ECTPP301A: Educational Psychology and Pedagogical Practice Report

This report, focusing on ECTPP301A Educational Psychology and Pedagogical Practice, delves into various teaching techniques applicable to early childhood education. It identifies both generalist and specialist techniques, such as listening, storytelling, and drama, and explores their definitions and practical applications. The report examines the relevance and effectiveness of different educational theories, including formal, descriptive, and normative theories, in shaping teaching methodologies. It emphasizes the importance of adapting techniques to suit different age groups, from toddlers to preschoolers, and highlights the link between these techniques and the overall effectiveness of education. The student's work provides a comprehensive analysis of how these techniques are applied in the classroom and their impact on child development.

Running head: ECTPP301A EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY AND PEDAGOGICAL PRACTICE
ECTPP301A EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY AND PEDAGOGICAL PRACTICE
Name of the Student:
Name of the University:
Author note:

1ECTPP301A EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY AND PEDAGOGICAL PRACTICE
Table of Contents
Introduction................................................................................................................................2
Identification of the Generalist or Specialist Technique............................................................3
Definition...................................................................................................................................4
Techniques in relation to early life childhood teaching.............................................................5
Identification of the theories......................................................................................................6
Relevance and effectiveness of the theories...............................................................................6
Identification of the development..............................................................................................7
Techniques involved for children from birth to 8......................................................................8
Linking of the identified techniques..........................................................................................9
Conclusion................................................................................................................................10
Reference list............................................................................................................................12

2ECTPP301A EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY AND PEDAGOGICAL PRACTICE
Introduction
Teachers are the pillar of the society who will be contributing to a mass education. It
is necessary that the teachers must be well qualified and educated that will help in the
improvement of the education that will be possessed by the students. In the words of
Masalimova, Porchesku & Liakhnovitch (2016), it is necessary that the teachers must have all
the qualities that will contribute in the development of the teaching skills of a teacher. It
necessary that the teachers must develop techniques that will help in the improvement of the
working process of the teachers ensuring right and efficient delivery for the teacher.
According to Brown (2017), the right to education as well as various other councils and
boards have stated that there must be few rules and ethics that will help a teacher to
effectively deliver in classroom. To ensure that there will be an effective education in the
country it is necessary that the council of the country must come up with teaching techniques
and skills that will improve the educational system of the country. Teachers must be provided
with specialised generalist and teaching techniques that will help in the delivery of valuable
education understanding the base of the child (He, 2018). The teaching techniques will help
in the improvement of the delivery of education to the children.
In the words of Jiang (2018), a teacher must ensure that they follow the codes and the
ethics that are being established by the Australian government in the development of the
educational system of the country. From the paper it will be evident that the techniques that
are being used by the teachers must be chosen wisely that will impact the teaching skills as
well as the understanding of the subject by the student. The paper will focus on the aspects
that will help a teacher to work efficiently with the generalist and specialist techniques to deal
with early year child education. The paper will also explain the areas that will be linking the
relationship of techniques with the effectiveness of education.

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Identification of the Generalist or Specialist Technique
As it has been identified by Yee, Abdullah & Nawi (2017), teaching involves various
kinds of techniques that will help in delivering right educational message to the students
helps in develop a good knowledge as well as with various teaching methods or techniques
the teacher will be able to deliver effectively. While teaching I have witnessed that it is
necessary that the students must be connected with the teacher that will help in delivering
right education to the students. According to Satriani (2019), teaching techniques are the
ways that will help in coming up with ideas that will make a classroom interesting. Following
are some of the teaching techniques that will help to identify the ways that will help in
improvement of education of children. The most common technique that is being used is
lecture by the teacher. In this method, it is necessary that the students must develop a very
good listening skill that will help to grasp the objectives that is being explained by the teacher
(Satriani, 2016). The generalist that has been identified in the method of lecture by teacher is
the listening. While the teacher is lecturing, they ensure that they solve the issues that are
being faced by the students while resolving the unit. Hence, the specialist techniques
identified is problem solving.
As it has been mentioned by Munaro & Vieira (2016), reading text books especially
for subjects like English, the teacher can introduce the students with storytelling. This will
help in the development of the reading skills of the students bringing in changes in the
fluency as well as making students learn the ways that will help to learn storytelling. The
specialist technique identified is reinforcing the students. It will provide the students to
understand the ways of storytelling that will make it more interesting to read (Vivitsou,
2018). As stated by Pearce (2019), recitation will encourage melody or will help to
understand rhythm. In fact, with the use of recitation children are being taught about ways of
singing. They develop an interest toward poems. The generalist that has been identified in the

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recitation technique is singing. Various techniques are being used while teaching another
most common technique that I use in class is drama. I ask the children to act and explain their
classmates to understand and communicate with them accordingly to the story that is being
asked to enact. This helps in community building among the students (Gregorcic & Bodin,
2017). I have been using various techniques that will encourage students to participate and
understand the subject that is being taught in the class.
Definition
As explained by DeSimone et al. (2017), listening is the action wherein the students
are focused on the words that are being spoken by the teacher trying to understand the
meaning or expression that is being explained by the teacher. It is an important factor that
will encourage students and teachers to understand the lectures as well as resolve the issues
that were being faced by the students. For instance, children in the early age are being
distracted with various kinds of objects and often they hear things that are being taught by the
teacher rather than listening. Hence, I practice question answering after completion of a class
that will provide me with a report of the attention that was being paid by the students. This
activity will also help me to keep students attentive in class.
As stated by Munaro & Vieira (2016), storytelling is one of the interesting activity
that is being performed by the teacher that will encourage students to learn punctuations and
ways of speaking and develop the fluency of the students. An activity that will encourage the
child to be confident and develop speaking skills. As storytelling is one of the most used
techniques in class I have noticed that storytelling also encourages creativity of a child and
help in developing the speaking skill of a child.
According to Pearce (2019), encouraging is an important factor that will help in the
developing and taking actions confidently by the student. It is necessary that the teacher must

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take initiatives to encourage students that will help them to fight with the discomfort that they
have and try new things that will help in the moulding of the character of the student building
a strong base. For instance, encouraging children for anything that is innovative or any
performance that is being performed by them.
Techniques in relation to early life childhood teaching
Early childhood is a crucial period as in this period the child develops their basic
skills, they learn to speak clearly and fluently and expresses their feeling. In the words of
Moreno, Green, Koehn & Sadd (2019), the techniques that are being used by the teachers
must ensure that are being helpful for educating children in their early years.
Age group Learning experience Technique
Toddlers As it has been
mentioned by Church &
Bateman (2019),
storytelling will ensure that
the children becomes more
attentive to class and there is
a growth of interest.
Storytelling is one of the
most used teaching
techniques that is being used
by teachers worldwide.
Explaining children topics
with the use of real life story
helps them to remember the
task as well as develops
For teaching children,
playful ways must be
adopted that will help in the
development of the
education as well as help in
growing interest of the
children in studies.
Lecturing children may be
difficult but explaining them
in easy words and breaking
down the words that are
being used them to make it
easy to understand for the
children.

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their interest towards the
class. For instance, when a
child is being taught about
unity explaining them with
the story wherein the father
asks the son to break a stick
and another to break a bunch
of sticks. Use of stories to
explain the chapter makes it
evident to the children as
well as they also concentrate
in the class (Duruk, Akgün
& Tokur, 2019).
Preschool Drama is a bit difficult to
execute in a class wherein
students are below the age
of 8 years. Hence, the
initiative that I have taken
for young classes are to
explain them with
visualising drama.
According to Flannery
Quinn & Parker (2016),
explaining children with the
use of animated pictures and
images ensures that the child
becomes more aware of the
images and keeps in mind
for a long period of time. As
it has been explained by
Cumming (2017), most of
the books for early life

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childhood are enclosed with
various kinds of images and
pictures that helps to draw
their attention towards to the
images and encourages fast
memorising.
Identification of the theories
In the words of Tiilikainen, Toom, Lepola & Husu (2019), teaching theories can be
classified into three groups. Firstly, formal theory wherein teaching is being performed with
the help of logics, metaphysics, models etc. Secondly, descriptive theory is the teaching that
is based upon observation. Thirdly, normative theory is the teaching that is based upon
human experience. In the paper, it is evident that the all the theories are being considered that
will ensure right delivery of the teaching practice. While performing storytelling, I consider
the normative theory as the story that is being told to the student may not be published it may
be based on my personal experience. As it has been mentioned by Psaltis, Carretero &
Čehajić-Clancy (2017) that most of the teachers follow the formal theory and hardly
communicates with the students or gets to know about them. This is a disadvantage as
students are mostly taught about the education that is in printed form rather that experience
from the real life.
Relevance and effectiveness of the theories
In the words of Tiilikainen, Toom, Lepola & Husu (2019), every theory has a significant
impact in teaching techniques. The formal theory helps to explain the importance of relevant
information that is being included in the process of teaching. While inclusion of formal

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theory in teaching techniques, the teacher will be explaining the various information that is
based on probability in spite of nonprobability. The information that will be provided to the
students will help them gather statistics rather than social knowledge. In formal theory as
explained by Tatto (2019), the mode of communication is being developed as the teacher
possess the knowledge that is not being possessed by the students and in order to explain the
subject communication is one of the way that helps in delivering the knowledge. As
explained earlier in this paragraph, that in formal education there is portrayal of statistics,
thus in this method of teaching the teacher also explains about the sizes and various data that
help in the improvement of the educational background of the child. For instance, the child is
being taught about various shapes, sizes and colours that do not have any synonym or other
ways of expression. Such as the sun rises in the east cannot be explained in other words as it
is a fact.
However, it is not the same in the case of descriptive theory (Psaltis, Carretero &
Čehajić-Clancy, 2017). As it is based on the empirical evidences and observations, the
teacher ensures that the learners are being benefitted with information that will help
development of the relationship as well as perspective of the variables of teaching. This is
relevant, as the educator will ensure that the learners are being able to connect with the
information that is being provided to them. Teachers are mostly using the descriptive theory
as it becomes easier to make the early year children understand the subject. The descriptive
theory of teaching will help in the effective understanding that will help to develop motor
skills, verbal skills as well as intellectual skills. In the opinion of McInerney & Green-
Thompson (2017), the normative theory helps to develop the ideas that is being used with the
help of social, cultural and democratic ideas. For instance, the teacher will help in the
development of the child’s education providing the child with experiences that has been faced
by the teacher.

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Identification of the development
As stated by Whyte, Stein, Kim, Jou & Coburn (2018), development in children takes
place differently. Depending on the growth of the brain, cells there will be development of
the child. Hence, expecting the same rate of development from children will lead to downfall
in the confidence of the child hampering educational background of the study. It is necessary
that the teachers must develop techniques that will help in the development of every child
present in the classroom. Making it easier for the children to understand is a crucial aspect, as
it will help in delivering right education. As mentioned by Luke & Kale (2017), storytelling
is one of the easiest method that is being developed by teachers to ensure that the child is
being benefited as well as understands the topic that is being taught. For toddlers and babies,
parents are the one who takes up storytelling activity. Most of the stories that are being said
to the babies and toddlers do have a moral. It is being said to them in order to help them
understand that value that they need to develop in their life as well as they find it interesting.
As it has been said by Mitchell & Sutherland (2020), with the storytelling method the
children are drawn to listen to something that will help them educate. Recitation plays the
same role as storytelling for toddlers and babies. The Australian Curriculum mentions that
every child has the right to education and education must be carried on in a playful way for
babies, toddlers or pre-school children that will help in being interested to educational
system.
Techniques involved for children from birth to 8
In the words of Papadakis, Kalogiannakis & Zaranis (2017), the toddlers and pre-
school children must be educated in a playful ways that will help in being interested to
education as well as they will be gathering knowledge playfully. The two techniques that are
being used for toddlers and pre-school children are music or recitation and crossword
puzzles. Students of early childhood find it very interesting when they are being taught with

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the help of rhymes. They find interesting to sing and learn. It helps in the development of
communication, fluency, sharing, as well as working as a group (Denham, Bassett & Miller
2017). Teaching must be innovative as explained by the Australian curriculum for the babies
and toddlers. Recitation has the same impact as storytelling method and it will also help in
development of interest of the children ensuring that they learn while reciting. As it has been
said by Cumming (2017), children below the age of 3 years do have issues in speaking
clearly or communicating. With recitation, they develop speech and helps in working
effectively in delivering education. Moreover, the children also remain excited to learn to
speak along with music. As witnessed by Casey & Carter (2016), crossword puzzles is
another method that will help in development of various ideas in the child-ensuring problem
solving ways. As it is difficult to solve crossword puzzles when the child will be able to solve
the crossword puzzles it will be evident that they are developing techniques that will help in
learning various other ways of resolving issues. Hence, according to Ziv, Solomon, Strauss &
Frye (2016), the techniques must be developed by the teachers as it will help in providing
children various ways of educational development. As I was involved with teaching toddlers
for a long period, I have witnessed that actions along with music will help in development of
the child’s interest towards education.
Linking of the identified techniques
In the words of Church & Bateman (2019), the national professional standards of
teaching describes few aspects such as the teachers are being committed to deliver students
education and learning. It also mentions that the teachers knows the subject and must know
ways to teach the students. It is also the responsibility of the teacher to manage and monitor
the activities of students. Experience is the best teacher that helps the teachers to gather
knowledge from their own experiences. Lastly, teachers are the members of the learning
committee. Hence, the techniques that are being developed by the teacher will ensure that the

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students are being benefited and will be helpful in the growth period of the child. It is
mentioned by Denham, Bassett & Miller (2017) that the teachers have adequate knowledge of
the techniques that will show an evident result among the students. Hence, the national
professional standards of teaching ensures the public that the teachers are the best entity of
the society that will help in the development of the educational background of the children in
the early years of their life
According to Duruk, Akgün & Tokur (2019), Early Years Learning Framework is a
framework that is being developed considering the growth of toddlers and pre-school
children. It mentions that there must be positive interaction with the children that will ensure
them with security, respect and a reciprocal relationship. Partnership is an important factor
that brings on changes in the life of the child as well as helps in being a better and helpful
person. In the words of Masalimova, Porchesku & Liakhnovitch (2016), children in their
early years of childhood develops high expectation and equity. They also do not have any sort
of disrespect for other cultures or communities, as they are completely unaware of these facts.
Moreover, it is a period of ongoing learning wherein they keep on learning. As a child when
learns to share will be sharing its food with the people around him as he is unaware of the
facts like race, caste or creed. They keep on learning in this period of their life and teachers
must ensure to develop positivity in them rather than racism, as it will help them in being a
better person.
Conclusion
Teaching is an important factor that will help in development of the social, cultural
and economic development of the country. The teachers are the pillars of the society who
have been helping to develop the future of the countries. Handling students below the age of
8 is a difficult task. It is necessary that there must be a good communication among the
children and the teacher. This will ensure that the teacher is delivering right education, as