Drug and Alcohol Dependence - PDF
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Added on 2021-04-17
Drug and Alcohol Dependence - PDF
Added on 2021-04-17
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1PULL UP RESULTMontisci M, El Mazloum R, Cecchetto G, Terranova C, Ferrara SD, Thiene G, Basso C.Anabolic androgenic steroids abuse and cardiac death in athletes: morphological andtoxicological findings in four fatal cases. Forensic science international. 2012 Apr10;217(1-3):e13-8.The study has focused on the four cases of athletes that were healthy previously andusers of AAS. The first case has indicated that different pathological changes could occur dueto chronic intake of AAS. Such changes are non-reversible and dose dependent even after thewithdrawal of AAS and sudden death could occur after a long time of withdrawal of the drugdue to irreversible myocardial changes. The second case has identified the occurrence ofcongestive heart failure due to dilated cardiomyopathy associated with interstitial fibrosis andthe correlations of extensive myocardiocytolysis with prolong exposure to AAS. The thirdcase has indicated that arrythmogenic substrate is related to event of malignant ventriculararrhythmias that results in SCD in the athletes that are AAS users. The fourth case haselaborated that cardio toxicity of cocaine is related to the hypersensitivity myocarditis (1).Neto OB, da Mota GR, De Sordi CC, Resende EA, Resende LA, da Silva MA, MarocoloM, Côrtes RS, de Oliveira LF, da Silva VJ. Long-term anabolic steroids in malebodybuilders induce cardiovascular structural and autonomic abnormalities. ClinicalAutonomic Research. 2018 Apr 1;28(2):231-44.The study has focused to explore the hypothesis that cardiac autonomic disorders arecorrelated with the users of anabolic androgenic steroids or AAS. The result has indicatedthat risk of high BP and cardiac sympathetic modulation is greater for the bodybuilders thatare associated with AAS than the AAS non-users as their sedentary control is lower. Suchsympathetic modulation leads to the structural alteration of heart thus, cardiovascular risk ishigher in case of AAS abusers.
2PULL UP RESULTThe graphical representation has shown the heart rate and mean BP of the participants.Source: (2)Hassan NA, Salem MF, Sayed MA. Doping and effects of anabolic androgenic steroidson the heart: histological, ultrastructural, and echocardiographic assessment in strengthathletes. Human & experimental toxicology. 2009 May;28(5):273-83.The study has shown that the bodybuilders that use steroids for improvingperformance face enormous structural and functional changes. For example, small leftventricular dimension associated with thick wall, diastolic dysfunction and high systolicstrain rate. Light microscopy has identified degenerated areas in cardiac muscle and loss ofvacuolation in such body builders. It has been established in the study that higher dose ofAAS caused chronic deleterious effects in Myocardium (3).Ismail TF, Angell PJ, Jabbour A, Smith G, Wage R, Hewins B, Mistry N, Dahl AL,Clark S, Cowley B, George K. Cardiac effects of anabolic steroid use amongstrecreational body builders-a CMR study. Journal of Cardiovascular MagneticResonance. 2012 Dec;14(1):P186.
3PULL UP RESULTThe study has aimed to find out the cardiac effects of anabolic steroid use inassociation with CMR. Result has elaborated that the steroid users contain left ventricularhypertrophy with increased mass and wall thickness of left ventricular. Left ventricularremodelling index is also higher for steroid users as compare to non-users. Excessivethickness of left ventricular such as >15 leads to the diagnosis of hypertrophiccardiomyopathy.The table has shown the comparison between the structure of LV and RV of athletes that areAAS users and non-users.Source: (4)Baggish AL, Weiner RB, Kanayama G, Hudson JI, Picard MH, HutterJr AM, Pope JrHG. Long-term anabolic-androgenic steroid use is associated with left ventriculardysfunction. Circulation: Heart Failure. 2010 Jul;3(4):472-6.The study has compared the cardiac parameter of weightlifters that were AAS userswith the AAS non-users. It has been found in the study that left ventricular ejection fraction islower in case of AAS users as compare to non-users. Out of 12 participants that are AASusers have shown extremely low left ventricular ejection that is below the normal ejectionlimit. Reduced diastolic function has been found with extremely low E velocity in the AAS
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