Economics Assignment: Supply and Demand Shock, Plastic Bag Ban, Circular Flow of Money
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This economics assignment covers topics such as supply and demand shock, plastic bag ban, and circular flow of money. It includes figures and explanations for each topic.
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Running head: ECONOMICS ASSIGNMENT Economics Assignment Name of the student: Name of the University: Author note
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2ECONOMICS ASSIGNMENT Answer 1: a: As per the given resource, since 1980 to 2005, there has been a supply shock sourced bytheanaemicrateofgrowthfromtheeconomicallymaturingdevelopedworld (Harboraluminum.com,2018).Postthisperiod,therehasbeendemandshockofthe aluminium due to the technological breakthrough in the production of aluminium that reduced the price and availability of the cheap stranded energy reduced the cost of production of the same and the output of the aluminium has been enhanced by a large amount. Figure 1: demand and supply shock Source: (Cashin et al., 2014) In case of rise in production positive demand shock comes into existence that lead to rise in the price as well as output. Figure 1 depicts that demand has raised from AD to AD’ and thus price has been increased from P’ to P. on the other hand, supply shock can lead to
3ECONOMICS ASSIGNMENT fall in the production that shifts the supply curve from AS’ to AS that will enhance the price from P’ to P. As per the given resource, short-term trends are unexpected and comes in the form of seasonal or cyclical nature, whereas long term trends are seems to have identified price direction. b: Under tariff situation cost of inputs for the can producer will be enhanced and it will enhance the cost of final product. Figure 2: Profit maximisation Source: Under tariff, price of the importable will rise and the price of the cans will be enhanced as well. Considering the given firm, with its limited market power, it will enhance the price from Pwpre tariff equilibrium price to Pw+t where the output will rise from S1 to S2. c:
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4ECONOMICS ASSIGNMENT Figure 3: tariff impact under perfect competition Source: As it can be seen from the above figure, under the perfect competition market, price will rise from Pw to Pw+t, which will enhance the production as well as reduce the demand. Enhanced price will reduce the consumer surplus by (a+b+c+d) and enhance the producer surplus by a amount (Lutkepohl & Netsunajev, 2014). In addition to this governmental revenue will rise by c amount and the net welfare will be in negative that represents the deadweight loss by (b+d) amount. d: Being the largest exporter of aluminium to the US, Canada will face loss in the export of the same. Under the lower domestic production of aluminium, US producers of cans will shift from the Canadian aluminium to the US aluminium that will reduce the social as well as the producer surplus of the Canada too.
5ECONOMICS ASSIGNMENT Answer 2: a: Considering the given scenario regarding the plastic bags it can be seen that there is serious issue with the usage of the plastic bags germinated through the low rate of collection and reusage of the same. in addition to this it can be seen that plastic bags of around 5 to 15 mt flows into the oceans annually that reduce that makes the already polluted river by further amount producing negative impact on the social welfare. It makes the water toxic and the marine ecosystem gets hampered by a large extent (Ban et al., 2017). Moreover, fishery and the other marine based business gets hampered by the exploitation of the ocean through dumping of the single usage plastic bags. It reduces the equilibrium production of the economy through reducing the output level from the oceans and leads to inflation through rise in the price of the same. b: If it is considered that the plastic demand is elastic in nature, then if there is complete ban on the production of the plastic then the supply of the single usage plastic bags will coincide with the horizontal axis.
6ECONOMICS ASSIGNMENT Figure 4: effect of ban Source: (Wilcox et al., 2015) As it can be seen from the figure 4, a ban on the plastic bag will bring in the equilibrium to A point, where the cost is 0 and demand is Q. if the government impose a tax, then it will shift the demand curve and the new equilibrium will occur at somewhere on the demand curve where the tax level equates with the demand. c: With the introduction of the fee on single usage, demand of the plastic bag under the plastic production ban will shift the demand curve and lead the consumer loss some amount of consumer surplus. On the other hand, government will start to enjoy some amount of revenue from the imposition of tax on plastic. d: Under the ban on the plastic bags there will be supply of the same at price 0 and thus government enjoys no revenue from the same. In addition to this, government have to subsidise the producer of the plastic bags, which will provide excess burden on the treasury. Contrary to this, if the government impose tax on the usage of plastic bags, then it will produce some amount of revenue for the government and in addition to this will produce some amount of deadweight loss as well (Ban et al., 2018). Considering both the available options, it can be argued that imposition of tax is better option. e: Introducing recycling technologies for the plastic bags, it can be argued that, there will be low negative externality on the society through the usage of plastic bags. Recycling will reduce the social cost of producing additional unit of plastic bags.
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7ECONOMICS ASSIGNMENT Answer 3: a: Enhanced labour productivity leads to rise in the economic welfare as production of the goods and services gets enhanced that leads to fall in the price and eventually inflation rates drops as well (Muller & Stegmaier, 2017). b: With higher labour productivity, there will be rise in the fall in the general price level and eventually it will lead to rise in the further job creation through the growth in the economic performance of the state. c: Capital accumulation without technological progress there will be no growth in the economic endeavours of a state because there will be no shift of the production possibility frontier. d: If the capital accumulation with the technological progress is enhanced, then it will increase the productivity of the state and so does enhance the production possibility frontier as well. e: As per the figure 2, Capacity utilisation is the measurement of the firm to produce output and Total Factor Productivity is the portion of the output that is not explained by the inputs in production (Erken et al., 2016).
8ECONOMICS ASSIGNMENT Answer 4: a: Considering the figure 5, it can be seen that the money is flow in a circular way through different section of the economy where government sector, financial sector and foreign sector are the key part of the circular flow. Figure 5: circular flow of money Source: (Deleplace & Nell, 2016) As per the figure 5, it can be seen that, government pays wages that household utilise for savings and imports of the goods and services through the foreign countries. Business firm export and do imports through the borrowing from financial market and government purchase the same and pays the wages from the input of the tax payment from different institutes of the economy (Deleplace & Nell, 2016). Though this circular way money goes into the market and goes out from the market. b: If the government reduces the governmental expenditure, then it will enhance the money supply in the economy because government will not purchase bonds in order to produce funds for the governmental expenditure. As it can be seen from the figure 5, if the
9ECONOMICS ASSIGNMENT government reduce the expenditure, then there will be rise in the liquidity in the market, and it will enhance the foreign demand of goods and services. On the other hand with lower interest rate from the financial market, there will be rise in the borrowing by the business firm promoting higher growth to the economy. It will further creates export growth on behalf of the domestic economy leading to rise in the trade balance of the state. Thus, post global financial crisis, policy for reducing the government expenditure by the Eurozone is one of the deliberate and accurate policy. c: With the rise in the investment of said amount in an economy leads to generation of higher output owing to the presence of the multiplier effect in the economy. It is a factor that defines the gains in total output due to the change in the investment expenditure. If the investment is of €1 bln and in equilibrium output of € 1.5 bln, then the multiplier effect is 2. Factors that can change the economic multiplier are as follows (Serrato & Wingender, 2016): Marginal propensity to consume Marginal propensity to import Marginal propensity to save Marginal rate of tax d: As per the circular flow diagram of money supply, it can be seen that as the money supply will increase due to the quantitative easing, there will be rise in the demand of goods and services. Rise in the demand will enhance the price of the same leading to enhancement in the inflation rate. However, considering the case of the ECB, it can be seen that as there has been quantitative easing from the banks, it can be seen that the exchange rate has also appreciated leading to fall in the foreign demands of the goods and services (Fratzsscher et
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10ECONOMICS ASSIGNMENT al., 2018). Thus, under the quantitative easing scenario, economy has not at all faced any inflationary situation. e: Following things can happen if ECB stop QE: Governmental bonds will fetch higher yields Liquidity will be reduced as the money will move from bonds into equity
11ECONOMICS ASSIGNMENT Reference: Aluminum market analysis, industry forecasts & price outlook - By Harbor Intelligence . (2018).Harboraluminum.com.Retrieved26June2018,from http://www.harboraluminum.com/aluminum-price-trends Ban, E., Franklin, J. M., Nam, S., Smith, L. R., Wang, H., Wells, R. G., ... & Shenoy, V. B. (2018).MechanismsofPlasticDeformationinCollagenNetworksInducedby Cellular Forces. Biophysical journal, 114(2), 450-461. Ban, H., Yao, Y., Chen, S., & Fang, D. (2017). The coupling effect of size and damage in micro-scale metallic materials. International Journal of Plasticity, 95, 251-263. Cashin, P., Mohaddes, K., Raissi, M., & Raissi, M. (2014). The differential effects of oil demand and supply shocks on the global economy. Energy Economics, 44, 113-134. Deleplace, G., & Nell, E. J. (Eds.). (2016). Money in Motion: the post-Keynesian and circulation approaches. Springer. Erken, H., Donselaar, P., & Thurik, R. (2016). Total factor productivity and the role of entrepreneurship. The Journal of Technology Transfer, 1-29. Fratzscher, M., Lo Duca, M., & Straub, R. (2018). On the international spillovers of US quantitative easing. The Economic Journal, 128(608), 330-377. Lütkepohl, H., & Netšunajev, A. (2014). Disentangling demand and supply shocks in the crude oil market: How to check sign restrictions in structural VARs. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 29(3), 479-496. Müller, S., & Stegmaier, J. (2017). The dynamic effects of works councils on labour productivity: First evidence from panel data. British Journal of Industrial Relations, 55(2), 372-395. Serrato, J. C. S., & Wingender, P. (2016). Estimating local fiscal multipliers (No. w22425). National Bureau of Economic Research.
12ECONOMICS ASSIGNMENT Wilcox, C., Van Sebille, E., & Hardesty, B. D. (2015). Threat of plastic pollution to seabirds isglobal,pervasive,andincreasing.ProceedingsoftheNationalAcademyof Sciences, 112(38), 11899-11904.