Citation & Reference Styles for Research

This assignment focuses on understanding various citation and reference styles commonly used in academic writing. It provides examples of how to cite different types of sources, including books (single and multiple authors), journal articles (single and multiple authors), websites, and online company information. Students are expected to apply these rules correctly to create accurate citations and references for their research papers.

Table of Content
1. Introduction
2. Main contemporary Issues
2.1) Electronic Transaction
2.2) Privacy & Security
2.3) Copyright & Trademark
2.4) Online Terms, Conditions, Policies and Laws
3. Emerging e-Business Opportunities and challenges for the industrial
sector in which Amazon operates
3.1) Slow International Growth
3.2) New Challengers in US
3.3) Competition with Walmart
3.4) Opportunities for Amazon within Industry
3.5) Strong Merchandise Sales
3.6) Amazon Prime
3.7) Distribution and new business
4) Emerging Opportunities and challenges within Amazon
4.1) Shipping
4.2) Pricing power
4.3) Amazon fulfillment Cost
4.4) Amazon doesn't do big capital
4.5) Coming device has every company salivating
4.6) Opportunities within Amazon
5) Recommendations

1) Introduction:
E-Business shows a universe of chance for doing organizations, achieving
worldwide markets and buying without leaving the home or office. E-trade can give chances to
enhance business forms, generally as telephones, faxes and versatile interchanges have
previously
E-trade site advancement, its promoting, electronic exchange, cash exchanges and such include
numerous lawful issues, which should be stepped by step. Before building up an e-business site
an enrolled area and an enlisted trademark ought to be built up. There must be some copyright
assurance on the site. The business must guarantee that it shows the terms and
condition/arrangements inside its site. Security including the protection of a client's information
is constantly one of the principle concerns while working together on the web. Characterizing
tenets and controls for the notice of the site by putting flags on other known destinations is
another. It is of awesome worth when managing such complex issues to counsel a lawyer who
has practical experience in the issues of the internet
2) Main contemporary Issues:
2.1) Electronic Transaction:
Global companies have the responsibility to deal with some of the legal issues such as how to
form contracts, abide by consumer protection laws, create privacy policies and protect databases.
"As of now, there is no comprehensive set of laws or regulations that exist for international
electronic commerce," says David D. Barr He added that it is difficult to establish uniform
worldwide laws for e-commerce, but some building block legislation within individual countries
is necessary.
Besides the bill is relied upon to help electronic trade as a powerful apparatus for organizations
to expand their proficiency. This may diminish regulatory obligations, stockpiling and
operational expenses for organizations. In McGinty's (Attorney General for Western Australia)
words," This is why it is crucial that we ensure the legal infrastructure around cyberspace is
beyond doubt"
New enactment brings some inquiries, for example, for to what extent will these demonstrations
be legitimate? What are the limits of these demonstrations? Who ought to be compelled to take
after the guidelines? The vast majority of these inquiries are unanswerable today.
Worldwide organizations have the obligation to manage a percentage of the lawful issues, for
example, how to shape contracts, keep purchaser insurance laws, make security strategies and
ensure databases. "Starting now, there is no complete arrangement of laws or directions that exist
for worldwide electronic trade," says David D. Barr He added that it is hard to set up uniform
overall laws for e-trade, yet some building square enactment inside individual nations is
essential.
2.2) Privacy & Security:

While shopping on the Internet, a great many people regularly don't
consider what is occurring out of sight. Web shopping is for the most part simple. We tap on a
related site, go into that site, purchase the required stock by adding it to our truck, enter our
MasterCard points of interest and after that expect conveyance inside a few days. This whole
process looks exceptionally straightforward however an engineer or agents knows precisely what
number of obstacles should be bounced to finish the request. Client data needs to go through a
few hands so security and protection of the data are a noteworthy concern. The wellbeing and
security of a client's close to home data exists in the hands of the business. In this way
organizations need to give the client first their certification, and second genuine feelings of
serenity that the data disregarded is of no danger to any attacking eyes.
Numerous individuals are not willing to reveal their own data on the Web. It is up to people to
choose the amount of individual data they will reveal and how it may be utilized.
2.3) Copyright & Trademark
Many attempts have been made to deliver the issues identified
with copyrights on advanced substance. E-business tremendously affects copyright and related
issues, and the extent of copyrights is influencing how e-trade advances. It is fundamental that
lawful tenets are set and connected fittingly to guarantee that advanced innovation does not
undermine the essential regulation of copyright and related rights. From one point of view, the
Internet has been portrayed as "the world's greatest duplicate machine". More seasoned
innovations, for example, photocopying, recording and taping are bound by tenets and directions
in regards to amount, substance, quality and time requirements. Interestingly, on the Internet one
individual can send a huge number of duplicates everywhere throughout the world.
For the most part, a trademark can be claimed by an individual, an organization, or any kind of
legitimate substance. When another person tries to utilize that trademark (e.g., your unmistakable
name or logo) without authorization, it could be viewed as an unlawful weakening of the
particular trademark. On the off chance that somebody utilizes a trademark as a part of such a
path as to weaken the particular nature of the imprint or exchange on the proprietor's notoriety,
the trademark proprietor may look for harms. Some Web-based applications have empowered
huge scale abuse of music tests and sound configurations. Programming that is accessible free of
expense on the Net permits the exchange of tunes and recordings without the approval of rights
holders (e.g. Napster, MP3 Providers). In addition, CD copiers and versatile MP3 players permit
copyright infringement to happen rather effortlessly. Various essential late advancements have
happened in the field of copyright and related issues that have broad ramifications for the
business, and are being tended to in governing bodies, judiciaries and worldwide gatherings..
A Pew Research Center study, directed among around 2,500 Americans through March and May
2003, shows that 35 million US grown-ups download music records online and around 26
million offer documents on the web. The downloading populace has developed by roughly 5
million clients since February of 2001.

"Eventually, the music business' war on unlawful downloading can never be won" say Charles
Shoniregun.
2.4) Online Terms, Conditions, Policies and Laws:
Security enactment is intended to ensure a
man's close to home data. The protection laws of their host nation influence abroad
organizations. Each association ought to be exceptionally cautious while applying terms and
conditions for the electronic exchange for Internet clients. Protection and security approaches
mirror the associations hone as well as the tenets and directions for working with the
organization. Real issues with respect to the sanctioning of electronic exchanges incorporate the
accompanying.
-- Ensure proper online contracts.
-- Record retention obligations.
-- Original documentation, in terms of TAX and VAT requirements.
-- Import/export regulations.
-- Exchange control regulation.
-- Foreign data protection law.
3) Emerging e-Business Opportunities and challenges for the
industrial sector in which Amazon operates
Amazon.com, Inc. is an online retailer in North America and Internationally. This organization is
working their gathering sites. Its items are different things, for example, attire, hardware, staple
goods and some more. It produces and offers the fuel tablet. They concentrate on choice, cost,
and comfort. As Amazon commends its twentieth commemoration how about we investigate at
its difficulties which impact it monetarily as well as morally change the conduct of individuals
towards an organization.
3.1) Slow International Growth
In China Alibaba made its progress against Amazon. It's been barely 12 months since the
organization drifted in New York, and life under open examination has been intense. How about
we perceive how the perfect case for China's blasting economy stacks up against its US rival,
Amazon. Above all, Alibaba is gainful. For the monetary year finishing in March 2015, Alibaba
reported a $5.5 billion benefit, while Amazon, which completed its financial year in December
2014, posted a $241 million misfortune. The purpose for this is the distinction in their plans of
action. Amazon takes a cut from offers of merchandise on Amazon.com, and offers Amazon
Web Services. Alibaba wins cash to a great extent from promotions and extra administrations for
its sellers. Furthermore, in spite of the fact that Amazon's incomes are higher, Alibaba's income

has kept on ascending since its IPO, with sound spikes amid the last quarter of every logbook
year, which incorporates Single's Day.
3.2) New Challengers in US
Jet launched a few months back, claiming that it will be the Amazon killer. Jet’s original model
was similar to Costco, where consumers must pay a membership fee to shop on the site. But then
Jet changed. It is now free for all.
3.3) Competition with Walmart
Amazon created $511 thousand of incomes amid 1995 and had a net loss of $303 thousand.
Amid 2014, Amazon created $89 billion of incomes and had a net loss of $241 million. Net
overall revenues were exceptionally negative amid initial 7-8 years. At that point, they turned
positive. Net benefits edges have been about level throughout the previous 3 years. Walmart
produced $89 billion of incomes amid 1995 and had a net benefit of $2.7 billion. Amid 2014,
Walmart created $486 billion of incomes and had a net benefit of $16.2 billion. Net overall
revenues for Walmart have stayed reliable. They have been in the scope of 3.1-3.6% throughout
the previous 20 years. Amid the most recent 20 years, from 1995 to 2014, Amazon has created a
joined income of $409 billion. This implies on the off chance that we include Amazon incomes
for every one of the years from 1995 to 2014, the aggregate would be $409 billion. Conversely,
Walmart created $486 billion in 2014 alone. Amid the most recent 20 years, from 1995 to 2014,
Amazon has created a consolidated net benefit of $1.96 billion. This implies in the event that we
include Amazon net benefits and misfortunes for every one of the years from 1995 to 2014, the
aggregate would be $1.96 billion. Interestingly, Walmart produced $16.18 billion in 2014 alone.
In this way, Walmart created eight-times more net benefit in 2014 than what Amazon could
produce amid the most recent 20 years.
3.4) Opportunities for Amazon within Industry
Amazon.com lines of business are as fluctuated as the items it offers. The organization has its
hand in everything from book distributed to tablet fabricating, and from gushing video to
offering cloud administrations. In any case, its primary open door is still the same as it returns in
1995 when it initially opened those virtual entryways: to offer more stuff. Things have been
going great on that score of late. Amazon's stock deals multiplied in the course of the most recent
two years - to almost $40 billion. Be that as it may, that number truly just begins to expose
what's underneath. Web retailing has a splendid future ahead, and Amazon can rely on no less
than three noteworthy tailwinds as it tries to keep its development chugging along.
3.5) Strong Merchandise Sales:
To start with, there's the hurry to internet shopping. Really, it's more similar to a charge now.
Gone are the days when individuals mulled over utilizing a Visa on the Internet. Rather we've
seen e-trade reception rates spike, with deals up 15% in the most recent year. Web spending even
broke into the twofold digits as a rate of all shopping as of late. In the final quarter of 2012, e-
business represented $1 out of each $10 of retail spending in the U.S.

As the main online merchant, Amazon is a noteworthy recipient of that move in retailing
patterns. The organization now gloats more than 200 million dynamic client accounts, up from
160 million in 2011. A significant number of those 40 million new Amazon customers used to
purchase solely from spots like Best Buy and Target. Be that as it may, of late, while regardless
they wander the passageways at those retailers, numerous buyers are picking to make their buys
from Amazon.com. Furthermore, the e-tailer has been offering a lot of extra items to every one
of those recently changed over clients. Amazon's item deals were up 32% in the occasion
quarter, lapping the 46% development from the prior year. With online retail still only a minor
bit of general worldwide retailing, the organization has a long runway in front of it.
3.6) Amazon Prime:
Second, Amazon can look to its Prime individuals for expanding deals development. While the
organization doesn't share part numbers, autonomous appraisals peg supporters at 10 million -
and rising quick. These clients pay Amazon $79 a year for boundless two-day shipping on
generally items.
Taking a page from Costco's fruitful retail demonstrate, Amazon built its Prime support of
advance profound levels of client engagement while cushioning the organization's primary
concern. When customers are in, they're snared. As individuals, they tend to look to Amazon to
fill a more extensive scope of item needs, from batteries to child garments. What's more, Prime
individuals are overwhelming clients, as well. They spend all things considered $1,224 every
year on the site, or twofold what non-Prime clients spend. Amazon's principle test is to keep
these individuals glad - and to draw in new ones - generally by boosting the quantity of items it
offers with the addictive reward of boundless free, and quick, delivering.
3.7) Distribution and new business:
Which conveys us to the third element driving Amazon's business development: new distribution
centers, administrations, and AWS. While the e-tailer has lost a slight value advantage with the
developing inconvenience of state deals charges on online retailers, it has in this manner picked
up the opportunity to assemble stockrooms wherever they are required. Amazon has exploited
that opportunity by opening 20 new satisfaction focuses a year ago alone. With new areas spread
the nation over, the quantity of items that Amazon can convey rapidly and inexpensively just
develops. What's more, with that change, the organization can achieve more profound into pretty
much any retail division you can name. In general, item deals development has outpaced
Amazon's media fragment, which incorporates offers of advanced products like ebooks and
films. Amazon Web Services, or AWS, is becoming significantly speedier though from a much
littler base.
4) Emerging Opportunities and challenges within Amazon
Amazon.com has used incredible scale and efficiency to beat out competitors for online retail
dominance, but now it faces its biggest challenge:
4.1) Shipping:

Over the occasions, a great many customers got bundles acquired with Amazon's Prime
participation later than the guaranteed two-day conveyance time period. This ordinarily may not
be a major ordeal, but rather the occasions include due dates buyers need to hit to give presents.
Amazon takes the succumb to missing those due dates.
4.2) Pricing power:
The delivery issue is as of now appearing in Amazon's outcomes. Since second-quarter 2011,
satisfaction costs have ascended from 9.5% of offers to 11.9% of offers. UPS and FedEx are
gobbling up any change Amazon may have seen from enhanced gross edge over that time
allotment.
4.3) Amazon fulfillment Cost:
The issue is there aren't a ton of substantial scale alternatives for Amazon to use for delivery.
FedEx, UPS, and the U.S. Postal Service handle a large portion of the organization's shipments,
and Amazon has small dealing power unless it fabricates its own particular delivery business. Be
that as it may, that is just not a business Amazon is in.
4.4) Amazon doesn't do big capital:
Some individuals have recommended that Amazon will purchase USPS or UPS sooner rather
than later to have its own delivery business. This is insane for various reasons, yet basically on
the grounds that Amazon doesn't have the asset report or plan of action for such a move.
In its lifetime, Amazon has put about $10 billion in capital base, which incorporates stockrooms,
server farms, and so forth. This low-level speculation is the reason Amazon can produce
amazingly exceptional yields on money and why numerous think the sky is the farthest point for
the stock.
In any case, delivery is a high-capital-cost business. UPS and FedEx both have about $40 billion
of gross property, plant, and gear on their accounting reports and that is not going to change at
any point in the near future.
4.5) Coming device has every company salivating:
The best financial specialists reliably procure huge benefits by perceiving genuine potential prior
and more precisely than any other individual. Give me a chance to get to the point. There is an
item being developed that will alter how we purchase products, as well as possibly how we
cooperate with the organizations we cherish regularly. Investigators are as of now licking their
slashes at the business potential. Keeping in mind the end goal to outflank Wall Street and
acknowledge multi-bagger returns, you will require The Motley Fool's new free provide details
regarding the fantasy group in charge of this amusement evolving blockbuster.
4.6) Opportunities within Amazon

In Amazon Operations and Customer Service, you will often experience challenges that have
never been confronted, giving you the chance to flex your advancement and critical thinking
muscles. We work in a partner centered incline environment. You will work with your group to
drive constant change opportunities over the whole operation. Amazon offers initiative open
doors at all levels and we advance in light of authority and results not residency.
From their fortifications on the American West Coast, organizations like Google, Facebook,
Apple and Amazon have utilized the Great Recession as a chance to plan for an impressive
future, contribute and take the world by tempest with their items and administrations. Every one
of the four of these organizations' prosperity is clearly and unalterably connected to innovation.
In any case, one of these organizations Amazon is a tech organization that is immovably
established in the age-old industry of retail, in the quotidian business of getting the items from
the general population who make them to the general population who need them. Furthermore,
due to this and Amazon's unending development it is maybe the most troublesome organization
of the four, and it's ready to coordinate itself in Americans' lives in ways that no other
organization is prepared to do.
However, Amazon rushed to understand that e-business would move from conventional PCs to
versatile. Amazon's advancement of first the Kindle and after that the Kindle Fire was a
progression of brave and inventive overthrows. For an Internet book shop to wager the ranch on
making the sort of equipment that would will probably originate from Microsoft or Apple is a
demonstration of originator and CEO Jeff Bezos' vision, and to his resolution.
5) Recommendations:
Check that the present development of your E-Business association is in accordance with vital
business goals, online methodologies and meets execution criteria. Benchmark against outer
gatherings yet be watchful in picking them, incorporate other client gatherings and areas.
Manufacture sponsorship and inclusion at senior and operational level by demonstrating the
genuine estimation of E-Business for the association.
Clear up proprietorship (administration, parts and obligations) additionally survey administration
and possession for all client confronting forms. Make possession straightforward all through the
entire association. Influence the positive society towards E-Business.
Overcome any issues between various units in the association, particularly promoting and IT, by
building up a cross departmental E-Business guiding group. Deal with making an incorporated
E-business guide. Pay consideration on enhancing E-Business process joining (cross-
departmental) and Business and IT arrangement.

Put resources into enhancing E-Business execution and cost estimation. Incorporate cross-
channel estimation measurements to decide the genuine quality for the association. Persistently
measure e-business execution and make remedial move where required.
Indicate the fancied inner E-Business capabilities, parts and area. Put resources into creating in
house E-Business abilities (cross divisions).
Consider (re)organizing IT: begin separating amongst short and long haul ventures, reorganize
IT likewise and/or think about outsourcing either. This will empower the IT association to be
more adaptable in taking care of business demand, showing signs of better results.

References:
Material Type and Author In-Text Example Reference List Example
Book: 2 author Bond, Robert legal update
2003
Bond, Robert "International
Legal Issues of E-Commerce"
Book: 2 author Maria Manuela Cruz-
Cunha and Joao Varajao, July
2010
. "E-Business Issues,
Challenges and Opportunities
for SMEs" by Maria Manuela
Cruz-Cunha 2010
Journal article: 2 author . Barr, David D Dec. 26, 2000 Barr, David D. "The Need of a
Broad Standard in Global E-
commerce" The Internet Law
Journal, Dec. 26, 2000
Journal article: single author Pentice rHall 2003 Law, Ethics and Cyber Crime
Journal Article: single author Greenspan, Robyn Downloaders Disregard Legal
Book: single author Shoniregun, C.A, Volume 3,
Issue 37, Oct 29. (2002).
Intellectual Property Rights of
Multimedia Enriched Websites
Communication of the ACM:
Ubiquity, Volume 3, Issue 37,
Oct 29. (2002).
Book: single author Maria Manuela Cruz-Cunha E-Business Issues, Challenges
and Opportunities for SMEs
Journal Article: 4 author Sayer, Peter and Deveaux,
Sarah, July 28, 2000
Sayer, Peter and Deveaux,
Sarah "Jurisdiction in
Cyberspace" IDG News
Service Friday, July 28, 2000
Journal article: 2 Author . Barr, David D Dec. 26, 2000 Barr, David D. "The Need of a
Broad Standard in Global E-
commerce" The Internet Law
Journal, Dec. 26, 2000
. Journal Article: single author ," PC Week, January 27, 1997. "Its World's Biggest Copy
Machine," PC Week, January
27, 1997.
Book: 2 author Maria Manuela Cruz-
Cunha and Joao Varajao, July
2010
. "E-Business Issues,
Challenges and Opportunities
for SMEs" by Maria Manuela
Cruz-Cunha 2010
Website or online and company information:

.1) "Intellectual Property on the Internet", a survey of issues. [Copyrights and Related Issues],
http://ecommerce.wipo.int/survey/
. Source: Amazon 2012 10-K: Fiscal Years 2010-2012.
2) From Amazon Conferrence Call Transcripts 2011-2012
3) Alibaba, Amazon JD
4) http://qz.com/673682/ditch-the-bus-self-driving-electric-golf-carts-are-ferrying-students-on-
university-campuses
5). Christopher Matthews’s @crobmatthews
Christopher Matthews is a Writer and Reporter for TIME