DRINKING CULTURE OF LONDON STUDENTS LITERATURE REVIEW 1 Factors influencing drinking behaviour
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Research projectDRINKING CULTURE OF LONDON STUDENTS1
LITERATURE REVIEWFactors influencing drinking behaviour In the present era overall trends in the market are changing at faster pace whereyoungsters have started to consume alcohols on larger basis. As per the report published byESPAD in the year 2013 it has been identified that North European and British young studentsconsumes alcohol over the moderate consumption and high risk of becoming heavy drinkers ispresent. Further, the level of alcohol consumption and other problems linked with it in the youngpeople is one of the major concerns. Youngsters are generally seems to be at risk of harmfulpatterns of consumption. As per view of Vasilaki, Hosier and Cox, (2006) students who arepursuing higher degree stands on top in terms of alcohol consumption. In country like UK theoverall alcohol consumption per capita for drinkers lying under 15 years of age reached doubled.Apart from this, some data of alcohol consumption is also present which is unrecorded and ittakes into consideration informally produced alcohol and those obtained through cross border.World health organization has estimated that level of unrecorded alcohol consumption is about1.7 liters per head (Vasilaki, Hosier and Cox, 2006). Further, the information linked with alcoholconsumption has been obtained from variety of sources which involves British beer and pubassociation etc and it has been found that alcohol consumption of youngsters is quite high ascompared with people lying under other age group. On the other hand, obtaining correctinformation regarding alcohol consumption is little bit difficult as it depends on the preference ofevery individual. However argued Haerens and et. al., (2008) that in country like UK consumption ofAlcohol is measured in units. At present the statistics of Alcohol 2015 organized from nationalstatistical institute of health and social care the total quantity which is being consumed byyoungsters lying in the age 16 to 24 years is far over the moderate consumption which is up to 9units for women and around 12 units for men. Apart from this it has been identified that youngadult attitude along with children preference to alcohol drinking is influenced by their familyhabits in relations with drinking of alcohol (Haerens and et. al., 2008). Different studies havesupported in knowing that young students who are residing with other people prefers to drinkalcohol. Further, 83% of the individuals who are living with no one drinks alcohol and had neverdrunk comparing with 30% of the teenagers who have resided with one or more drinkers.2
Majority of the young individuals prefer to consume alcohol with their friends and familymembers. As per view Schulte, Ramo and Brown, (2009) of the infant feeding survey carried out inthe year 2010 has shown that 48% of the women have declined the level of alcohol consumptionduring and after pregnancy and around 4% have drank the same. Further, information collectedfrom health and lifestyle in England in the year 2013 the second highest number of mental healthtreatment were 19% for mental and behavioral orders which was due to alcohol. In short,consumption of alcohol as a beverage is having harm on teenage brain. Measures taken by government of UK to reduce alcohol consumption As per view of Stueve and O'Donnell, (2005) government has developed alcoholstrategies in the year 2015 so that overall impact of harmful drinking can be reduced and mainstress is on protecting youngsters who are indulged into practices of excess alcohol consumption.Further, UK government has increased tax rates on alcohol unit and sponsorship on this beveragehas been banned for sport and cultural activities such as musical concert where majority of theindividuals are under 18 years. Further, minimum unit cost for alcohol and other measuresimplemented assisted in decreasing the level of alcohol consumption with 4% and on long termmain focus is on reducing the death level and overall crime which takes place in the society(Engels and et. al., 2009). However argued that there is a need for young generation to assesstheir identity and how their cultural genesis influences on developing groups and subculturewhere different type of distinctive elements which involves norms, values, lifestyle etc. Thesegroups along with subculture always develop negative aspects in the society. However, Bot and etl. al., (2005) argued that drinking alcohol more than amountsuggested can directly damage person’s health and it is not only considered as the burden onindividuals but also drain on hospital resources and public money. Government of UK hasintroduced large number of guidelines with the help of which it is possible to support individualsso that they can change their drinking behavior (Sobell, 2013). Apart from this, around £448million amount has been invested with the motive to improve lives of 120,000 trouble families inthe country and it is ensured that hospitals are having liaison nurses so that people with alcoholrelated issues can be determined easily. The overall treatment provided for alcohol dependencehas been improved where drug and alcohol recovery program has been introduced for the benefit3
of society. According to Ajzen, (2011) measures have taken in the field of advertisement alsowhere promotion of alcohol to youngsters has been decreased and specific rules have beenintroduced regarding same. Apart from this, government has taken strict actions in order toreduce the availability of the cheap alcohol as their exist direct relationship when price ofAlcohol increases then its consumption declines and vice versa. Overall taxes along with dutieson Alcohol have raised and this has lead to rise in rate of Alcohol which are being purchased byyoungsters in heavy amount. On the other hand, government is quickly responding to the issueswhich are arising due to excess alcohol consumption. Issues such as crime are increasing alongwith health related such as liver disease in young adults (Gache and et. al., 2005). In country likeUK it has been identified that liver disease from the year 2001 to 2009 has risen by 25% and ithas been identified that cost of managing such disease would be around £1 billion per year by2015. Therefore, the overall investment in treatment of disease linked with alcohol is quite highand it is required for government to take corrective actions for improving health conditions. Consequences of excessive drinkingAs per view of Bell and et. al., (2006) the short along with long term consequences thatarise from consuming alcohol are astonishing. Consumption of alcohol on regular basis leads toadverse outcomes where 1900 of the 5000 deaths involve motor vehicle crashes, 1600 leads tohomicides and 300 leads to suicide. Further, it sometime leads to rise in the risk of physical andsexual assault, can cause physical outcomes also such as death etc. In short excessiveconsumption is injurious to health where it is the responsibility of individual to apply own effortsso that body may not be affected (Miller and et. al., 2007). High doses of alcohol have beenfound to delay puberty in female along with male. It can also lead to slow bone growth and leadsto liver disorder also. Apart from this, risky behavior is also adverse consequences of excessivealcohol consumption. Drink and drive cases are also increasing in country like UK and it is alsoone of the unfavorable consequences of alcohol consumption. Further, it is well known fact that age between 18 to 25 is regarded as the time of changewhere preferences along with other type of requirement of individual changes. The highestprevalence of issue linked with drinking takes place among adults. According to Bouchery andet. al., (2011) overall consequences of excessive drinking are adverse where it is required forindividual to prevent from consuming alcohol in large amount. It can cause serious injury such as4
fighting, drug overdose, self harm or suicide which is totally unfavorable for individual. Further,it has been analyzed that misuse of alcohol can be associated with the misuse of other drugs.Consumption of alcohol with other type of drugs can directly influence nervous system ofindividual and can be risky. It can also lead to person’s along with heart rate to decline todangerous level. Excessive consumption of alcohol can have adverse impact on health ofindividual and damages liver (Sobell, 2013). In short person has to face lot of health relatedissues in near future in case when corrective actions are not taken to avoid alcohol consumptionin excess. In country like UK alcohol consumption has taken life of large number of individualsand it can be in the form of suicide, liver damage, rash driving etc and therefore, due to thisreason such kind of situations have to be avoided. Effective measures to prevent alcohol addiction As per view of World Health Organization, (2007) different ways are present with thehelp of which it is possible for youngsters to prevent alcohol addiction. One of the mosteffective ways is to connect with parents and friends as they can provide right guidelines toindividual and can assist to reduce the level of alcohol consumption. Further, the opportunity toprovide advantage to any individual from someone’s life experience is also effective. Avoidingtemptation is also regarded as one of the most effective method where individual can avoidsituations which may be tempted to drink (Nilsen and et. al., 2006.). It is necessary to identify thetimes where consumption is high and such type of condition can be avoided by individual forpersonal benefit. Reward progress is also regarded as one of the most effective way throughwhich it is possible to prevent alcohol addiction. It is not easy for any individual to changelifestyle but by rewarding oneself it is possible to do the same. Further, by keeping track on theprogress and keeping motivation level high consumption of alcohol can be reduced easily. According to Popova and et. al., 2007 it totally depends on every individual the range oftechniques adopted for preventing alcohol addiction as sometime person may not have control ononeself. Following the family rules regarding alcohol can be beneficial for individual in everypossible manner. It is well known fact that when any person grows then it is necessary to havetrust and respect towards parents and taking advice from them is beneficial. Proper interactionwith family members and other colleagues can support youngsters in preventing alcoholaddiction (Engels and et. al., 2009). Obtaining proper information regarding alcohol and drugs is5
also one of the most appropriate way through which it is possible for individual to reduce levelof alcohol consumption (Casswell and Thamarangsi, 2009). Moreover, it is necessary thatyoungsters may have proper information regarding side effects of excessive alcohol consumptionand by gaining knowledge regarding the same consumption level can be reduced. Ability to takedecisions regarding consuming alcohol can involve getting educated and applying the samepractically. As per view of UKATT Research Team, (2005) individual can develop plans at personallevel especially for the conditions which leads to consumption of alcohol. Apart from this in thepresent era many inventions have been done in the field of medical science with the help ofwhich individual can prevent alcohol consumption up to extent. Individual can also try to indulgeoneself into activities which can assist in avoiding drinking. Further, it is well known fact thatwhen any person perform activities which are favorable then it leads to decline in consumptionlevel of beverages such as alcohol. Spending time with individuals who avoid drinking is alsoone of the most effective techniques and this will support in preventing the presence of alcoholevery time which is beneficial for person. Doing exercise on continuous basis can also be appropriate way to deal with the adversesituation of alcohol consumption. In case if person is indulged into activities of doing exercise onregular basis this issue can be tackled easily. As per view of Haerens and et. al., (2008) keepingtrack on alcohol consumption can also support individual in preventing alcohol addiction. Personcan carry drink tracker card and this can support in knowing how much consumption is takingplace in a month. Reviewing the drinking progress timely can support individual to deal with thisadverse situation. Apart from this, noticing situations which leads to excess consumption ofalcohol can also be beneficial and by avoiding the same problem ling with rise in consumptionlevel can be avoided easily (Stueve and O'Donnell, 2005). Therefore, in this way these are someof the most effective ways through which it is possible to prevent alcohol addiction. Pilot survey testing For conducting the present study pilot survey testing has been carried out with the help ofwhich questionnaire prepared has been tested through support of respondents who have beenselected for the present research. All the questions developed are understandable by respondentsand they are able to respond on the basis of same. Apart from this, respondents are able to6
understand the main motive of the present study which has enhanced the reliability of the entireresearch. Questionnaire Remember respondents (Students of London) have the right to decline participating in researchand can stop participation at any timeGenderMale Female 1. How often do you consume drink containing alcohol?Never Once a month 2.-3 time in a month 3 to 5 time in a monthMore than 10 times 2. How many units of alcohol do you consume on a regular day when you drink?1 -2 drinks 3-5 drinks 6 to 7 drinks 7-10 drinks More than 10 drnks 3. Have you or someone else been injured as a result of your drinking?Yes No4. According to you, what are the consequences of excessive drinking?Mental and behavioural disorders7
Harmful for brain developmentCauses of accident and deathsDrinking increases aggressiveness5. What are major health consequences of alcohol abuse/misuse?Diseases of chronic pancreatitisChronic hepatitisFibrosis and cirrhosis of liverIntentional self-poisoning and liver diseasesMental and behavioral disorders6. Have you felt any of Signs and Symptoms of Alcohol Abuse and Addiction?Thick or incoherent speechPoor balance and clumsinessDelayed reflexesLoss of consciousness or blacking-outStomach painsRedness of the face after periods of consumption7. According to you, what strategy of government does influence young people to get rid ofdrinking?Maintaining high tax on alcohol unitForbidden selling alcohol to under 18’sDeciding age of alcohol consumption Health promotion campaign Ban alcohol sponsorship for sport and cultural activitiesThank you for participating ..............Interview questions1.Do you consume alcohol daily?8
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