Economics Assignment

This document is an Economics assignment that discusses the tourism investment pipeline in Australia and its impact on the economy. It also explores the concept of demand and supply in the tourism sector and the effects of buyer's tax on the hospitality market. Additionally, it analyzes the role of investment in the tourism industry and compares the tourism sectors of Australia, France, the United States, and Spain.

Running head: ECONOMICS ASSIGNMENT
Economics Assignment
Name of the Student
Name of the University
Author Note

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Table of Contents
Answer 1:...................................................................................................................................2
Answer 2:...................................................................................................................................5
Answer 3:...................................................................................................................................8
Answer 4:.................................................................................................................................12
References:...............................................................................................................................16

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Answer 1:
The report of “Tourism Investment Monitor 2016-17”, under Tourism Research
Australia (TRA), represents the number as well as value of some significant projects during
the year 2016-17. This project is related to tourism investment pipeline of this country and
considers tourism infrastructure as well as various categories of investment. According to the
report, total amount of investment pipeline in this sector was $ 37.8 billion to undertake 294
projects. Within this investment, $10.1 billion was invested in aviation sector for conducting
19 projects regarding the airport infrastructure. In addition to this, for 83 infrastructure
projects related to arts, recreation and business services $17 billion was invested (McLennan,
Becken and Moyle 2017). Furthermore, $10.8 billion was invested for accommodation
considering 102 projects. Foreign investors support the pipeline investment, especially
accommodation projects and provide significant amount of money for supporting the project.
In this context, it is essential to describe the tourism environment of this country briefly. This
is because tourism sector plays significant role to develop economic condition of Australia by
attracting investors. The entire tourism sector experienced improvement between 2011-2012
and 2016-17. The demand for hotels, motels along with serviced apartment was increased by
21 % within this period (Pham, Nghiem and Dwyer 2017). In addition to this, the number of
inbound passengers on airlines as well as passengers on domestic flights and expenditure on
total tourism also increased significantly within this time gap. To meet this huge demand, the
specified sector had also intended to increase the number of room supplied between 2011 and
2016. Consequently the occupancy rates of tourism section increased in Sydney and
Melbourne by significant amount. Therefore, it is expected that the sector will develop
further as the demand from foreign visitors will increase in future.

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Price in tourism industry
Amount
S
D
P1
Q1 Q2
P0
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According to Tourism Forecasts (2017), the expenditure in tourism sector will be
increased at 6.3 percent per annum. As a result, a strong amount of investment is required in
tourism industry of this country for maintaining adequate supply with growing demand.
Therefore, this concept can be described with the help of basic microeconomic
concept of demand and supply. The economy of a particular sector reaches to equilibrium
point when demand equates with supply. However, this stable situation can be changed if the
respective sector experiences excess demand or excess supply. In tourism sector, excess
demand occurs and this further creates insufficient accommodation for tourists. In this
situation, hotel price as well as flight fare also increase significantly (Williams 2017). The
situation of excess demand can be described with the help of following diagram.
Figure 1: Excess demand in tourism sector of Australia
The above figure represents demand and supply in tourism sector of Australia. The
sector experiences Q1Q2 amount of excess demand in this sector at P1 price. This further

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tends the market to increase the price up to P0, which is the equilibrium price. To increase
supply, the market requires significant amount of investment.
According to the report of World Investment 2017, Australia received inward foreign
direct investment (FDI) worth US$48 billion in 2015. This in turn makes the country as the
eighth most attractive destinations for investors as of 2016. According to the United Nations
Conference of Trade and Development (UNCTAD), the country has remained among the top
ten destinations across the world in terms of FDI since 2011. Arts, recreation as well as
business service help the tourism infrastructure to develop further. This in turn increases the
demand of tourists in Australia. In this context, it can also be mentioned that optimistic
condition of tourism economy along with significant growth of visitors helps hotel market of
Australia experience strong trading condition (Lee and Yuan 2017). In addition to this,
sufficient investment in tourism infrastructure also stimulates foreign investors to invest more
that further increase total supply of hotels and other infrastructure in this market. From the
entire consequences it can be said that the country has more opportunity to develop further
with the help of this business sector.

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Answer 2:
a.
According to the given scenario, hospitality industry in Australia experiences
perfectly competitive market. This happens due to large number of hotel accommodation
providers as well as large number of buyers. Each hotel room provider provides almost same
room to buyers and consequently none of them can change the market price (D’Amato,
Valentini and Zoli 2017). Therefore, those providers along with buyers act as price taker. In
this context, the government of this country intends to impose specific tax on buyers on hotel
accommodation. Suppose, before this tax imposition, each hotel charges equilibrium price to
their buyers. However, after imposition of tax, the hotel price increases to buyers. As a result,
they reduce their demand for hotel accommodation and this will lead the demand curve to
change further. This in turn changes consumer surplus, producer surplus and total surplus in
the respective market (Blaine et al. 2015). The following diagram can describe this situation
precisely.

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S
D0
D1
P0
P1
Q1 Q0
A
B
C
D
F
Price
Quantity
P2
F
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Figure 2: Imposition of buyer’s tax in hospitality market
The above diagram represents a perfectly competitive market for hotel
accommodation, where the market experiences equilibrium at price P0. At this situation, the
amount of consumer surplus and producer surplus are equal to the area of triangle ACP0 and
FCP0. Therefore, the amount of total surplus is equal to the area of triangle FCA. After
imposition of buyer’s tax, the demand curve will shift downwards to D1 and consequently the
equilibrium price reduces to P1. At this moment, the amount of consumer surplus and
producer surplus become equal to the area of triangle BDP0 and FDP1. Thus, total surplus
becomes the area of triangle FDB. Therefore, after tax imposition, equilibrium price,
consumer surplus and producer surplus decrease in the hospitality market of Australia.

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b.
According to figure 2, total surplus or social welfare decreases in the market after
imposition of buyer’s tax. This is because buyers now pay more amounts for hotel
accommodation and this further reduces their demand. As a result, total revenue of hotel
suppliers reduces (Saez and Stantcheva 2016). Therefore, producer surplus decreases in the
market and this in turn reduces social welfare accordingly.
c.
Initially, the hospitality market does not possess any government revenue in the
perfectly competitive market. In this free market, market price generates when marginal cost
curve equates with marginal revenue curve (Arbetman and Kugler 2018). However, after
imposition of buyer’s tax, the government revenue generates by the rectangular area P1DFP2.
Therefore, from this discussion it can be concluded that buyer’s tax helps the government to
increase revenue.

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Answer 3:
The chief motive of Australia’s tourism industry is to increase investment for
fulfilling increasing demand for hotels and other accommodations of tourists. However, it is
essential to understand that whether this investment is a prudent economic policy or not. To
understand this situation, proper statistical data for both short run and long run are required
(Divisekera and Nguyen 2018). However, before this discussion it would be better to describe
the role of this specified industry in Australia’s economy. The tourism industry is considered
as an essential component in this economy. During 2014-15, this sector contributed 3 percent
to country’s total gross domestic product (GDP). This implies that tourism sector of Australia
contributes AUD 47.5 billion to Australia’s national income (Ellem and Tonts 2018). The
domestic tourism plays significant role, as captures 73 percent in this sector.
Previous data can be obtained from some literatures. In 2016, the country has invested
AUD 21.7 billion in travel and tourism sector and this has been accounted for 5.1 percent of
total investment. Total investment in this year has USD 16.1 billion. According to market
forecast, this amount of investment will increase by 2027 at 2.3 percent per annum (Dwyer
2018). To understand that whether investment is right policy or not empirical evidences for
the last few years are essential. According to the report of World Travel & Tourism Council
(WTTC), the travel and tourism sector in Australia has increased significantly and generated
employment opportunity and wealth creation by significant amount. During the long term,
this sector is going stronger as investment takes place sustainably in an open manner.
According to some previous literatures, investment expenditure in travel and tourism sector is
considered as an important concept for both short run and long run activity. This activity
considers construction of new hotels and purchase of new aircraft.

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Figure 3: Capital investment in Travel and Tourism sector of Australia at a constant
price of 2016
Source: (Austrade.gov.au 2018)
According to above diagram, capital investment in Australia’s travel and tourism
sector has remained high since 2007 at a constant price of 2016. This rate of investment has
increased constantly at an increasing rate.
To support this tourism industry, the Australian government gives various
commitments for supporting and developing tourism infrastructure. This further can increase
the demand by Tourism 2020, which is a government strategy. In this context, Austrade gives
coordinated assistance of the government to attract, promote and facilitate foreign direct
investment. This investment is considered as productive into tourism infrastructure of this
country, as it makes partnership with Tourism Australia. According to economists, the
country requires significant investment to develop tourism infrastructure for developing
significantly in international and domestic tourism market. As a result, this sector receives

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priorities as one of the five chief investments in order to drive infrastructure in this sector
considering hotels and airports.
Figure 4: Foreign Direct Investment in Australia
Source: (Tradingeconomics.com 2018)
According to above figure, the amount of foreign direct investment has fluctuated
drastically in Australia for the last 10 years. After 2013, this amount has started to fall
continuously and reached to minimum point during 2015. After this year, the amount has
started to increase continuously and has reached to maximum point in 2016 (Russell-Smith et
al. 2018). This foreign direct investment also has influenced the tourism sector in Australia
significantly. As a result, the specified sector has changed accordingly.

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Figure 5: Contribution of tourism industry of Australia to GDP
Source: (Austrade.gov.au 2018)
The figure 5 represents sharply that the specified tourism industry of Australia
provides significant amount to this country’s national income. This contribution has increased
continuously over the year since 1995 and has reached at a higher level during 2011 to 2015
(Valadkhani and O'Mahony 2018). From this, it can be said that increasing foreign direct
investment has influenced tourism industry Australia significantly over the year.
To provide key priority to Tourism 2020, the Australian Government along with state
and territory governments intends to show active encouragement in the context of investment
in the tourism industry. In addition to this, the government implements various regulations to
improve the environment of investment.

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Answer 4:
There are some other countries except Australia, where large number of tourists visit
each year. These countries are France, the United States and Spain. It would be beneficial to
describe each of these tourism sectors briefly. In France, this sector contributes almost 77.7
billion Euros to the country’s national income. Within this contribution, 30 percent comes
from international tourists while 70 percent comes from domestic sources. Therefore, total
contribution of this travel and tourism sector of France is 9.7 percent of GDP and
consequently this sector generates 2.9 million jobs. As a result, this sector plays significant
role in the country’s balance of payments.
Figure 6: Direct Contribution of Travel and Tourism to National Income of France
Source: (Isik, Dogru and Turk 2018)
As per the above figure, this specified sector contributes significant amount directly in
terms of 2016 prices of Euro. Since 2007, this amount has remained at a higher level and has

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not fluctuated significantly (Isik, Dogru and Turk 2018). From this statistical data, it can be
stated that tourism industry takes a vital role to economic condition of France.
Figure 7: Employment Generation in France
Source: (Isik, Dogru and Turk 2018)
According to above figure, the travel and tourism industry has generated huge number
of jobs since 2007. This number has not fluctuated significantly over the years. This implies
that France has made a strong tourism infrastructure and consequently has made a strong
tourism environment. In 2016, the country has welcomed 83 million international tourists
from all over the world. To promote this economic sector, the French Government has
considered some measures to give priority to six important areas. Firstly, the government
focuses on the quality of security and hospitality to improve satisfaction as well as loyalty of
tourists. Second important issue is a structured tourism sector that further can attract tourists
from overseas. Thirdly, the government supports investments and considers this as the

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fundamental strategy of the government (Solarin 2018). Fourthly, the French government
intends to provide training and employment opportunity for provide a standard service to
tourists with higher quality. Fifthly, the government also intends to take help from digital and
information technology to make a competitive environment for this sector. With the help of
this modern technology, the tourism industry of France can compete with other countries
successfully. Sixthly, the country tries to access holidays as much as they can for accessing
many people.
The tourism industry in the United States has become the largest one that serves huge
number of both international and domestic tourists in every year. The natural beauty along
with arts and cultures attract tourists every year. The specified sector has generated more than
USD 1.5 trillion during 2016. In addition to this, this sector generates 7.6 million jobs
(Wittwer 2017). According to the statistical data of the US government, one person out of 18
US citizens work in this sector directly or indirectly. In 2016, the tourism sector has
contributed 2.7 percent to gross domestic product of the USA (Selectusa.gov 2018). In 2012,
the president of the USA has made a special Task Force for making travel and tourism sector
more competitive through implementing various strategies. The chief focus of this Task
Force is to increase the number of international visitors up to 100 million by 2021. Among
various strategies, this task force has intended to expedite the processing of Visa for
international tourists, especially from some expanding economies, such as Brazil and China.
In addition to this, the government takes the Visa Waiver Program (VWP) that permits
citizens of different countries to travel in this country without any visa.
Another country is the United Kingdom, where tourism industry contributes
significant to gross domestic product. The foreign tourist industry has developed significantly
and become the sixth largest one across the world. In 2015, this country experiences USD
22.072 billion visitors. However, after Brexit, this number has started to fall since the end of

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2016. This further affects the UK economy adversely. However, the government tries to
attract more tourists across the country through implementing proper strategy.
After discussing three major tourism destinations, the report can recommend some
policies through applying which the Australian government can improve the condition of this
specified sector. It has been observed that Australia focuses chiefly on investment to improve
economic condition of this specified industry (Martín Martín et al. 2018). However, it is also
essential improve the quality of hospitality in this sector for attracting foreign tourists. For
this, the government may hire more qualified staffs in hotel and aviation industries.

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References:
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political reach. In Political capacity and economic behavior (pp. 11-45). Routledge.
Austrade.gov.au 2018. Tourism and Investment - Austrade. [online] Austrade.gov.au.
Available at: https://www.austrade.gov.au/Australian/Tourism/Policy-and-Strategy/
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examination of sources of sensitivity of consumer surplus estimates in travel cost
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D’Amato, A., Valentini, E. and Zoli, M., 2017. Tradable quota taxation and market
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Divisekera, S. and Nguyen, V.K., 2018. Determinants of innovation in tourism evidence from
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Lee, K.W. and Yuan, J.J., 2017. Hospitality and Tourism Industry Segments: Toward a New
Taxonomy. e-Review of Tourism Research, 14(1/2).

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Martín Martín, J., Guaita Martínez, J. and Salinas Fernández, J., 2018. An Analysis of the
Factors behind the Citizen’s Attitude of Rejection towards Tourism in a Context of
Overtourism and Economic Dependence on This Activity. Sustainability, 10(8), p.2851.
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Valadkhani, A. and O'Mahony, B., 2018. Identifying structural changes and regime switching
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