Theories, Principles and Models in Education and Training

This report discusses the learning outcomes, theories and models that are important in the education system. It covers communication in training and the application of learning theories in curriculum development. It also analyzes the theories and principles of assessment and identifies the points of referral available to meet individual needs.

THEORIES PRINCIPLES AND MODELS IN
EDUCATION AND TRAINING

TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................3
MAIN BODY..................................................................................................................................3
TASK A...........................................................................................................................................3
Presenting the learning theories..............................................................................................3
Analysing the models of learning peferences........................................................................4
Presenting the ways in which the learning theories can be applied............................4
Identifying the points of referral available to meet the individual needs........................5
Task B..............................................................................................................................................5
Mode of communication..............................................................................................................5
Application of theories of principle and models of communication...........................................5
TASK C...........................................................................................................................................6
Analysing the theories and principle of assessment............................................................6
Explaining the ways the assessment principle and models applied in learning................7
TASK D...........................................................................................................................................7
Presenting the theories and model of curriculum development........................................7
Explaining the curriculum development within own area of specialism.....................8
TASK E...........................................................................................................................................9
Describing the theories and models of reflection and evaluation...................................9
Describing the ways theories and model of refection can be applied to review
own practice...............................................................................................................................10
CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................11
REFERENCES................................................................................................................................1

INTRODUCTION
The present report is based on the learning outcomes, theories and model that are very
important in the education system. Moreover, it will also discuss about the role of
communication in the training and the application of learning theories in the circular
development. Along with this, the study will also discussed about the assessment that
is step by step process that is used to gather the information. It will also depict
about the model such as competency and the linkage between the assessment and
learning method.
In addition to this, the report will also analyse about the curriculum
development that can be define as the process that is consist of various activities that
improve the overall performance of learner. Along with this, it will also throw light on
the various theory related to it. Lastly, it will analyse about the refection and evaluation
model and it usage in the learning process.

MAIN BODY
TASK A
Presenting the learning theories
Learning theories can be defining as the set of principle that helps students in acquire
and retain the knowledge. The Three common theories are behaviourism,
constructivism and cognitive information process. Moreover, the behaviourism theory
believe that knowledge is gain by the student when it involves with the new changes
and from outside environment (Surr and et.al., 2017). Along with this, cognitive theory
believes that a human process the information that is gathered or receives by
responding to thinking about the happening. The example of cognitive is linking
the concepts with the new ideas and discussion. Furthermore, the constructive
process of learning believe that a human construct the new ideas on the basis of the
experience and the knowledge. Example are case studies and problem solving projects.
However, all this theory is required to make the learning process such as the
knowledge of the learner, through processing and the outcomes likewise generating
new ideas.
Analysing the models of learning peferences
Model of learning preference are a theory that is based on NLP settings. Along with
this, theory says that there are different styles of learning such as visual, auditor, kinaesthetic
etc. It is mainly a combination two or three different kinds with one suppressive. There are
various model of learning and all the theories are based on different style such as
visual, kinetic and auditoria. However, every human being prefer the learning of any of
this style or the combination of different style. The common model of learning preference
are pedagogical and andrgogical. The pedagogical learners are based on the
teacher and it is the one that evaluates the effacing of the students and teach them
different topics (Bolli, Caves and et.al., 2018). Along with this, this type of learning is
mainly include children as they come with blank state of mind and it required a peer to
make them learn about new things. However, Andragogical learners are mainly depended on
self and it evaluates themselves by the self-examination methods. Moreover, such types of
learner are adults and it uses life experience as a foundation and it do gain knowledge

with the help of instructor. Along with this, common learning models are Kolb learning style
model which is also known as experimental learning theory it is compromises of concrete
learning, reflective observation, abstract conceptualization, abstract conceptualization and active
experimentation. Moreover, other mode of learning is VARK learning style model that stands
for visual, auditory, reading, writing and kinaesthetic learning style and it states that any learner
experience learning through any one of these process.
Presenting the ways in which the learning theories can be applied
The behaviourism theory is very useful in for giving the punishments and rewards.
But it cannot be used in the classrooms or in lecture as the students are not very highly
structured. And the whole responsibility of the learning lays upon the teacher
and the lecturer (Muhajirah, 2020). Along with this, it can apply in classroom by teacher
through taking exam as it will the teacher in evaluating the performance of student while
learning It can also conduct curriculum activities as it will helps students in learning and
developing new skills. Moreover, this theory is mainly avoided in teaching the class as it
does not acknowledge the difference between the students. However, the
cognitivism theory can be used in the classroom as it is based on the knowledge
and the experience of the students. Teacher can conduct the examination and give
student problem solving skills in order encourage the curiosity and for evaluating and
testing their skills. Along with this, the social learning theory can be used in the classroom as it
will increase the team spirit as well as group collaboration within the students. However, it will
promote the cooperative learning among the student. In addition to this, teacher can apply
this theory by conducting game in the class room as motivate students to participate in it as it
will contributed in learning about team skill.
Identifying the points of referral available to meet the individual needs
Referral is the process and the steps taken by the lecturer in order to get the
assistance that will help the teacher in teaching the students (Frias, 2019). However, there
are three most common referrals used in school such as special education evaluation,
disciplinary issues and counselling services. This is mainly used by the teacher if it
believes that students required additional intervention.

Task B
Mode of communication
Model of communication can divide into three parts such as aggressive, assertive, passive
behaviours. Aggressive behaviour can be used for years and it will result in decreasing
motivation. Along with this, passive behaviour can lead into lack of authority into students that
help them to accomplish their desired goals effectively (Caruana, and et.al., 2021). In addition
to this, some important aspect for communication is body language, eye contacts,
understanding and technical skills. However, willingness to communicate framework by
Burgeon recommends that confidence is not a fixed behaviour but a flow in concept for
communication.
Application of theories of principle and models of communication.
Model of communication can be applied in class room as a way of learning style. Although every
student have different ways of learning the communication application should be appealing to
all. Thus, Willingness to communicate theory acknowledge that it is an essential part of
learning motivation and students should respect this (Hägg and Kurczewska, 2019).
However, teachers can conduct various group activities among students as it will help them to
communicate with each other. Along with this, teacher can adopt for behaviourism theory that
focus on aspects that deals with language behaviour and relation between students. Teacher can
also use verbal mode of communication like wise video and audio lecture and non verbal ways
like use of body language and emotions to make communicate with students.
TASK C
Analysing the theories and principle of assessment
Assessment can be defining as the process of gathering the information from
multiple and different sources in order to develop new skills and knowledge among
the students. The model that are very common in assessment are competency and
non- competency model. Moreover, the competency assessment can be defining as the
process of evaluating and investigating the capabilities of the individual against
the requirement of the job (Hägg and Kurczewska, 2019). This is manly consist of
the task and the role and the skills required for success of the task and no other activity.
However, the skills are required in order to assess the proficiency level of an individual.
along with this, it measures the behaviour of an individual while performing any

activity and what are the skills required in order to perform the task. While on the
other hand, the linkage between the assessment is that it is a critical aspect of learning
that gather and collect the information and analysing the regarding the performance of a
student.
Furthermore, learning process can be defining as teaching methods used by teachers
in order to make the students learn about new skills. However, the similarities sis that
the performance of the students are analysed in both the process that helps the
teacher to identify the strengths and weakness of the students. Along with this, the
principles that are used in assessment as it helps the students in improving the quality
of the learning opportunity (Caruana and et.al., 2021). The various principles that are
used are that assessment will be valid. Such as it will include the different measure the
performance and achievement of the students. Along with this, it should be reliable in
order to ensure the consistency of the assessment. All the academic award should align
with the assessment criteria that has been set by the university. In addition to this,
the process should be consistent with the policies and the procedure for marking the
assed work and for quality the assurance is required. Furthermore, the assessment should
be explicit and transparent such as the students should explained the information related
to assessment. As well as the purpose and the requirement of completing the task (Bhuttah
and et.al., 2019). However, the feedback should be taken from the students in order to
know the learning outcome that has been learned by them.
Explaining the ways the assessment principle and models applied in learning
The Assessment is the process of collecting the information by assessing the
student task in order to identify the learning outcomes. Moreover, the model of
competency can be used in learning method as it will allow the teacher to know about
the specific skills that is required by the students to perform the task. Thus, it can
help the teacher to make use of various learning methods such as auditory and visual to
develop the skill and knowledge of the students. Moreover, this model will also
help the teacher in the classroom for identifying the strengths and weakness of
the students (Palupi, 2018.).
Along with this, there are certain principles of assessment that can be used in the
learning methods such as transparency. Teacher should communicate about the

requirement for completing the task so that students can have proper knowledge.
And it can perform well in the exams or solve the problematic issues effectively. The
another principle is fairness and equity it is the duty of the teacher to treat every student
with equality and fairness so that it do not feel obliged while performing the task.
However, there should be no discrimination among the learner as it will affect their
performance. Along with this, the teacher should focus on taking the weak student and also
to motivate the students that has perform bad in the exam. In addition to this, every
student should have knowledge about the topic regarding the examination or learning
methods (Uygur and Yelken, 2021). Furthermore, the another principle that can be used in
the learning method is validity. That includes how accurately the assessment is measure
the performance of the learner.
TASK D
Presenting the theories and model of curriculum development
Curriculum development can be define as the process that is used by the educational
institution in order to create the positive improvement within the learners.
Moreover, it contains various types of learning activities that helps the students to gain
the knowledge and improve the interpersonal skills (Adeani, Febriani and
Syafryadin, 2020). It is commonly use approached that includes designing, analysing and
selecting formation and review. Furthermore, models and theories are served as the
guidelines to the action all these models and theories that helps in increasing the
efficiency of the curriculum model.
According to the theorist Taba has introduce the specific approach and general
design of the circular model. It believes that circular activity and model should be
made by the teachers and not by the higher authority. As teachers specifically know
about the strengths and weakness of each student. However, Taba has given the 7 stage that
need to be considered by the teachers while conducting the curriculum activity. The
steps are to identify the needs of the students, formulate and develop the objective,
select the appropriate and ides and content so that student can develop their interest.
The another stage is to organize the content such as the sequence of the task. In
addition to this, in the 5 step the selection of learner experience in order to know the

engagement of the learner. However, the second last stage tells about organizing the
learner activities and in the final step evaluation is done to identify the learning outcomes.
On the other hand, the theory propounded by Tyler lays importance to the
planning phases. It is generally based on the 4 basic principle such as purpose of the
school, educational activities related to the completion of the task. As well as it is consisting
of organization and evaluation of the experience. Furthermore, the model that is
commonly used in maintain the function of the curriculum is Praxis model. It is a
combination of the process and the product model. The theorist of the product
model is including Tyler and Bloom. According to the role product models the role of
the teacher is known as expert and the process model defines teacher as a facilitator.
The product model provide the systematic approach of measuring the outcome that
can be formal and in an informal manner. In addition to this, the process model is
concerned with the relationship between the teacher and the learner as well as give
more importance to individualism learning.
Explaining the curriculum development within own area of specialism
The Curriculum is the process that includes planning, implementing and
development in order to improve the skills of the students. Along with this, there are
two famous theories that can be used so to improve the development of
curriculum. Such as product and process models. However, the product model is
related to setting the objectives according to the content related to the course. On
the other hand, the process theory is related to the notion related to the interaction
while delivering of curriculum development. Along with this, the decision regarding
curriculum bases on the external factors. However, the combination of both the model
should be used in order to shape the aims and objectives of the overall course. But
the detail planning need to be design by the teacher as they are more aware about
the skills and weakness of the students. Along with this, if the teacher uses the
process model than it will help in building the relation with the learner. As the this
framework is related to the humanism in relation to learning. Moreover, it will help the
students to define their own goals and make use of active learning rather depending
on teachers.

TASK E
Describing the theories and models of reflection and evaluation
Reflection practice can be defining as the process of developing the self-awareness
related to the behavioural changes. It is basically a student done by an individual
in order to know the strengths and weakness as well as developed the new skills.
The most common model that can be used to analyse reflective practice such as Gibbs
model of reflection as well as johns model (Markkanen and et.al., 2020). The theory
related to reflection is experiential learning this theory mainly deals with the
reflective practice and also give importance to the process of context learning.
Moreover, this theory has explained that learning commences by solving the
problematic experience. Along with this, learning is a cyclic process that helps the
individual with gaining the experience and knowledge.
Furthermore, the Gibbs model is consist of 6 stage that allows an individual
to know the details about the learning though the assessment. As well as it also
help in identify the feeling on the each stage of the assessment that helps the
individual in identifying the subject that it is most interested at. The Six stage of
this process includes description of the situation in this learner is able to gather the
knowledge about the whole situation. In the second stage it analysis the feelings
that helps learner to know about the emotion such as stress and happiness while doing
the task. In addition to this, in the third stage it evaluates the overall assessment
such as what skills have been learned by the individual. This stage provide with
the detail study of the strengths and weakness while performing the task. In the
second last stage the student can conclude about the overall performance and what
is learned. In the final stage it allows the individual to make the action plan in
order to improve the next time.
On the other hand, Johan’s model 2000 is mainly used for structured reflection
this mainly done the analysis of more complex decision and with the help of the
supervisor. This framework suggest learner that it should have external as well as
internal focus while thinking (Tawanwongsri and Phenwan, 2019). However, the internal
factors are related with emotions and thoughts while external deals with factual

situation and incident. Thus, this model helps the individual to analysis about
the emotions and thinking ability while learning.
Describing the ways theories and model of refection can be applied to review
own practice
The reflection model is mainly used by the learner to identify the strengthens
and weakness of the individual. Along with this, the reflection cycle is very useful in
identifying the overall performance of an individual throughout the assessment.
This helps the learner in developing the plan in order to improve the performance
next time. The Gibbs model will help an individual in learning the skills such as it
allows the learner to write down the description about the assessment. In the
next step an individual will be able to examine the feeling and the emotion
while performing the assessment. However, it allows learner to identify the various
feeling and build the interest among the learner. Along with this, it also allows
the individual to analysis about the new skill that will be developed while doing
the assessment (Surr and et.al., 2017). In addition, to this, the individual will be able to
conclude about the things that has been learned by it and also about the
weakness that needed to be improve. Furthermore, the individual will be able to
make the action plan such that will allow the learner to make the plans related
to improve the weakness as well as to develop the new skills in order to build the
performance.
CONCLUSION
From the above report it has been concluded that there are various methods of
learning that can be used by the educational institution to teach the students. Along
with the study has summarized about the model use in learning the preference.
Such as model likes pedagogy and andragogy are the different types of learner.
Furthermore, the study has also depicted about the assessment that can be define
as the process of gathering the information form the multiple sources. So that it can
be used to make the student understand the experience. Along with this, it has
concluded on the principles of assessment that can be used in the learning
process. Such as fairness and validity that will help the teachers to treat them

properly. Lastly, the study has concluded on the reflection model and evaluation
model that is used by the individual in order to know about own strengths and
weakness.

REFERENCES
Books and journals
Adeani, I. S., Febriani, R. B. and Syafryadin, S., 2020. USING GIBBS’REFLECTIVE CYCLE
IN MAKING REFLECTIONS OF LITERARY ANALYSIS. Indonesian EFL Journal. 6(2).
pp.139-148.
Bhuttah, T. M. and et.al., 2019. Analysis of Curriculum Development Stages from the
Perspective of Tyler, Taba and Wheeler. European Journal of Social Sciences. 58(1). pp.14-22.
Bolli, T., Caves, K. M. and et.al., 2018. Beyond employer engagement: measuring education-
employment linkage in vocational education and training programmes. Journal of Vocational
Education & Training. 70(4). pp.524-563.
Caruana, C. J. and et.al., 2021. A generic curriculum development model for the biomedical
physics component of the educational and training programmes of the non-physics healthcare
professions. Physica Medica. 85. pp.32-41.
Frias, J., 2019. Improving learning experiences by using Humanism and Constructivism teaching
approaches in the classroom. Philosophy of Education. T&L cert. John Wiley and Sons. 1(1).
pp.1-5.
Hägg, G. and Kurczewska, A., 2019. Who is the student entrepreneur? Understanding the
emergent adult through the pedagogy and andragogy interplay. Journal of Small Business
Management. 57. pp.130-147.
Markkanen, P. and et.al., 2020. A reflective cycle: Understanding challenging situations in a
school setting. Educational Research. 62(1). pp.46-62.
Muhajirah, M., 2020. Basic of Learning Theory:(Behaviorism, Cognitivism, Constructivism, and
Humanism). International Journal of Asian Education. 1(1). pp.37-42.
Palupi, D., 2018. What Type of Curriculum Development Models Do We Follow? An
Indonesia’s 2013 Curriculum Case. Indonesian Journal of Curriculum and Educational
Technology Studies. 6(2). pp.98-105.
Surr, C. A. and et.al., 2017. Effective dementia education and training for the health and social
care workforce: a systematic review of the literature. Review of educational research, 87(5),
pp.966-1002.
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Tawanwongsri, W. and Phenwan, T., 2019. Reflective and feedback performances on Thai
medical students’ patient history-taking skills. BMC medical educati.on,. 19(1). pp.1-8.
Uygur, M. and Yelken, T. Y., 2021. Trainer training program developed for instructors about
student-centered teaching-learning processes and its effects: A study of a curriculum
development in higher education: Curriculum development in higher education. International
Journal of Curriculum and Instruction. 13(3). pp.2981-3000.
Online references
A, B., 2018. [Online]. Available through <>
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