived that huge consumption of alcohol increases aggressiveness
among students. However, only 2 students are there who perceive that excessive drinking causes
of accident and deaths.
Health consequences of alcohol abuse/misuse
Basis Number of respondents
Diseases of chronic pancreatitis 1
Chronic hepatitis 2
Fibrosis and cirrhosis of liver 5
Intentional self-poisoning and liver diseases 4
Mental and behavioral disorders 8
The respondents are asked if they think that alcohol abuse/misuse lead to health
consequences in this regard the respondents are provided with option gabardine the known
diseases occurred due to high consumption of alcohol. Most of the respondents have said that
they misuse of alcohol lead to mental and behavioral disorders to an individual. The fact is
known by the respondents but they do are not willing to get rid from such habit of drinking. On
the other hand, 5 respondents have said that drinking alcohol is a cause of fibrosis and cirrhosis
of liver that can be a reason of death. According to 4 students of City collage of London thinks
that health consequences of alcohol abuse/misuse include Intentional self-poisoning and liver
diseases.
Strategy of government does influence young people to get rid of drinking
Basis Number of respondents
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Maintaining high tax on alcohol unit 2
Forbidden selling alcohol to under 18’s 8
Deciding age of alcohol consumption 1
Health promotion campaign 5
Ban alcohol sponsorship for sport and cultural
activities
4
From the above responses, it was found that forbidden selling alcohol to under 18’s is a
most preferred way to influence young people to get rid of drinking. In addition to that most of
the respondents (5) prefer to have Health promotion campaign. However, Ban alcohol
sponsorship for sport and cultural activities is chosen as a option to influence young people to
get rid of drinking.
Qualitative analysis Interview responses
Friend and doctor are concerned about drinking or suggested
During the interview, respondents were asked about their friends and families if their
friend and doctor are concerned about their drinking or have suggested them to quit. All the
respondents have provide their positive views towards the statements and have said that the
family and friends are concerned about drinking. Through a observation during interview, it was
accessed that Friend and doctor also advice the young students to quit drinking.
Personal perception about alcohol consumption
The respondents were asked about their perception about alcohol consumption. Moriarty
of respondents were concerned about their habits however, they were knowing the consequences
of consuming alcohol but were found difficulty to quit such bad habit. Majority of people were
against excessive drinking but at the same time they were not getting a platform to get rid from
this habit. Hence, most of the respondents think that alcohol consumption is bad for their
health.
Many times respondents feel guilt or remorse after drinking
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When the respondents were asked, if they ever felt guilt or remorse after drinking then
they replied that many of the time they got such fillings that they will be quitting. The
respondents have said that after drinking they harm themselves and have always feel guilt or
remorse after drinking, if they consume excessive. However, if they do not consume excessive
drinking the situation can be quite controlled.
Alcohol consumption for women is more harmful than from men
After conducting interview it has been found alcohol consumption for women is
considered to more harmful as compared with men. Majority of the respondents are in favor of
this fact and replied that excessive alcohol consumption has more adverse impact on health of
women as compared with men. Women in City College London replied that alcohol consumption
is having adverse impact on one’s health and therefore, it is necessarily required to reduce the
level of consumption so that one can live healthy and fit too. So, this can surely benefit the entire
society and in turn it is possible to deal with the issue of excess alcohol consumption.
Appropriate age for consume alcohol
After taking interview from the respondents it has been found that appropriate age for
consumption of alcohol is above 20 years. Majority of the respondents replied that alcohol is
consumed by individual of every age group but individuals who are above age of 20 consumes in
excessive amount and due to this reason they have to face large number of consequences.
Young people of London want to quit drinking
After obtaining interview of students of city college of London it has been found that
youngsters prefer to quit drinking and they have taken corrective actions with the motive to
reduce the level of alcohol consumption. Further, every young individual is addicted to alcohol
consumption and they are facing large number of challenges while preventing alcohol
consumption.
Government strategies are enough to influence for stopping alcohol consumption among
young people
After conducting interview it has been found that strategies developed by government of
UK are not effective for stopping alcohol consumption. Further, the present strategies are not
able to influence individuals from reducing the level of consumption and majority of the
respondents are in favour of this.
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Testing Hypothesis
Hypothesis 1: The complex needs of young age such as finding personal identity, social
validation, need of belonging to different groups, and acceptance makes young students very
susceptible to peer group pressures where new life style and values are promoted and alcohol
and drugs consumption may be considered as a marker to identify with new models of the peer
groups
ANOVA 1.
Sum of
Squares
df Mean Square F Sig.
Family habits
Between Groups 13.661 3 4.554 2.793 .074
Within Groups 26.089 16 1.631
Total 39.750 19
Personal identity
Between Groups 5.344 3 1.781 1.619 .224
Within Groups 17.606 16 1.100
Total 22.950 19
Social validation
Between Groups 1.128 3 .376 1.758 .196
Within Groups 3.422 16 .214
Total 4.550 19
Need of belonging to
different groups
Between Groups .944 3 .315 1.258 .322
Within Groups 4.006 16 .250
Total 4.950 19
Acceptance
Between Groups 2.478 3 .826 .670 .583
Within Groups 19.722 16 1.233
Total 22.200 19
Peer group pressures
Between Groups 1.928 3 .643 .095 .962
Within Groups 108.272 16 6.767
Total 110.200 19
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To test the hypothesis on how complex needs of young age promote the alcohol and
drugs consumption, ANOVA one way test is applied. The complex needs include Family habits,
Personal identity, Social validation, Need of belonging to different groups, Peer group pressures,
Acceptance. As per the analysis of one way ANOVA, if the calculated "Sig." value is less than
.05 then the null hypothesis must be rejected and the respective alternative hypothesis is
accepted. In respect with the present case, the respected Sig, values for Peer group pressures and
acceptance of society for alcohol and drugs consumption and all other variable's significant
values are higher than .05. Hence, it is proved that alcohol and drugs consumption may be
considered as a marker to identify with new models of the peer groups. However, the application
of Anova test represented that the young students are very susceptible to peer group pressures
where new life style and values are promoted and alcohol and drugs consumption is essential.
Hypothesis 2: Young people from families where parents use alcohol often and have a positive
attitude regarding alcohol consumption have a higher risk of developing alcohol addiction
Control Variables How often do
you consume
drink
containing
alcohol
Units of
alcohol do you
consume on a
regular day
when you
drink
Family habits How often do you
consume drink
containing alcohol
Correlation 1.000 .536
Significance (2-
tailed) . .018
df 0 17
Units of alcohol do you
consume on a regular
day when you drink
Correlation .536 1.000
Significance (2-
tailed)
.018 .
18

df 17 0
Family habits Units of
alcohol do you
consume on a
regular day
when you drink
Family habits
Pearson Correlation 1 .455*
Sig. (2-tailed) .044
N 20 20
Units of alcohol do you
consume on a regular
day when you drink
Pearson Correlation .455* 1
Sig. (2-tailed) .044
N 20 20
*. Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed).
Correlations
Family habits How often do
you consume
drink
containing
alcohol
Family habits
Pearson Correlation 1 .110
Sig. (2-tailed) .645
N 20 20
Pearson Correlation .110 1
Sig. (2-tailed) .645
19

How often do you
consume drink
N 20 20
To check the above mentioned hypothesis, correlation test is used to assess the
relationships between families where parents use alcohol often and the attitude of young people
from such family regarding alcohol consumption. There are two variable among which the
correlation test is applied. When Family habits is correlated with frequency of consuming drink
containing alcohol it was found that there was a positive correlation among the variable as the
sig. (2-tailed) value is .645. The analysis represents that consumption of alcohol has become
positive attitude regarding alcohol consumption have a higher risk of developing alcohol
addiction. When units of alcohol consumed by users on a regular day are correlated by family
habits then there was seen a low level of correlation hence, there is not a single impact of Family
habits on alcohol consumption. Hence, it was proved that young people from families where
parents use alcohol often and have a positive attitude regarding alcohol consumption have a
higher risk of developing alcohol addiction.
Hypothesis 3: Environmental factors such as work place, family, friends, and social attitude
regarding alcohol consumption play a crucial role in adopting certain behaviours from students
Friends and social attitudes regarding alcohol drinking * How often do you consume
drink containing alcohol Crosstabulation
Count
How often do you consume drink containing
alcohol
Total
2 3 4 5
Friends and social
attitudes regarding
alcohol drinking
1 0 2 0 0 2
2 1 3 0 1 5
3 2 4 2 1 9
20

4 1 0 3 0 4
Total 4 9 5 2 20
Friends and social attitudes regarding alcohol drinking * Units of alcohol do you consume on a
regular day when you drink Crosstabulation
Count
Units of alcohol do you consume on a regular day when you
drink
Total
1 2 3 4 5
Friends and social
attitudes regarding
alcohol drinking
1 2 0 0 0 0 2
2 5 0 0 0 0 5
3 1 4 0 2 2 9
4 0 1 1 2 0 4
Total 8 5 1 4 2 20
To test the hypothesis mentioned above that environmental factors such as work place,
family, friends, and social attitude regarding alcohol consumption play a crucial role in adopting
certain behaviours from students. It was found that friends and social attitudes regarding alcohol
drinking and units of alcohol do respondents consume on a regular day and frequency of
consuming drink containing alcohol have positive relation.
Record and collect data
Surrounding * How often do you consume drink containing alcohol
Crosstabulation
Count
How often do you consume drink containing
alcohol
Total
2 3 4 5
Surrounding 1 2 0 1 0 3
21

2 0 5 0 0 5
3 1 1 3 1 6
4 0 3 1 1 5
Total 3 9 5 2 19
Surrounding * Units of alcohol do you consume on a regular day when you drink
Crosstabulation
Count
Units of alcohol do you consume on a regular day when
you drink
Total
1 2 3 4 5
Surrounding
1 0 2 0 1 0 3
2 3 2 0 0 0 5
3 2 0 1 3 0 6
4 3 0 0 0 2 5
Total 8 4 1 4 2 19
Alcohol consumption is considered as a status symbol * How often do you consume
drink containing alcohol Crosstabulation
Count
How often do you consume drink containing
alcohol
Total
2 3 4 5
Alcohol consumption is
considered as a status
symbol
2 0 1 2 0 3
3 3 1 1 0 5
4 1 4 2 2 9
5 0 3 0 0 3
22

Total 4 9 5 2 20
Alcohol consumption is considered as a status symbol * Units of alcohol do you consume on a
regular day when you drink Crosstabulation
Count
Units of alcohol do you consume on a regular day when you
drink
Total
1 2 3 4 5
Alcohol consumption is
considered as a status
symbol
2 0 1 0 2 0 3
3 0 3 1 1 0 5
4 6 0 0 1 2 9
5 2 1 0 0 0 3
Total 8 5 1 4 2 20
Alcohol helps in sleep better * How often do you consume drink containing alcohol
Crosstabulation
Count
How often do you consume drink containing
alcohol
Total
2 3 4 5
Alcohol helps in sleep
better
1 0 0 1 0 1
2 3 4 1 1 9
3 1 4 1 0 6
5 0 1 2 1 4
Total 4 9 5 2 20
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Alcohol helps in sleep better * Units of alcohol do you consume on a regular day when you drink
Crosstabulation
Count
Units of alcohol do you consume on a regular day when you
drink
Total
1 2 3 4 5
Alcohol helps in sleep
better
1 0 0 0 1 0 1
2 6 2 1 0 0 9
3 2 3 0 1 0 6
5 0 0 0 2 2 4
Total 8 5 1 4 2 20
Consumption of alcohol allows to get rid of physical pain * How often do you
consume drink containing alcohol Crosstabulation
Count
How often do you consume drink containing
alcohol
Total
2 3 4 5
Consumption of alcohol
allows to get rid of
physical pain
3 0 1 5 1 7
4 1 6 0 1 8
5 3 2 0 0 5
Total 4 9 5 2 20
Consumption of alcohol allows to get rid of physical pain * Units of alcohol do you consume on a
regular day when you drink Crosstabulation
Count
24

Units of alcohol do you consume on a regular day when you
drink
Total
1 2 3 4 5
Consumption of alcohol
allows to get rid of
physical pain
3 0 0 1 4 2 7
4 8 0 0 0 0 8
5 0 5 0 0 0 5
Total 8 5 1 4 2 20
Environment of Workplace * How often do you consume drink containing alcohol
Crosstabulation
Count
How often do you consume drink containing
alcohol
Total
2 3 4 5
Environment of
Workplace
1 1 2 0 0 3
2 3 6 2 1 12
3 0 1 3 1 5
Total 4 9 5 2 20
Environment of Workplace * Units of alcohol do you consume on a regular day when you drink
Crosstabulation
Count
Units of alcohol do you consume on a regular day when you
drink
Total
1 2 3 4 5
Environment of
Workplace
1 0 3 0 0 0 3
2 8 2 1 1 0 12
25

3 0 0 0 3 2 5
Total 8 5 1 4 2 20
Alcohol makes a person more interesting * How often do you consume drink
containing alcohol Crosstabulation
Count
How often do you consume drink containing
alcohol
Total
2 3 4 5
Alcohol makes a person
more interesting
3 0 1 3 0 4
4 3 2 1 0 6
5 1 6 1 2 10
Total 4 9 5 2 20
Alcohol makes a person more interesting * Units of alcohol do you consume on a regular day
when you drink Crosstabulation
Count
Units of alcohol do you consume on a regular day when you
drink
Total
1 2 3 4 5
Alcohol makes a person
more interesting
3 0 0 0 4 0 4
4 0 5 1 0 0 6
5 8 0 0 0 2 10
Total 8 5 1 4 2 20
Descriptive statistics of variable
26

Descriptives
N Mean Std.
Deviation
Std.
Error
95% Confidence
Interval for Mean
MinimumMaximum
Lower
Bound
Upper
Bound
Family habits
2 4 2.00 2.000 1.000 -1.18 5.18 1 5
3 9 1.89 1.054 .351 1.08 2.70 1 4
4 5 3.60 1.140 .510 2.18 5.02 2 5
5 2 1.00 .000 .000 1.00 1.00 1 1
Total20 2.25 1.446 .323 1.57 2.93 1 5
Personal identity
2 4 1.75 .500 .250 .95 2.55 1 2
3 9 2.78 1.202 .401 1.85 3.70 1 4
4 5 2.80 1.095 .490 1.44 4.16 2 4
5 2 1.50 .707 .500 -4.85 7.85 1 2
Total20 2.45 1.099 .246 1.94 2.96 1 4
Social validation
2 4 2.00 .000 .000 2.00 2.00 2 2
3 9 2.44 .527 .176 2.04 2.85 2 3
4 5 2.60 .548 .245 1.92 3.28 2 3
5 2 2.00 .000 .000 2.00 2.00 2 2
Total20 2.35 .489 .109 2.12 2.58 2 3
Need of
belonging to
different groups
2 4 1.75 .500 .250 .95 2.55 1 2
3 9 1.22 .441 .147 .88 1.56 1 2
4 5 1.60 .548 .245 .92 2.28 1 2
5 2 1.50 .707 .500 -4.85 7.85 1 2
Total20 1.45 .510 .114 1.21 1.69 1 2
Acceptance 2 4 3.50 1.000 .500 1.91 5.09 3 5
3 9 3.56 1.130 .377 2.69 4.42 2 5
4 5 3.00 1.225 .548 1.48 4.52 2 5
5 2 2.50 .707 .500 -3.85 8.85 2 3
27

Total20 3.30 1.081 .242 2.79 3.81 2 5
Peer group
pressures
2 4 2.25 .957 .479 .73 3.77 1 3
3 9 2.56 3.575 1.192 -.19 5.30 1 12
4 5 2.20 .837 .374 1.16 3.24 1 3
5 2 1.50 .707 .500 -4.85 7.85 1 2
Total20 2.30 2.408 .539 1.17 3.43 1 12
28

Statistics
Family habits Gender How often do
you consume
drink
containing
alcohol
Units of
alcohol do you
consume on a
regular day
when you drink
N Valid 20 20 20 20
Missing 0 0 0 0
Mean 2.25 1.35 3.25 2.35
Median 2.00 1.00 3.00 2.00
Mode 1 1 3 1
Family habits
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative
Percent
Valid
1 9 45.0 45.0 45.0
2 4 20.0 20.0 65.0
3 2 10.0 10.0 75.0
4 3 15.0 15.0 90.0
5 2 10.0 10.0 100.0
Total 20 100.0 100.0
Gender
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative
Percent
Valid 1 13 65.0 65.0 65.0
29

2 7 35.0 35.0 100.0
Total 20 100.0 100.0
How often do you consume drink containing alcohol
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative
Percent
Valid
2 4 20.0 20.0 20.0
3 9 45.0 45.0 65.0
4 5 25.0 25.0 90.0
5 2 10.0 10.0 100.0
Total 20 100.0 100.0
Units of alcohol do you consume on a regular day when you drink
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative
Percent
Valid
1 8 40.0 40.0 40.0
2 5 25.0 25.0 65.0
3 1 5.0 5.0 70.0
4 4 20.0 20.0 90.0
5 2 10.0 10.0 100.0
Total 20 100.0 100.0
30

31

32