(pdf) Sample Assignment on Economics

Running Head: ECONOMICS ASSIGNMENT
Economics Assignment
Name of the Student
Name of the University
Course ID

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Table of Contents
Introduction......................................................................................................................................2
GDP composition of Australia.........................................................................................................2
Trend in Australian GDP and economic growth.............................................................................3
Factors explaining trend in GDP.....................................................................................................6
Consequences of slow economic growth.........................................................................................8
Economic growth and government policy.......................................................................................8
Policy of Australian government toward economic growth............................................................9
Conclusion.....................................................................................................................................10
References......................................................................................................................................12

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Introduction
Gross Domestic Product signifies total market values of goods and services produced in a
nation in a given year. In order to compute market value of goods and services, the market price
of these goods and services needs to be used. Goods and services valued at current year market
price gives nominal GDP (Heijdra, 2017). When the values are computed based on prices of a
fixed base year, and then it is called real GDP. GDP being one of the representative measures of
overall output is used to trace overall performance of a nation. Rate of change in GDP from one
year to another is taken as a measure to capture economic growth of a nation. The performance
of an economy can be understood from observing the trend in GDP growth rate. A gradual
increase in GDP indicates growth of a nation and hence an improvement in living standard
(Rostow, Baker & Baker, 2016). The report analyzes trend in GDP and economic growth in
context of Australian economy.
Australia considered as one of the highly developed nations with prevalence of a mixed
market economies. The economy has experienced an uninterrupted growth rate for a long period
of 26 years. Australia is the only nation in the list of OECD nation that successfully escaped
from the recessionary impact of global financial crisis. The nation ranked 13 in among the
developed nations of the world. According to IMF report, GDP of Australia grew at a rate of
2.2% in 2017 (Hartwell, 2017). The slowing growth in Australia has resulted from slowing
housing investment and decline in mining export. Household and consumption spending in
Australia are struggling because of a low growth in wage. The paper discusses GDP and growth
performance of Australian economy along with consequences of slow growth and possible
government policy measure to ensure a sustained economic growth.

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GDP composition of Australia
The three main sectors contributing to gross domestic product of a nation include
agricultural, industry and service sector. Australia is a modern economy when considered in
terms industry mix. The contribution of agriculture in GDP of Australia is only 4%. However,
when values from food and other primary product processing industry added the share rises to
12%. More than 60% of the farm products in Australia are exported. Since 2013-15,
Agriculture, Fishing and Forestry industry is considered as the second strongest industry of the
nation. The sector also accounts for a considerable employment generation. The contribution of
industrial sector in Australian GDP is around 26.6% (ibisworld.com.au, 2018). Mining is one of
the most vial industry of Australia comprising 8.8% of GDP. Queensland, Victoria and New
South Wales are the three nations known primarily for coal mining. Australia exports 54% of
coal mined to different nation particularly nations belonging to East Asia. Manufacturing
constitutes 5.9 share of industry. Other import industries of the nation include construction,
wholesaling, retailing and other. Australia is a service sector dominated economy with share of
service sector being 69.4%. In the service sector maximum contribution comes from finance and
insurable with a share of 8.8 percent (Nevile, 2016). The big four banks of Australia are
considered in among the list of 50 safest banks of the world. Other important sub-sectors in
service sector include tourism, media, tourism, education, logistics, rental, hiring and real estate
service, professional and technical service and others.
Trend in Australian GDP and economic growth

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Figure 1: GDP of Australia in last five years
(Source: tradingeconomics.com, 2018)
Figure 2: Economic growth rate in Australia
(Source: tradingeconomics.com, 2018)
The Australian economy documented a growth rate of 0.4% in the fourth quarter of 2017. The
accounted growth rate was below the market consensus rate. Over the past five years, the
economy accounted an overall declining growth rate. The GDP growth in the third quarter of

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2017 was 0.7 percent. This is considered as the weakest growth after the contraction of economic
growth in fourth quarter of 2016. The positive contribution in economic growth has mainly come
from an increase in household consumption expenditure. In contrast, net trade and non-dwelling
construction continue to push economic growth in downward direction. Factor having positive
influence on economic growth include household consumption, private and public investment
and government expenditure. Household consumption has grown at a rate of 0.6%. The recorded
increases in public and private investment are 0.3% and 0.1% respectively
(tradingeconomics.com, 2018). The government spending accounts a growth rate of 0.3
percentage point. The slow-down of non-dwelling construction, investment and net trade are
dragging the economic growth of Australia (Hatfield-Dodds et al., 2015). The non-dwelling
construction and net trade accounted a negative growth rate of -5.5%. Along with this,
investment in dwellings declined by 0.1% point.
After experiencing a considerable slow-down, household spending in recent year has
increased by 1 percent point. Household spending has revived following an increase in spending
on heath, hotels, restaurant, cafes, recreation and culture. Spending however are declined in
electricity, food, goods and other fuels. Government spending has increased by 1.7 percent at all
levels of government. The state and local government have increased by 0.7 5 while that of
national government has increased by 3.1 percent. There is a decline in gross fixed capital
formation by 1.2 percent (businessinsider.com.au, 2018). This led to a decline in private
investment by 2.2 percent. The decline in private investment has mainly contributed from a
decline in non-dwelling construction by 8.0 percent. Public investment has increased by 2.9
percent. The assets were transferred from public to public to private sector. There is a 3.3 percent
increase in investment in machinery and equipment (tradingeconomics.com, 2018).

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Goods and service exports are declined by 1.8%. Export of goods declined by 1.7 percent
while that of services fell by 1.9 percent. In contrast to a decline in export growth, import of
goods and services have increased. This worsens the trade balance adversely affecting gross
domestic product and economic growth of the nation. Mining industry recently accounted a
growth of 1.3 percent. The mining industry growth has driven by coal and iron mining followed
by the contraction of oil and gas contraction (Kydland, Rupert & Sustek, 2016). In the service
sector, telecommunication, media and information have grown by 2.9 percent. The
telecommunication service grown by 3.5 percent while the growth of media and information
services is 2.2 percent. The accounted growth in financial and insurance service is 0.1 percent.
This is the lowest since fourth quarter of 2014. No growth has been recorded in finance while
insurance and financial service grew only by 0.2 percent. Health services in the economy have
advanced with the growth of both private and public services (Thorpe & Leitao, 2014). Growth
of agriculture, fishing and forestry has declined by 2.7 percent. Manufacturing sector has slowed
down by 1 percent. The economy in the fourth quarter of 2017 grew by 2.4 percent. The
economic growth has slowed by 0.5 percentage point as compared to growth of 2.9% in the
previous quarter. The accounted growth rate was below the expected growth rate 2.5 percent.
Factors explaining trend in GDP
Over the last few years, the Australia has experienced a sluggish growth rate. The
accounted growth rate remained around 2 to 3 percent. The last recorded growth in 2017 was 2.4
percent. The growth rate was lower than that the previous year. The quarterly growth though
slightly was slightly recovered by gain in consumption and public investment (Rodrik, 2014).
The growth effect however has been outweighed by a soft housing sector and business sector

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along with a large contraction of net export. The Australian economy has continued to resist
recession calls. The economy though has successful in resisted recessionary outlook but has
accounted a growth rate that is lower than the potential growth rate. Growth in per capita GDP is
only 0.8% (theconversation.com, 2018). This is lower than the per capita growth of most of
advanced nations.
Several factors are responsible for a below average growth rate of Australia. In the year
2013-14, the economy had seen a strong performance of construction sector. Growth in housing
construction has however been faded in recent years. The economy is gradually moving towards
a housing crisis. The average prices of house started to fall with expectation of a much deeper
housing price crash in future (Shafiullah, Selvanathan & Naranpanawa, 2017). The Reserve
Bank of Australia have done mistake. It has raised the rates to a high level. In the absence of a
surge in supply, the high rate results in high unemployment. The decline in housing price in
Melbourne and Sydney is expected to be limited to 5-10%. The other cities are expected to
experience a more positive outlook for the housing sector. The low wage growth has constrained
consumer-spending leading to a weak outlook for economic growth (theconversation.com,
2018). The prevailing underemployment and slow gain in wages are the other factors responsible
for a weak economic household spending and slow growth. Consumers decline their saving
helped with rising wealth. The trend however is unlikely to persist in the long-run following the
expectation that price of property in Melbourne and Sydney will decline. Investment in the
mining sector is continued to fall. The relative price of Australian dollar increased to USD 0.78
(theconversation.com, 2018). The depreciated currency posed a threat to export growth of
Australia worsening trade balance. Sectors such as tourism. Manufacturing and agriculture are
more exposed to trade and hence are likely to suffer from AUD depreciation.

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The falling inflationary pressure is another factor contributing to a slower economic
growth. The low inflation expectation further hurt wage growth. Under this situation, the strong
Aussie dollar fails to make any better off for the economy (Nakamura, Steinsson & Liu, 2016).
Consequences of slow economic growth
The implication of a low growth figure is more than just being a number. Slow economic
growth over a long period has detrimental effect on future prospective growth and other
prospects of a nation. The slow economic growth marked by contraction of industrial and service
sectors creates the problem of unemployment. The unemployment problem is most severe for the
mining industry (McCombie & Thirlwall, 2016). The decline in mining investment and growth
slow-down of mining industry has caused thousand of people to lose their jobs. The slow
economic growth has a social consequence in the form of rising economic inequality measure in
terms of consumption, investment and wealth distribution.
Economic growth and government policy
Government can influence economic growth by multiple ways. Two most common tool
used by government to stabilize economic growth are fiscal and monetary policy. In times of
expanding growth, government generally takes expansionary policies. In order to achieve a
stable growth rate through increasing aggregate demand government can either reduce tax or
raise government expenditure (Johnson, 2017). When government lowers tax, the increases
disposable income of households who the can spend a higher income on consumption of goods
and services. A higher government spending in the form of higher public investment creates
more job opportunities leading to economic expansion. The fiscal policy however can be ended
up with a deficit in government as spending exceeds earned revenue. A comparatively easier

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policy tool is the use if expansionary monetary policy. The central bank designs and control
monetary policy. Under expansionary monetary policy, the central bank lowers interest rate. The
lower interest rate by reducing the borrowing cost encourage investment. The low interest rate
discourage consumers to save raising the consumption spending (Mankiw, 2014). If interest rate
on mortgage payment reduces, then households are left with a higher disposable income and a
higher aggregate demand. Government thus can use monetary and fiscal policy to influence
inflation and economic growth.
Policy of Australian government toward economic growth
The projection regarding ageing population is posing direct challenges to economic
growth. With an increase in ageing population, the labor-force participation rate is projected to
fall further. The proportion of population aged over 65 is expected to increase at a rapid pace.
The burden of aged population lead to a lower GDP growth. The GDP per capita is capita in the
next 40 years will be lower than that in the past 40 years. The growth prospects need to be
improved to raise the living standard along with social and economic well-being. The objective
to improve economic growth relied on 3Ps – population, participants and productivity
(treasury.gov.au, 2018). Any changes in any of the three factors influence the pressure on growth
and spending in a different way. A range of government policy can affect the three growth
components. The coalition government though is campaigning for promoting job and growth, the
growth program however is unreliable. Government policy to cut company tax rate would
increase national income by around 0.6% The cut in business tax however drags national income
up to a decade. This is because foreign investors pay a lower tax from beginning and the benefits
from the investment realizes after a considerably long period. The government plans to announce

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agendas for innovation and competition policy. It agrees to implement the plan of TPP. In order
to speed the economic growth, government needs to change fiscal policy outlook.
First, focus should be given to shift the tax base to the taxes having less contribution in
discouraging work and investment. For example, reducing the discount of capital gains to 25%
with a limit to negative gearing can be used to eliminate other distortionary taxes. The stamp
duties should replace general property tax. The government should encourage people to stay in
the workforce or get back to the work. In Australia, female labor-force participation is much
lower as compared to other advanced nations. The low wage rate discourages females to join
full-time employment. The childcare and family repayment system should be developed to
increase female participation (theconversation.com, 2018). Policies should be taken to eliminate
impediments towards flexibility. In order to promote productivity growth government should
encourage innovation. Funds should be allocated only to areas that can actually help in
productivity growth. Sector specific reforms should be conducted to overcome barriers to smooth
economic growth.
Conclusion
Australia despite being one of the developed nations are experiencing a slow-down in the
growth trend in the last five years. In GDP of Australia, service sector especially financial
services make the highest contribution followed by industrial and agricultural sector. Economic
growth in the fourth quarter of 2017 was stood at 2.4 percent. Several factors are a play for
slower economic growth of Australia. Mining and construction are the two vital sectors of the
economy. Both the sectors are experiencing a decline in trend growth rate. The average housing
prices are declining leading to a decline in non-dwelling investment. The mining sector has
experienced a lower price and depressed demand following a China’s growth slow-down. Value

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of Australian dollar in recent years has increased. This though strengthen domestic currency
relative to other currency but hurt export demand. The declining mining and housing investment
along with a decline in net export significantly reduces growth prospects of the economy. The
gain in consumer spending, public and private investment offset by the negative growth of non-
dwelling investment and net export. Australia though has escaped from any severe recession but
slow growth has a detrimental economic and social impact. Reforms needs to be undertaken to
recover economic growth and bring it back to its previous path.

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References
Australia GDP Growth Rate | 1959-2018 | Data | Chart | Calendar | Forecast. (2018). Retrieved
from https://tradingeconomics.com/australia/gdp-growth
Australia's economy is slowing: what you need to know. (2018). Retrieved from
https://theconversation.com/australias-economy-is-slowing-what-you-need-to-know-
47036
Hartwell, R. M. (2017). The industrial revolution and economic growth (Vol. 4). Taylor &
Francis.
Hatfield-Dodds, S., Schandl, H., Adams, P. D., Baynes, T. M., Brinsmead, T. S., Bryan, B. A., ...
& McCallum, R. (2015). Australia is ‘free to choose’economic growth and falling
environmental pressures. Nature, 527(7576), 49.
Heijdra, B. J. (2017). Foundations of modern macroeconomics. Oxford university press.
Johnson, H. G. (2017). Macroeconomics and monetary theory. Routledge.
Kydland, F. E., Rupert, P., & Šustek, R. (2016). Housing dynamics over the business
cycle. International Economic Review, 57(4), 1149-1177.
Mankiw, N. G. (2014). Principles of macroeconomics. Cengage Learning.
McCombie, J., & Thirlwall, A. P. (2016). Economic growth and the balance-of-payments
constraint. Springer.
Nakamura, E., Steinsson, J., & Liu, M. (2016). Are chinese growth and inflation too smooth?
evidence from engel curves. American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics, 8(3), 113-
44.

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Nevile, J. W. (2016). A Simple Econometric Model of the Australian Economy. In Post-
Keynesian Essays from Down Under Volume II: Essays on Policy and Applied
Economics(pp. 121-137). Palgrave Macmillan, London.
Part 4: Sustainability — fiscal policy and economic growth. (2018). Retrieved from
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Rostow, W., Baker Jr, R., & Baker Jr, R. G. (Eds.). (2016). The economics of take-off into
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79407

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What the government should do now: economic growth. (2018). Retrieved from
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