Literature Review on Indigenous Health and Education

The provided document is a literature review that explores various studies on Indigenous health and education in Australia and other countries. The review includes articles from journals such as the International Journal of Mental Health Nursing, Australian Journal of Education, and Medical Journal of Australia. It highlights the importance of cultural safety, positive leadership, and social and emotional learning for Indigenous youth. The review also discusses interventions to improve cultural competency in healthcare and the need for embedding cultural safety in main healthcare standards.

Education Support - Promote
Aboriginal Cultural Safety

Formative Assessment
Activity 1.
1. How health service organisations can identify the potential impact of cultural factors on
service delivery to Aboriginal clients?
In Australia, there a number of framework present that need to be considered by
healthcare professionals in order to give service to Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people.
It includes cultural safety, cultural sensitivity, cultural awareness, skills of health professionals
etc. Aboriginal culture of Australia includes a number of beliefs or practices which is centred in
Dreamtime (Boksa, Joober and Kirmayer, 2015). They are often hesitant to take advice from
medical professionals because such types of indigenous people mostly view their health in
holistic manner. This kind of view includes spiritual, social, physical and cultural well-being of
people and communities. Therefore, aboriginal people always think that illness is only caused by
evil spirits or due to disobey of certain spiritual laws. In this regard, they mostly disregarded to
take services from healthcare institutions for their well-being. For this purpose, concerning on
factors like cultural safety, awareness, professional skills and more.
Culturally safe practices include a number of actions such as respect and recognize the
cultural identities of aboriginal people, then safely meet needs, expectations as well as rights of
them. Any error in such actions or culturally unsafe practices may diminish, disempower and
demotivate the cultural identity or impact on well-being of an individual. It is furthermore
important to health professionals to address the practitioner capabilities and provide the extent of
racism, which are experienced by Aboriginal and other peoples belongs to different cultures, to
accessing health care (Kildea and et. al., 2016). The another of healthcare professionals include
identifying if equity in access and outcomes of health practices whether limited by organisational
system, policy factors or any funding requirement, so that necessary actions can be taken. In
recognition of this factor, other factors such as cultural competence, cultural security and cultural
respect also helps health professionals in identify the potential impact of cultural factors on
service delivery to Aboriginal clients.
1

2. How can identifying the impact of cultural factors that affect service delivery?
It has been identified that there are various factors present like cultural competence,
cultural safety, cultural sensitivity and more, that need to be considered by health professionals
while giving services to Aboriginal people. Here, less evidence for understanding where service
delivery in healthcare sectors lead to better outcomes may increase difficulties for attributive
changes like improvement in employment outcomes. Similarly, unsafe practices can diminish the
cultural identity and demean the well-being of aboriginal people, which directly affect service
delivery (Laverty, McDermott and Calma, 2017). A holistic view and spiritual link to land and
ancestors of these indigenous people interpret the service delivery of health professionals. Along
with this, cultural diversities which shows a number of differences in lifestyle, laws, ceremony,
language, custom and beliefs etc. also affect communication between professionals and
indigenous people, that create barriers in delivering services for their well-being. Thereafter,
cultural awareness is considered as the only factor that influences people to take health services,
by fostering through education only. In this regard, lack of fund and limited organisational
resources will also affect the services delivery.
2

Activity 2.
Issues which influence relationships and communication with Aboriginal? Why it is important to
identify these cultural factors when designing and delivering services
So many issues are there that affect communication and relationship with Aboriginal.
First is lack of culturally and relevant education. Learning styles that are based on demonstrative,
visual and oral methods have left generations on Aboriginal with inappropriate education. This
serve as a barrier to their potential to take part in education, health, community and welfare
services. This affect their communication as in some cases they were not even allowed to speak
in their own language (Roffey, 2017). In this case visual and oral information could be used to
deliver data. Another issue is lack of proper employment opportunities. Sometimes indigenous
people find it difficult to keep in the occupations that are not appropriate for them. That’s why
they avoid jobs that require more paperwork and thinking. This has an impact on their
relationship as they find it difficult to create and maintain relations with others.
It is very essential to identify and examine these cultural factors when designing and
delivering services because by considering these elements organisation can deliver better
services to its customers. Identification of these elements support in formulate an effective policy
that help in identify the specific requirements of every individual and also help in delivering the
same in an appropriate manner. In this regard, some major issues that influence relationship and
communication with aboriginal are given as beneath:
 Holistic view and spiritual belief
 Lack of culturally and relevant education
 Learning styles
 Different linguistic and language issues
 Lack of culturally appropriate healthcare services
 Racist or discriminative behaviour by healthcare staff
 Unaffordable cost of seeking healthcare
 Lack of time or ability to attend appointments
 Mistrust and Unwelcoming Spaces
 High expectations of community groups
 Different perspective
3

 Power imbalance exists between the service providers of mainstream healthcare services
and Aboriginal peoples
 A number of logistical issues, like cost of transport and longer distances to healthcare
services, that relate to permeability through which indigenous people living in remote
areas can access medical services
 Expectation for a life after a chronic disease diagnosis
 Expectation of normality.
4

Activity 3.
To establish the key aspects of cultural safety it will be necessary to consult with indigenous co-
workers, community members and elders. Explain cultural safety, its importance to
relationship between service providers and indigenous communities and how it can be
integrated into workplace
Cultural safety refers to concept which emerged in the late 1980s and creates a
framework for service delivery related to appropriate health services for the people, especially
belongs to Aboriginal, Torres Strait Islander people, Maori and more. Recognising this concept
help professionals in health care settings and developing affective relationship with indigenous
people, in delivering services for their well-being. In order to develop the positive relationship
between service providers and indigenous people, it is essential for healthcare organisations to
concern on some important principle of cultural safety. It includes rather than to ask individuals
to focus on cultural dimensions of other cultures, concerns on own cultural identities and
attitudes first (Clifford and et. al., 2015). Hereby, being open-minded as well as flexible in
attitudes towards culture of others, identifying what makes others, understanding own culture
and its influence on own belief etc. help in recognising the culture safety while delivering
services. These principles can be incorporated at workplace within healthcare service
organisations by – Developing trust and proper communication; Clear, free, open-minded and
respectful communication; Understanding other cultures and their influence.
Furthermore, the process towards becoming culturally safe also includes three main key
elements that cultural awareness, cultural sensitivity and cultural safety. All these processes need
to be achieved for health service providers in order to be in a position for negotiating culturally
safe interactions with others. By understanding own culture as well as the concept of transferring
of power among dominant and less dominant groups at workplace, make professionals culturally
safe in a number of contexts. It includes developing trust with indigenous people, actively
negotiate knowledge and outcomes via bi-cultural relationship with others. Here, cultural
awareness is considered as beginning step for understanding the difference between own culture
and culture of indigenous people, in order to recognise the basic needs of them. For this purpose,
it is essential to for health professionals to consult with other indigenous co-workers, elders and
5

community members, to sensitise them towards ritual and formal practices instead of emotional,
economic and social context, where they live in. Henceforth, cultural safety after incorporate of
effective practices at workplace would help in gaining cultural safety, which refers to an
outcome of service delivery and enable people to receive safe services (Petrucka and et. al.,
2016). Professionals in healthcare organisations like nursing and medicine also need to develop
their own cultures with a number of values, assumptions, beliefs and priorities, because in
general, these aspects may not always be shared by each people who are belonging to that
culture.
6

Activity 4.
1. How can ensure that work practices are grounded in awareness of own cultural bias
Culture strongly influences the thoughts, personal beliefs as well as attitudes and
behaviours of an individual. It mostly effects on the way they relate to others and make
interaction with them. Therefore, understating the cultural influence and other related factors like
sensitiveness, cultural safety and other, while designing health related practices and delivering
the same to indigenous or aboriginal people, helps medical practitioners to ensure that work
practices with organisation are grounded in awareness of cultural bias. In this regard, concerning
on contributing the development of relationship among service providers and indigenous people,
based on cultural diversity also shows signs of same (Shah and Reeves, 2015). Similarly,
demonstrated the respect for different culture and values of aboriginal people beliefs, their
customers and more, while making interaction also helps in incorporating work practices in
awareness of cultural bias. Along with this, bridging cultural gap through effective
communication, pay attention to their needs by recognising and giving respect to culture of
aboriginal people, increase skills of health professionals by reducing discrimination in health
offering services etc. contribute to develop effective work practices at organisations.
Furthermore, via power balancing that exists between aboriginal people and service providers of
mainstream healthcare services, reducing a number of logistical issues such as transportation
cost, increasing accessibility of healthcare services, that are permeability for indigenous people
living in remote areas and so on, are some other good practices that need to be developed for
minimising the issues, which create communication gap between health practitioners and
indigenous people.
7

2. What cultural competence is and what it means in terms of reflecting awareness of own and
other cultural work practices?
Culture refers to building block of strong identity in fundamental manner, that helps in
developing a healthy sense individual about who they are and from where they belong. Cultural
competence can be defined as all about actions for building the understanding respect and open-
minded between people related to different cultural perspectives, in order to strengthen the
cultural security. Here, relationship building is considered as main fundamental key aspect for
cultural competence, which is based on foundations of understanding expectations and attitudes
of indigenous people at individual level (Jull, J. and et. al., 2015). Along with this, cultural
competence also underlying the main principles such as respect of diversity, trust, equity, social
justice and fairness.
8

Activity 5.
How communication techniques and work practices can be developed which show respect for
cultural difference of Aboriginal people?
In order to recognise and show respect for cultural difference of aboriginal people, there are
various ways through which health service organisation can develop effective work practices and
communication techniques. In includes concern on developing personal awareness to understand
a culture belief system, which helps in making effective communication with aboriginal people.
Similarly, to anticipate cultural belief it is essential for health professionals to recognise and
accept behaviours of others. Furthermore, pay attention to both verbal and non-verbal
communication also lead to design effective work practices for understanding the needs of
aboriginal people for offering effective health services. Hereby, working with interpreters who
are trained for handling both linguistic and cultural difference, helps in developing effective
interaction between service providers and aboriginal people (Andersen, Edwards and Wolfe,
2017). In addition to this, as communicating in a culturally appropriate way also helps health
service providers in finding a way for interacting effectively, which is essential for respects and
accepts cultural differences. For this purpose, take initiatives by making communication and
engaging with community members also helps in developing effective practices to recognise
culture of others by service providers.
9

Activity 6.
Explain the benefits of engaging Aboriginal community service workers, interpreters and cultural
brokers
The impacts of racial and economic disadvantage as well as a series of past government
policies, which includes displacement, segregation and separation of families etc. all contribute
to adversely affect the trust of Aboriginal people towards healthcare service organisations. In
Australia, aboriginal and other indigenous people are still marginalised and consider as socially
disadvantaged minority group. As compared to with non-indigenous people, aboriginal people
highly experience the significantly varied outcomes about education, health, employment and
housing. Along with this, discrimination, racism as well as lack of cultural understanding creates
inequality and social injustice (Munns and Walker, 2015). Therefore, engaging with community
service workers, interpreters and cultural brokers lead to reduce these negative impact which
affect relationship of service providers and aboriginal people. This would provide benefits
related to develop strong relationships within community members of aboriginal people and gain
their trust for appropriate service delivery. This would also help in determining the best ways of
distributing information through the community and bring awareness among them about well-
beings. Health professionals also provide realistic and practical options to indigenous people for
care. Here, these people also give support to service providers in taking best practices for
recognising the difference of cultural or spiritual belief and take services for recovery from
chronic and other diseases.
10

Activity 7.
1. How it is possible to support the development of effective partnership between staff,
Aboriginal and their communities
In order to support the development of effective partnership between aboriginal people,
staff and their communities, organisations used to provide cultural competency training. It
includes Immigrant Women Support Service (IWSS), Queensland Program of Assistance to
Survivors of Torture and Trauma (QPASTT), Centre for Cultural Competence Australia and
more. Here, IWSS help in supporting the organisations for staff development and meeting their
specific needs for providing training to their staff. While QPASTT mainly aims to provide
training to people to minimise the issues related to refugee, impact of trauma and torture, reduce
gap skills and more, for staff and community development.
11

2. What resources could a service provider develop or access to facilitate the effective service
delivery and partnership?
For facilitating the effective services delivery as well as work in partnership requires a number of
resources which need to be developed or accessed by service providers. It includes –
 An essential knowledge and skill set by health professionals for understanding the culture
of Aboriginal people and their history which effect he European settlement, the
importance of law and kinship, loss of land and culture etc.
 Evaluate history that contributes to Aboriginal and other indigenous people towards ill
health and common diseases.
 Availability of interpreter resources
 Knowledge of relevant legislation and policies like code of ethics, commonwealth,
community standards.
 Organisation resources such as funds, health practitioners and more.
 Understanding of serious issues that arise due to racism and discrimination
 Skilled and experienced staff members who are able to understand languages of
aboriginal and other indigenous people.
 Effective communication techniques
12

Activity 8.
How might the indigenous perceptive on health and health issues impact on design,
documentation and delivery of services and programs?
Indigenous populations in Australia have poorer health outcomes as compared with non-
Indigenous counterparts. Here, the evolution of primary health care services for Indigenous
community has arisen from mainstream health services, because due to a number of certain
issues, they being unable to anticipate the needs of people. It includes lack of accessibility of
healthcare services, lack of resources to get same on time and different perspectives etc., which
arise due to culture (Dell and et. al., 2016). It is considered as the most prominent characteristic
which underpin all of the characteristics that identify as – accessible health services, holistic
health care, continuous quality improvement, community participation, flexible approach to care,
culturally appropriate and skilled workforce, self-determination and empowerment. In general,
Indigenous populations are defined as a community group that live within or belongs to
geographically distinct traditional habitats. These people themselves in Australia as being part of
a distinct cultural group, who are descended from groups that present in the area before modern.
They mostly focus on maintaining cultural and social identities as well as social, political,
economic, cultural and other institutions, which separate from the dominant society or culture.
While, primarily health care institutions are defined as socially acceptable, universally accessible
and scientifically provide first level care through highly trained workforce, who are comprised of
multi-disciplinary teams and supported by integrated referral systems in such a manner that
provides priority to those indigenous people who in need, for addressing their health inequalities
and maximises their well-being state. For promoting primary health, these organisations mainly
concern on community and individual self-reliance; involve with collaboration and partnership
with other sectors; participation and control etc. Along with this, they mainly aim to care to
treatment and care of the sick, illness prevention, community development, with advocacy and
rehabilitation (Mander, Cohen and Pooley, 2015). But different perceptions of indigenous
people like racism and discrimination, spiritual and holistic view etc. affect overall process of
primary health centres in delivering the effective services.
13

Activity 9.
What does it mean to say that indigenous people need to be self-determining and to have some
control over community services and programs? What strategies might be implemented to
support this?
Self-determination refers to a right of all individuals for 'freely determining their political
status as well as pursue of social, economic and cultural development' as per article 1 of the
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. Mostly, due to poor health outcomes and
decreasing life expectancy rates, indigenous people in Australia now want self-determination for
improving their well-being and health by recognising the culture difference and take services of
health care organisations (Wilson and Wilks, 2015). In order to become successful in self-
determination, Aboriginal people are required to concern on following key points:-
 Freedom: As per the article 1 of International Covenant on Civil and Political rights,
indigenous people have equal rights to be exercised as other. They have rights to choose a
place where they want to live, get education, job and more, for livelihood.
 Support. They can autonomously determine how to organise their resources. This means
that people do not receive “supervision” and prescriptions. Rather, they may seek
partners for support and contract for any number of tasks for which they need assistance.
 Knowledge. Knowledge of what has and hasn't worked elsewhere helps avoid mistakes
or going the wrong way. This means also allowing Aboriginal people build their own
knowledge base rather than prescribing what is 'best' for them.
 Financial responsibility. They control their budget, including re-prioritising monies
when necessary. Monies are used as an investment and not to purchase services other
people get for free.
 Stable policies. Government policies should encourage and support Aboriginal solutions
and be reliable.
14

Activity 10.
Why outcomes and measurement metrics must be identified and agreed upon. Who should
participate in the agreement and subsequent evaluations of strategies and outcomes, why?
What is this likely to achieve?
Due to growing calls for social services and policies, it becomes essential for identifying
the outcomes and measurement metrics for indigenous people. This would help in understanding
whether any program related to service-delivery is having the intended effect, or the observed
results are attributed to the same. Programs are mainly run in communities with limited
resources, high level of socio-economic disadvantages, low trust, intercultural understanding and
more. All these things, create difficulties in establishing or executing a program in desired way.
In this regard, indigenous programs also effect against a range of social interventions, the
backdrop of fluctuations in policy, complicating attempts for increasing benefits of outcome etc.
There are number of other reasons present that shows for dearth of such evidence which includes
– evaluations of social programs that address the community-wide issues, relationship between
action and outcome, etc. Similarly, in the same context, evaluation of indigenous programs are
also need to measured in which they take place. In addition to this, consequences related to lack
of evidence may affect entire outcomes of programs that run for welfare of indigenous
community.
Hereby, community consultation and participation of indigenous people, including policy
makers, service providers and other stakeholders, are considered as essential component for
designing, data collection and reporting overall phases of evaluation. Participation of community
members and stakeholders help in identifying issues which might hinder the outcomes. Having a
clear idea in this regard, of what outcomes have to measured and the manner in which it
measures, can help in determining the research questions, appropriating methods or analysing
any requirement of an external evaluator. Hereby, external evaluator will help in obtaining the
evaluations as part of an ongoing process, where evidence may be built over time. Addition to
this, the findings related to single evaluation are often taken as definitive statement about
effectiveness.
15

Activity 11.
Why it it necessary to evaluate programs and services against desired outcomes?
Planning an evaluation of programs is necessary to ensure that successfully obtain the
desired outcomes. Since, diverse culture of indigenous people, social, historical, community and
various factors on individual basis, create various issues in delivering the services, therefore, it
becomes highly essential for evaluation of outcomes of the programs which are run for their
welfare. Evaluation of programs also help in ensuring to work with indigenous communities, the
services are culturally competent, requirement of adopting an action research approach and more.
This would also aid service providers to involve community members in both planning as well as
implementation of programs, utilisation of existing networks and resources. Through this
process, possibility to meet desired outcomes may increase with ensuring that services are
culturally competent as per aboriginal people.
16

Summative Assessment 1
Question 1.
The concept of cultural awareness and its link with cultural competence and cultural safety
Cultural awareness education can be defined as an understanding of how culture of an
individual inform different values, behaviours, personnel beliefs and basic assumptions. This
would help in recognising that all individuals are shaped by their cultural background in which
they live, therefore, they are highly influence on how their peer ones interpret with others. The
aim of introducing the concept of cultural awareness education is to entail people about self-
reflection, that leads to enhanced cultural awareness, which is also considered to be the rest
building block for cultural safety. In this regard, cultural awareness mainly aims to increase
cultural competence and cultural safety within health service organisation of Australia for
delivering best services on time to indigenous people for well-being of them.
17

Question 2.
A list of areas of legislations that apply in context of Aboriginal cultural safety and why the
legislation is necessary
In context of Aboriginal cultural safety, there a number of laws have been applied in
Australia which includes – Aboriginal Firm Arm Regulation Act 1840, Aboriginal Witness Act,
Aboriginal Protection Act 1909, Aboriginal Act 1923 (for children training), Aboriginal Heritage
Act 1988, National Parks and Reserve Management Act 2002 etc. All these acts are established
and applied for providing outcomes as cultural safety to indigenous people for their well-being
and improve health.
18

Question 3.
How diversity of Aboriginal cultural will impact on service delivery?
Aboriginal people, including Strait Islanders hold a specific position in Australian
society, whose cultures traditionally consider as the oldest one. Therefore, delivering services to
these people refers to a complex task for policy makers and practitioners, because these
communities have significant characteristics as per geographic locations like urban, rural and
remote. In this regard, to provide services, policy makers have to make a deep investigation on
historical background, social community and other factors. Hereby, historical and ongoing
dispossession, racism, marginalisation, legacy of past policies related to removal and cultural
assimilation forcefully, etc. have created the multiple complex problems, that inhibit the
successful service delivery process to indigenous communities. Moreover, other factors that also
impact on deliver of services include demanding workloads, lack of proper infrastructures, low
remunerations, low level of trust, disempowerment, high level of anxiety. Thus, concerning on
these factors, it has been analysed that diversity of aboriginal people have created a lots of issues
in front of government and policy makers to concern on benefit of each, while making policy.
19

Question 4.
There are many historical and current factors – political, social and economic issues – that
impact on indigenous people with health and community services
(1) Culture, history, racism, discrimination and social networks are socio-economic
disadvantage, as well as psychological distress, which are associated with some of the factors
that affect health behaviour in a complex manner;
(2) Strong and effective social connections for family and kin which is intensified by cultural
obligations, are appeared to disrupt the positive health behaviour;
(3) the desire for retaining cultural identity, including distinctiveness could have influence on
health risk behaviour in both negative and positive manner
(4) Separation and segregation between Indigenous and non-Indigenous social connection and
networks are appeared to be hindered or fostered by marginalisation as well as racism, that may
influence the effect of social networks on health behaviour
(5) Communication between non-Indigenous and Indigenous Australians are mostly interrupted
by distrust between both community groups, that reduces the influence of aboriginal people from
sources on the health behaviour.
(6) Low level of trust, social control, less participation, disempowerment and mobility are some
social factors
(7) Life expectency, literacy and numeracy and economic participation
(8) Legacy of past policies about cultural assimilation forcefully
(9) Diversity as per geographical location
20

Question 5.
How western system and structure impact on engagement of Aboriginal people with community
service / service providers.
Impact of western system on engagement of aboriginal people with service providers can
easily be seen through various factors, it includes –
 Impact of settlement – Due to western system, there are number of issues have faced by
aboriginal people like resettlement on reserves, loss of land, forced to adopt languages
and culture of others, etc. Along with this, education based on western system also
mislead their children from traditional lifestyles and social cultures.
 Impact on traditional authority – Due to resettlement and dispossession, traditional
authority and customers of aboriginal people are highly affected. It includes indulge of
people towards alcohol, mass media and other that create difficulties to these people to
remain in own culture and beliefs.
21

Question 6.
What factors contribute to Aboriginal ill health and what are some of the common diseases
experienced by indigenous people?
As comparison with non-Indigenous people, aboriginal and other indigenous peoples are
generally experiences the significantly high morbidity and mortality rate. Averagely, indigenous
community members are expected to live near about 12 years less than other Australians
(McGough, Wynaden and Wright, 2018). They are also suffered from the most chronic diseases
in higher rates such as Cardiovascular disease, kidney issue, diabetes which remains at epidemic
levels and more. These kinds of chronic conditions also account for increasing over 50 percent of
life expectancy gap between Aboriginal and non-Indigenous peoples, that shows the poor health
outcomes.
Aboriginal and other indigenous people are mostly lived in remote areas therefore, due to
lack of accessibility of health care services, they also face a number of health-related problems.
Along with this, because of number of issues like racist and discriminative behaviour, poor living
standardisation, shortage of resources etc. highly effect the well-being of these people that lead
to increase chronic diseases in them. In this regard, other factors that lead to illness for aboriginal
people and their relative ones are given as below:-
 Lack of relevant and culturally appropriate education – People belongs to aboriginal
community are mostly learned by visualise and demonstrated ways. Therefore, learning
styles which are not based these ways, have left these people with inappropriate
education.
 Shortage of meaning employment or occupation – Perception of indigenous people are
generally misunderstood by other Australians, which lead to effect sharing capabilities
and collaboration work of them. Along with this, these people also used to avoid working
in those areas where lot of paperwork have to be done. This would lead to lack of
occupation for indigenous people and affect their economy growth. In such condition,
they are not able to afford health care services.
 Environmental health factors – Poor housing condition, overcrowding, poor hygiene
standards, inappropriate sewage system, unsafe water supply and more, are some factors
that highly affect health of indigenous people.
22

 Delay in taking health services: Poor or less education in health matters, lack of
accessibility of health care services, discrimination due to predominant place of non-
indigenous people are some of the factors that create issues for aboriginal community
members to take health services on time. Therefore, due to delay in time of seeking
treatment, increase a greater chance of failure or life expectancy of people.
23

Question 7.
How can service providers involve Aboriginal people in planning and delivery of services and
programs
By recognising and respecting the cultural difference and development of effective work
practices, aid service providers of Australia in engaging with aboriginal people (Tobe and et. al.,
2015). This would also help in planning and delivery of health care services to indigenous people
for their well-beings. Along with this, by developing strategies for reducing the issues which
highly affect the communication between health practitioners and indigenous people also help in
delivering best services for well-being of them.
24

Summative assessment 2
Project 1.
Why indigenous people in Australia are still disadvantages with regard to health or community
services.
In Australia, which is well known for its health based services and support structure with
help for which people ca solve their health based issues with support of the health care and
structure such as medical center. But, still there are some portion of this country, to which
support of the health or community services has not been reached. These people are used to live
outer part of the Australia such as Island, small sea area with which support of health and
community services has not been reached. These people are known as indigenous people, who
are those people which are physical, culture, social and emotional people and also which are
aboriginal in nature or who are still far away from support of community care, as because of their
lack of awareness or might be they are out of the reach (Reading and Greenwood, 2015). These
people are abnormal and Torres Strait islander who are away from away or used to live in island
of the Australia Island. When used to talk in matter of health and community support, health
services awareness are still unaware to the indigenous people, as they are either rejects by the
society or they have their own engagement such as stay away from metro city of the Australia.
These can also be as a reason of cultural issues which has forced him to stay away from service
provision of the Australia and doesn’t results into their treatments on the potential regions. Some
of the cultural issues in regards to this are as given under:
Poor living: Indigenous people are staying in poor condition, where they have no money
and also used to depend on the natural survival, as they used to stay away service provision of
the Australia. This was realized that this has been the part of their own belief and trust and also
in return, people have made this as treatment tools. For this, cultural safety can be suitable
strategy which would help these people to engage more with the society and avails benefits of
service provisions and community supports.
Lack of transportation infrastructures: In the Australia, transportation system is adequate,
within the metropolitan area, but not supportable connecting island to island. Community and
health services are mainly situated in metro cities and as reason of this indigenous people are still
suffering with lack of knowledge as well as information on how to reach and arrive for health
25

service advantage at the greater potentials. In this, people support such as giving direction will
plays its necessary role to make situation to be handle in the correct manner or zone.
Lack of education or knowledge: Indigenous people are suffering with an issues of lack
of knowledge and low literacy, as because, they are not in reach of the same. Due to which, it’s
been difficult for them to trust their own care. Support of the Australian people and community
would help them to gather more support and would assist in development of their interest for
health based services or solving their own personal issues with the community.
In response to this, initiative can be taken to make indigenous people to mix up with
culture and also would like to help them to avails the health based service in the given time
period. Some of the common and useful strategy to engage indigenous people are as follows:
Education as empowerment and opportunistic: Education will be best option for them, so
they would realizes how useful the education for an individual person or indigenous people is. If
information & knowledge would be given to the indigenous people, this would assist them to
attract to the community services in given time period and also helps them to gather interact up
with society.
Communication tool: Using and creating channels with the indigenous people will help
them to gather more interaction with the social people and creation of the awareness for health
and community services to build their welfare setup and helps them to comes and engages with
common people for their own development. Using the communication, support to indigenous
people ask solution of their problem and also solving their critical problem in give time period.
Various resources such as magazine, books or internet has been used to check out given
cultural issues and took necessary step to overcome issues related to this. But still support of the
cultural is important to raises this issues has major to ascertain perfect answer to this issues.
Negotiation with government can be done for same to create safe and secure culture for
indigenous people, so they would take first step for community services for own purpose and
also accomplishing their defined goals of health protection. Also, negotiation can also be made to
community and its health care sector with help of which common understanding will be built or
gather in case of supporting people with an disease or problem.
Also, this is the recommendable for indigenous people to get engaged with the societal
culture as everyone is the human being and all are common by views or ideas. For this, support
of the bodies or government agency is helpful to raises funds in order to make services more
26

productive and should be centric towards accomplishment of a common goals or targets. With
support of institution, funds can be generates for same welfare of the indigenous people. With
support of the funds, community and health services for them can be reach to their own place or
it will be help to at-least be in contact with community or health care in case of health care
support.
27

REFERENCES
Books and Journals
Boksa, P., Joober, R. and Kirmayer, L. J., 2015. Mental wellness in Canada’s Aboriginal
communities: striving toward reconciliation. Journal of psychiatry & neuroscience:
JPN. 40(6). p.363.
Reading, C. and Greenwood, M., 2015. Structural determinants of aboriginal people's health (p.
1). Toronto, Ontario, Canada: Canadian Scholars’ Press.
Tobe, S. W. and et. al., 2015. Preventing cardiovascular and renal disease in Canada's aboriginal
populations. Canadian Journal of Cardiology. 31(9). pp.1124-1129.
McGough, S., Wynaden, D. and Wright, M., 2018. Experience of providing cultural safety in
mental health to Aboriginal patients: A grounded theory study. International journal of
mental health nursing. 27(1). pp.204-213.
Wilson, K. and Wilks, J., 2015. Australian Indigenous higher education: politics, policy and
representation. Journal of Higher Education Policy and Management. 37(6). pp.659-
672.
Mander, D. J., Cohen, L. and Pooley, J. A., 2015. A critical exploration of staff perceptions of
Aboriginal boarding students’ experiences. Australian Journal of Education. 59(3).
pp.312-328.
Dell, E. M. and et. al., 2016. Cultural safety and providing care to Aboriginal patients in the
emergency department. Canadian Journal of Emergency Medicine. 18(4). pp.301-305.
Munns, A. and Walker, R., 2015. The H alls C reek C ommunity F amilies P rogram: Elements
of the role of the child health nurse in development of a remote Aboriginal home
visiting peer support program for families in the early years. Australian Journal of
Rural Health. 23(6). pp.322-326.
Andersen, C., Edwards, A. and Wolfe, B., 2017. Finding space and place: Using narrative and
imagery to support successful outcomes for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people
in enabling programs. The Australian Journal of Indigenous Education. 46(1). pp.1-11.
Jull, J. and et. al., 2015. Shared decision making with Aboriginal women facing health decisions:
A qualitative study identifying needs, supports, and barriers. AlterNative: An
International Journal of Indigenous Peoples. 11(4). pp.401-416.
28

Shah, C.P. and Reeves, A., 2015. The Aboriginal Cultural Safety Initiative: An innovative health
sciences curriculum in Ontario colleges and universities. International Journal of
Indigenous Health. 10(2). pp.117-131.
Petrucka, P. M. And et. al., 2016. Positive leadership, legacy, lifestyles, attitudes, and activities
for Aboriginal youth: a wise practices approach for positive Aboriginal youth
futures. International Journal of Indigenous Health. 11(1). pp.177-197.
Clifford, A. and et. al., 2015. Interventions to improve cultural competency in health care for
Indigenous peoples of Australia, New Zealand, Canada and the USA: a systematic
review. International Journal for Quality in Health Care. 27(2). pp.89-98.
Roffey, S., 2017. The Aspire Principles and Pedagogy for the Implementation of Social and
Emotional Learning and the Development of Whole School Well-Being. International
Journal of Emotional Education. 9(2). pp.59-71.
Laverty, M., McDermott, D.R. and Calma, T., 2017. Embedding cultural safety in Australia’s
main health care standards. The Medical journal of Australia. 207(1). pp.15-16.
Kildea, S. and et. al., 2016. Improving maternity services for Indigenous women in Australia:
moving from policy to practice. Medical Journal of Australia. 205(8). pp.374-379.
29