Various Intervention to Detect Breast Cancer in Early Stage

Running head: EARLY DETECTION OF BREAST CANCER
EARLY DETECTION OF BREAST CANCER
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Table of Contents
Title..................................................................................................................................................2
Introduction......................................................................................................................................2
Search question................................................................................................................................3
Search summary...............................................................................................................................3
Summary of evidence......................................................................................................................4
Key terms.........................................................................................................................................5
Critical review.................................................................................................................................6
Strength and limitation of the evidence.......................................................................................6
Impact..............................................................................................................................................7
Synthesis..........................................................................................................................................7
Conclusion.......................................................................................................................................8
Reference.........................................................................................................................................9
Appraisal tool for Article 1............................................................................................................12
Appraisal tool for Article 2............................................................................................................13
Appraisal tool for Article 3............................................................................................................15

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Title
Various intervention to detect breast cancer in early stage among the women above 40 years old.
Introduction
Background
Breast cancer is one of the reasons for the high rate of mortality among women
worldwide. It is the leading cause of cancer-related death in women above the age of 40 years.
Total estimated death caused by breast cancer is 1.7 million in 2012, which got increased to 6.2
million in 2018. Therefore, overall 15% death in women is because of cancer. Though the
prevalence of breast cancer was higher in developed region, however, the rate is increasing
globally (Lagendijk et al., 2018). The most significant reason for such a high rate is failure in the
detection of cancer at an early stage. To improve the outcome of breast cancer among the women
and their survival, discovery at an early stage is the most critical. According to the
epidemiological analysis of breast cancer, there are various risk which is associated with the
disease in which 10% of the cases are due to genetic factors and 90% of the cases are because of
non-genetic factors. Therefore, the early detection of breast cancer has always been an issue in
the health care sector. The present study is significant as it will help to analyse the various
intervention which is used to detect the breast cancer at early stage among the women who are at
40 years old.
Early stage of breast cancer generally has an adverse effect on the bone density. The
impact of neoadjuvant chemotherapy helps in the increasing the serum level of bone turnover,
however, such therapy would be effective only when the breast cancer is detected at early stage
(Chen, Xu & Yang, 2015). One of the intervention is an examination of women having dense

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breast cancer as they are at high risk (Kerlikowske et al., 2015). Therefore, it can be said that
breast cancer early detection is the most imperative step to lower the rate of breast cancer-related
death. Hence, such study base on the finding of various intervention that can be used to detect
breast cancer in the early stage in women who are at over 40 years of age can contribute to high
survival rate of women suffering from breast cancer
Search question
What are the interventions that are used to detect breast cancer in early stage among the women
over 40 years old?
Search summary
To search for the literature based on the research question, a broad search strategy has
been used. The articles have been accessed from various database within the University of
Wollongong Library. The following database was searched on 10 June 2019 to recognise the
relevant studies as per the research question: MEDLINE, PubMed, CINAHL, PsycINFO,
SCOPUS, and Academic Search Complete. Such database publishes recent and peer-reviewed
literature and helps to the retrieved huge number of research articles. For conduction of search
from the library, Boolean operators such as “AND” and “OR” has been used. The articles was
searched by using various keywords and search term “intervention “or “strategies” or “best
practice” or “treatment” or “therapy” AND “breast cancer” or “breast carcinoma” or “breast
neoplasm” AND “early stage” AND “women” or “female” AND “40 years”. The studies
searched were restricted to research that got published from 2015 to 2019, full text and of
English language.

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Further, the only peer-reviewed journal was included in the search strategy. The relevant
studies were identified based on the title, title and MeSH heading. From the extreme search total
of 269 articles was found, which was having the search term. Further, based on the research
question, the articles were excluded and constricted the search based on breast cancer early
detection in over 40 years older women. After eliminating the irrelevant material, a total of 15
was selected, which was reviewed and critically analysed.
Summary of evidence
The studies were examined based on the early detection of breast cancer in women over
40 years old. Three relevant studies are based on interventions to detect breast cancer, which as
discussed as follow:
Moss et al. (2015) conducted research where he has studied the effect of mammographic
screening for early detection of breast cancer in women over 40 years old. The study was
conducted in the United Kingdom. The study was based on a randomized controlled trial which
included women of 39 to 41 years and was given annual screening by mammography. The
control group was administered regular medical care. The analyses of the result were done
statistically in which detection of breast cancer had a rate ratio of 0.88 from the group of a
participant who was screen by mammography. The result of the study has supported early
detection of breast cancer in association with a reduction in the rate of mortality with annual
mammography in women aged 40 to 49 years.
Ribnikar et al. (2015) have conducted a literature review based on breast cancer under the
40 year of age. The author has done a comprehensive analysis in which he has discussed various
intervention which is used to detect cancer at an early stage. Some of the response considered in

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the study are breast MRI and conventional breast imaging techniques. The author has majorly
focused on the breast MRI and stated that it is used for clinical examination of the breast when
mammography does not give relevant result. It provides a better screening of breast cancer
among the population of women over 40 years. However, it is not recommended for the patient
who has implant prostheses.
Shah, Vicini and Arthur (2016) have done research where they have studied about the
bioimpedance spectroscopy for early screening of breast cancer. The authors have done a
systematic review using PRISMA guideline. Total 20 studies were identified, which included
article in the English language. The study has included Australia based research and the database
searched was MEDLINE. The author found that detection of breast cancer by using
bioimpedance spectroscopy gives relevant result. This is the most used technique for early
screening of breast cancer.
Key terms
Breast cancer- It is the type of cancer in which breast organ and its cell have disturbed cell cycle
mechanism resulting in uncontrolled growth. Such uncontrolled growth often leads to the
formation of tumour, which becomes malignant with course of time.
Breast MRI- It is the test which is used to detect breast cancer by applying a magnetic field and
radio waves to capture multiple images of breast tumour. The technique is alternative to the
mammography.
Mammography- It is also the type of breast imaging technique which is used to detect breast
cancer in women. The methods used X-rays to capture the image of breast tumour, thus help to
early detection.