Ebola Virus Disease: Management and Response

This assignment delves into the multifaceted aspects of Ebola virus disease. It examines the clinical presentation and management strategies for patients infected with the virus. Furthermore, it analyzes the international efforts and public health responses implemented during outbreaks, highlighting crucial lessons learned and future directions in controlling this deadly disease.

EBOLA MANAGEMENT

TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
The Literature Search.......................................................................................................................2
Article 1.......................................................................................................................................2
Article 2 ......................................................................................................................................2
Critical appraisal of the two articles................................................................................................3
Article 1.......................................................................................................................................3
Article 2.......................................................................................................................................4
CONCLUSION................................................................................................................................6
REFERENCES................................................................................................................................7

INTRODUCTION
Ebola Virus Diseases (EVD) is considered as a condition in which the person goes
through haemorrhage and fever which has been caused by a viral infection. When the virus meets
with the fever, symptoms have been observed within two to three days after that. Various well
known and common symptoms are classified as fever, headaches, vomiting, muscular pain etc. It
somewhere affects the kidneys and liver of a person as well (Lever and Whitty, 2016). In this
condition, the person may have to go through either the internal or the external bleeding. The
virus of Ebola are spread even from direct contact as well, so the person should ensure the fact
that they should try to maintain some distance with people, otherwise it can transfer to the other
persons as well such as the people with which they talk, eat and sleep (Fletcher, Brooks and
Beeching, 2014).
According to article 1, Hand hygiene practices post Ebola virus disease outbreak in a
Nigerian teaching hospital, it refers to the fact of including various hygienic practices such as
regular washing of hands or using sanitizers can help. It is because after the outbreak of the
Ebola virus disease, it has become compulsory to include such practices of washing hands
properly so that the people should not have to face any complication. For this, sanitizers also
being provided to the people in order to the fact that if someone is not able to purchase them,
they also can make use of it just because they can stay protected from this virus of Ebola. Article
one considers the fact that a good and efficient understanding of the risk factors of Ebola virus
disease is very essential as it can help the people in protecting them from various risk factors of
these. So, it is necessary to stay prevented from any sort of infection or other complications.
As per the article 2, assessing the international spreading risk associated with the 2014
West African Ebola Outbreak, it says that the outbreak of Ebola in West Africa in 2014 is
considered as the deadliest and largest time period of it in the whole history. Various countries
were affected badly such as Guinea, Nigeria etc. and they were literally struggling for mitigating.
As observed, the total number of cases of people suffering from Ebola has been analysed as 2615
cases. People are not following a hygienic routine, thus viruses such as Ebola are spreading very
fast and also, the person with a EVD should consider the fact that it is directly being transferred,
so in that case, they should themselves stay away from people so that they do not get affected by
the virus.
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The Literature Search
The section consists of the framework of both the articles and it is considered as a very
efficient and excellent skill. The topic of the search was defined after seeing the condition of
people who are suffering from Ebola and how much it has affected the people till now. It also
includes the number of respondents along with the causes of the diseases which mainly included
some very common and well known factors such as unhygienic way of living, not washing hands
properly, stay in contact with the person suffering from Ebola because this virus transfers from
even the direct contact of the person. The study objectives of both the articles are discussed as
under :
Article 1
The aim of the study of this article is that it refers to a good hygiene of hand which means
that the people should wash their hands thoroughly such that they may not stick to any virus
which can cause any further complication. Although, it represents a very positive impact because
it is a good habit which can lead to a healthy life. It came into force when the country faced
various cases of people having Ebola virus disease. It also included that the people can make use
of hand sanitizers or make a routine of washing their hands on a regular basis so that they can
have clean hands without any virus of the things and places they had touched. Washing hands on
a continuous basis is considered as one of the better way to keep Ebola away. Along with regular
hand washing, it is also important to avoid touching any contaminated area on any thing on it as
it may cause Ebola. Another important features are that this disease also causes death, so in that
case touching the body of the person who has died from Ebola can also cause Ebola. The data
collected from a cross sectional design in which the information has been collected from a
questionnaire from the staff members of a hospital. So, it focuses on the fact that there should be
a good understanding of the risk factors of Ebola so that one can exclude them from their daily
routine and thus, can stay prevented from Ebola virus diseases.
Article 2
The aim of the study of this article is assessing the factors spreading risk for the outbreak
of Ebola. In the year 2014, it has been observed the largest and deadliest outbreak of Ebola in
West Africa. Due to it, the people were struggling to mitigate and after so many times, they were
able to get so. Various countries were affected such as Guinea, Nigeria etc. For about 2615 cases
have been observed of people suffering from Ebola. There is a half of the possibility that the
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person will survive and it is because of the fact that various deaths have also been caused
because of it, so treatment can be provided to the ones surviving. Although, there is no guarantee
of people getting affected by the treatment procedure but still one can try to its level best. As per
some statistics, the evolution of the Ebola virus has been observed from bats. Along with it, the
statistics say that on an overall, there are 28,639 cases of people who are suffering from Ebola
and out of all these, for about 11, 316 people have died already till the march 2016. There can be
various causes by which the virus spreads, like it transfers from one person to the other through
direct contact which means if in case skin is being broken because of any injury or via mucous
membrane (Chertow and et.al., 2014). The intake of anything from a person who is suffering
from Ebola can also cause Ebola virus disease such as the transfer of milk or blood or semen or
vomit etc., by these as well, one can get affected by the Ebola virus diseases.
Critical appraisal of the two articles
Article 1
The title of the article 1 represented the fact that a good hygiene matters a lot in staying
and protecting one from Ebola virus diseases. The collection of data was done through primary
way as it was gathered by means of a questionnaire and a survey in which on an overall, 450
people from the staff members were included. Collecting data and information primarily helped
the whole research because primary data is the data that has been collected for the first time and
it involves the information from surveys, interviews and focused groups whereas secondary data
is considered as that data which has already been collected from some external body and this is
the data from books, online and journals (Boulton, 2014). So, in this research, the primary data
have been used because the data from surveys and interviews will be more efficient than that of
books and journals because there may be a probability that the books and online may be having
old data and that could not proved that helpful. The article says that the person should be able to
manage washing the hands on a regular basis so that they cannot get affected by any germs or
viruses. That is why it refers to a regular washing of hand, either by the hand wash or with the
help of hand sanitizers.
According to Marlene (2017), various protocols for washing hand have been developed
in order to protect the people from Ebola. These hand washing protocols involves soap and
water, high test hypo chlorite, hand sanitizer that is based on alcohol, sodium
dicholoroisocyanture and stabilized and non stabilized sodium hypo chlorite solutions. So, all
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these solutions were made in order to make sure that if there is an unavailability of any one
solution near some one, they may be able to use any other of all these so that they can stay safe
and secure from Ebola virus disease and other such viruses as well. It is because these solutions
are made with a composition of some specified chemicals which are being mixed with some
other special liquids that helps the person from getting any infection or diseases. In contrast to it,
Karin, (2017) says that as per the statistics, a brief comparison has also been made between the
hand sanitizer, soap and other chlorine solutions. It was meant to be to check whether any of
these three is ineffective because of which people are still getting Ebola after washing their
hands too. But it has been observed that some soaps were responsible as which were of low
grade quality. So because of the ingredients mixed in it, the people still get Ebola because the
soap was not able to wash away the germs.
The literature ranges issues with the hand cleaning of people because it somewhere leads
to the development of Ebola virus diseases. However, the keywords used in this literature are
Ebola, sanitizer, outbreak etc. The whole study identified the concept and importance of washing
hands whether by any means but they should ensure that whatever the method is, should be
reliable efficient that it can prevent the hands from any sort of virus or germs. The sample was
taken from 450 members of staff who participated in the survey. And the data was gathered by
using a questionnaire as well which helped in analysing the impact of using various different
solutions for washing hands. The methodology of the study make use of the qualitative one
which helped in getting an in depth analysis and implementation of various processes. The
limitations of the study were that some of the professionals of the health care are unaware of the
composition of the solutions that were developed for an effective hand washing so that the
people can stay protected from Ebola virus disease.
Article 2
The article 2 illustrated the assessment of factors spreading risk in the outbreak of Ebola.
It became popular after there has been observed an outbreak of Ebola in the West African
countries in the year 2014. The condition of that time is being evaluated as the largest and
deadliest that has been recorded in history till now. It impacted various countries such as Liberia,
Guinea, Nigeria etc. and the people who were experiencing this situation were made various
struggles to stay out of it and stay preserved. As per Marcelo (2014), out of the whole
population, 2615 cases were being analysed from a survey. So, this means there also, primary
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research have been used as primary data is the data that has been collected from the first time and
various sources or means of it are interviews, focused groups and surveys whereas the secondary
data is the data that has already been collected by some external body (Beeching, Fenech and
Houlihan, 2014). So, in this research, the data has been collected by primary means as through
the survey in which it was analysed that 2615 people died because of this virus. In contradiction
to it, WHO (2017), there can be various reasons behind it such as the supply of water, sanitation
facilities, the climate, food etc. It is because maintaining all these is very essential as the person
who has Ebola can transfer the disease to the other through a very general contact. In fact,
various number of people had died as well because of this virus disease.
So, even the dead body of a person who was having Ebola is dangerous as well as the
body has Ebola till the time and also, it can be spread as well to a normal person. The water
supply can also be considered as a factor as if there has been any sort of contamination in the
water by an Ebola patient, then if that water only is being supplied to the people, it can put them
all in a risk of having Ebola (Frieden and et.al., 2014). So, these small factors should be
considered as well so that there may not be any sort of complexity or issue related to the Ebola
virus disease. So, it should be considered properly that if the water is being contaminated
because of any reason such as if the person having Ebola has spit in it or any other such related
cause, in that cases, the contaminated water should not be used for any purpose, nor even it
should be given to the animals for drinking purpose as it can be harmful for them as well as
Ebola is a virus diseases that is not only being observed in humans but also in animals. The
literature highlighted the issues of factors that leads to various infections and Ebola virus
diseases. The key words used in this study are outbreak, deadliest, Ebola, spreading factors etc.
The study is done by the qualitative approaches. Also, the primary data has been used. This study
helped in identifying the concept of awareness of all the factors that leads to Ebola virus disease
and other infections related to it. The research used simple random sampling method as sampling
is considered as a term in which small samples are been taken from a huge population and then
from those, a survey or interviews is being done as after the details of the survey observed, it was
analysed that 2615 people were died because of the Ebola virus disease. The limitations of this
research is that some are not aware of the factors that can lead to the Ebola virus disease, so all
should be aware of such factors so that they can take all the preventive measures from such types
of diseases and infections.
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CONCLUSION
It has been concluded from the report that Ebola is a viral disease that may be caused
because of various factors such as uncleanliness, poor treatment, poor and contaminated water
supply etc. Various preventive measures are there which should be taken in order to stay
prevented from such infections. From article 1, it has been analysed that washing hands properly
using any essential solution is very important as it helps in preserving the hands from germs and
viruses. From article 2, it can be concluded that preventive measures along with the factors that
can spread Ebola should be considered and the person should be aware of that so that they can be
able to take preventive measures before only which may help them in staying away from Ebola
virus disease.
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REFERENCES
Books and Journals
Beeching, N.J., Fenech, M. and Houlihan, C.F., 2014. Ebola virus disease. BmJ. 349, p.g7348.
Boulton, J., 2014. Ebola: where did it come from and where might it go?. British Journal of
Nursing. 23(18).
Brett-Major, D.M., Jacob, S.T., Jacquerioz, F.A., Risi, G.F., Fischer II, W.A., Kato, Y.,
Houlihan, C.F., Crozier, I., Bosa, H.K., Lawler, J.V. and Adachi, T., 2015. Being ready to
treat Ebola virus disease patients. The American journal of tropical medicine and
hygiene. 92(2). pp.233-237.
Chertow, D.S. and et.al., 2014. Ebola virus disease in West Africa—clinical manifestations and
management. New England Journal of Medicine. 371(22). pp.2054-2057.
Fletcher, T.E., Brooks, T.J. and Beeching, N.J., 2014. Ebola and other viral haemorrhagic fevers.
Frieden, T.R. And et.al., 2014. Ebola 2014—new challenges, new global response and
responsibility. New England Journal of Medicine. 371(13). pp.1177-1180.
Jacobs, M., and Tunbridge, A., 2014. Provision of care for Ebola. The Lancet. 384(9960).
pp.2105-2106.
Lever, R.A. and Whitty, C.J., 2016. Ebola virus disease: emergence, outbreak and future
directions. British medical bulletin. 117(1).
MacIntyre, C.R. and Davidson, P.M., 2014. Respiratory protection for healthcare workers
treating Ebola virus disease (EVD): Are facemasks sufficient to meet occupational health
and safety obligations?. International journal of nursing studies. 51(11). pp.1421-1426.
Woolhouse, M.E., Rambaut, A. and Kellam, P., 2015. Lessons from Ebola: Improving infectious
disease surveillance to inform outbreak management. Science translational
medicine. 7(307). pp.307rv5-307rv5.
Online
Marlene K., W. 2017. Hand washing and Ebola virus disease outbreaks. Available through:
<https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5322913/>
Karin., G. 2017. A randomised comparison of soap, hand santizer and chlorine solutions.
Available through:
<http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0172734>.
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