Theories, Principles and Models in Education and Training

This report analyses the theories, principles, models and preferences of learning and their application in context of teaching, assessing and learning. In addition to this, the role of learning preferences in initiating inclusive education is explained in this report.

Theories, Principles
and Models in
Education and
Training
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Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
MAIN BODY...................................................................................................................................1
TASK 1............................................................................................................................................1
Analyse theories, principles and models of learning..............................................................1
Explain ways in which theories, principles and models of learning can be applied to teaching,
learning and assessment.........................................................................................................2
Analyse models of learning preference..................................................................................4
Explain how identifying and taking account of learners’ individual learning preferences
enables inclusive teaching, learning and assessment.............................................................6
TASK 2............................................................................................................................................6
Analyse theories, principles and models of communication..................................................6
Shannon and Weaver model of communication.....................................................................7
Three principles of communication........................................................................................8
Two non-verbal ways in which the theories and models can be communicated to the teaching
................................................................................................................................................9
Two verbal ways in which the theories and principles can be communicated in teaching....9
TASK 3..........................................................................................................................................10
Analyse theories, principles and models of assessment.......................................................10
Explain ways in which theories, principles and models of assessment can be applied in
assessing learning.................................................................................................................11
TASK 4..........................................................................................................................................12
Analyse theories and models of curriculum and development.............................................12
Explain ways in which theories and models of curriculum development can be applied in
developing curricula in own area of specialism...................................................................13
TASK 5..........................................................................................................................................13
Analyse theories and models of reflection and evaluation...................................................13
Explain ways in which theories and models of reflection and evaluation can be applied to
reviewing own practice.........................................................................................................14
CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................16
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................17
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INTRODUCTION
Educators have an important responsibility of imparting knowledge into students and
making them capable contributors in development of society. They play an important role in role
in social progress and help ensuring that each student develops effective understanding of the
subject material (Sweller and Paas, 2017). Learning, assessing, evaluating, communicating and
developing curriculum to facilitate holistic learning is an important part of job of an educator.
These elements are essential for ensuing every student gains best educational experience and is
able to reach their highest potential during their reaching years. It is important for every educator
to develop strong grasp of these concepts as it forms the basis of effective education during their
professional career and helps them deal with the specialist for this report is business studies and
management. This report analyses the theories, principles, models and preferences of learning
and their application in context of teaching, assessing and learning. In addition to this, the role of
learning preferences in initiating inclusive education is explained in this report. Theories and
models of communication, curriculum development and assessing are analysed and applied in
relation to the specialist area of business studies and management. Theories of reflection are
evaluated and apply to review personal practice of teaching in specialist area.
MAIN BODY
TASK 1
Analyse theories, principles and models of learning
Learning is defined as the act of encouraging learning activities with the help of discovery
and acquired knowledge (Arunachalam, and De Wolf, 2018). Behaviourism, constructivism and
cognitivism are some of the most commonly known theories of learning which are explained
below:
Behaviourism theory of learning
The central focus of this learning theory is that individuals learn because of interactions
with the environment. According to this theory changes in external behaviour of individuals are
attained by positive re-enforcement and repetition. The concepts of positive re-enforcement and
repetition are central ideas of this theory which are used to increased motivation of students so
that they can quickly learn new external behaviour. Maintaining tight balance between positive
re-enforcement and repetition is crucial to increasing motivation of the students so that they
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continue to demonstrate specific behaviour until it is perfectly learned. The advantage of
behaviourism theory of learning is that it helps gain clear definition of behaviour and supports
quick identification of changes in behaviour. In addition to this, behaviourist learning theory
emphasizes objective measurement of students learning and can be easily applied in real life. The
primary disadvantage of behaviourism theory of learning is that the mental procedures which
are an integral part of learning are ignored in this theory. Apart from this, this theory views
humans as passive learners which is not applicable for every student.
Constructivist theory of learning
As per this learning theory learners are not passive participants in the process of learning
new things and actively contract knowledge. This is completed by reflecting on personal
experiences and using these reflections to create personal representations and including the new
information to already existing knowledge. The usage of this learning theory supports holistic
development of students as it enables active participation form students. The advantage of this
theory is that it promotes student agency and helps them develop advance skills such as critical
thinking skills (Balestriero, 2018). The disadvantage of this learning theory is that it cannot be
used with standardized testing.
Cognitivism theory of learning
The aim of tis learning theory is to understand the ways in which information is taken,
organized and stored by the learners. Cognitive learning theory extends beyond individual
behaviour and focuses on the mental process of learning. This theory is used by educators to
understand the learning needs of the student ad teach accordingly making education better for
each individual student. The advantage of this learning theory is that it increases learner
engagement and motivation. The disadvantage of this learning theory is that ignores behavioural
factors which affect learning.
Explain ways in which theories, principles and models of learning can be applied to teaching,
learning and assessment
Application of the behaviourist theory involves developing individual learning plan for
each student as a tired and tested method for helping students attain their learning objectives
(Chouldechova and Roth, 2018). I apply the behaviourist learning theory in context of
developing lesson plans for students by incorporating external stimuli which can support
behavioural learning of students. In particular classical conditioning provided in the behaviourist
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theory can be used in classroom to motivate students. I develop lesson plans where difficult parts
of the lesson are paired with rewarding external stimuli. This generates a positive response from
students and soon after the rewarding external stimuli can be paired with the neutral stimuli of
assessments to create motivating positive response in students. This supports learning by
association as students associate challenging parts of the learning plan with positive rewards and
are not stressed during assessments because of classical conditioning. This supports positive
teaching and learning while also making assessment stress free for the students.
The positive impact of using classical conditioning to support teaching, learning and
assessment of students is that it can be utilised as part of individual learning plans of students to
reduce their stress related to assessment and keep them motivated towards learning. The
disadvantage of using classical conditioning and muralist theory to support teaching, learning
and his point of students is that. It does not provide same result for each student as different,
external stimuli have different impact on each student. This increases the complexity of using
variables theory in teaching, learning and assessment.
The constructivism theory can be applied in teaching, learning and assessment of students
by providing learning experience for students, which enables them to think through problems and
find solutions (Clark, 2018). I apply the constructive theory of learning in order to provide
students opportunities where they can collaborate to develop original ideas and find solutions. I
applied the constructivist theory In teaching, learning and by developing individual learning
plans, which include group activities and case study Projects so that students are able to apply
theories and knowledge gained in class to develop their ideas. The usage of constructivism
theory also helps students work with others to find solutions which is an advantage of this
theory. The main disadvantage of the applying constructivism theory in developing individual
learning plan is that it involves introducing time consuming activities for teaching learning and
assessment such as group projects.
Apart from this I have utilized the cognitivist this theory to develop individual learning
plans for each student which covers SMART Objectives. This helps students develop their
learning style and move forward with tier academic development. In this way the application of
cognitive learning theory helps me create more fulfilling educational experience for each of my
students. The advantage of using cognitivist learning theory for teaching, assessing and learning
is that it helps students take active participation in their academic development and construct
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objectives so that they are able to achieve their learning targets. The disadvantage of using
cognitive resume learning theory in developing of individual learning plan is that it requires
devoting higher time to each student.
Analyse models of learning preference
VARK model od learning style
This model of learning style proposes four different learning styles which are used by
individuals to learn new concepts and information (Goulet, 2020). It is important to determine
the individual learning style of each student so that they are taught according to their leering
style and assessment of their knowledge is improved. The four learning styles provided in this
model ae described below:
 Visual learners: Individuals with this learning style are dependent on visual tools to
develop strong understanding of specific topic. Tools such as graphs, charts, illustrations,
pictures, handouts and videos are useful tools which can be used to ensure visual learners
understand the subject matter effectively. It is important to maintain motivating body
language and use visual tools when teaching leaners with this learning style.
 Aural leaners: This learning style is characterized by their ability to retain information
after hearing the information. In case of an aural leaner, techniques such as orally
teaching the subject are the most effective method of teaching students.
 Reading and writing learners; As the name suggests, individuals with this type of
learning style receive information through words and text. Reading and writing learners
are able to clearly understand information through text and slowly process information
compared to other types of learners.
 Kinaesthetic learners: This is the final learning style in which individuals learn
effectively by experiencing the activity (Holland, 2019). This involves doing the action in
reality in order to gain practical knowledge about the subject matter and retain the
theoretical knowledge for longer time period.
Henry Mumford: learning style preference
This theory provides information about four different lingering styles and states that
every individual utilizes at least one of these learning style in their learning processes. The
learning styles provided in this model are explained below:
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 Activist: This learning style includes individuals who are dependent on experience to
develop proper understanding of various topics (Merriam and Baumgartner, 2020).
Completing activities helps them understand the practical usage of the specific topic
which increases their understanding of the topic more effectively. In the specialist field of
business management, the activist learning style is used by students who seek to
understand various business and management theories by suing them in real life
situations. This type of learning style is needed in business management because it helps
develop transferable skills in students.
 Theorist: This learning style is used by students who utilize theory and models to
understand various topics. These students focus on understanding the reasoning behind
different theoretical aspects of the subject matter. Understanding theory is essential to
progress in learning of theorists (Long, 2017). In case of business management theorists
seek to understand various theoretical models, frameworks and tools of business
management in order to increase their knowledge. This type of leaner is required in the
specialist area of business management because these types of students contribute to
further theoretical development in the area.
 Pragmatist: Individuals with the pragmatist learning style put lean new behaviours by
putting the theory into practice and understanding the real world implications of the
theory. This helps them understand the linkage between the subject matter which they
want to lean and its sage in real world (Railton, 2017). In case of business management
pragmatist apply various management theories and models in order to develop practical
understanding of the subject. These types of learners are needed in the field of business
management because they help they ae able to apply the theoretical knowledge gained in
the corporate world efefcfitvelly.
 Reflector: This is the final learning style provided in the Henry Mumford model which
utilize observation to lean new concepts. Collecting relevant data and participating in
critical thinking to reach logically fared conclusion is the method used by reflector
learners to understand new topics. Out of the four learning style individuals who utilize
reflector learning style intake information slowest manner. But the deep thinking
involved in this learning style helps them develop profound understanding on the topic.
In relation to this field of business management. Individuals with this type of learning
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style observe and collect data on specific topics to understand the fundamental theory and
current application of various business management topics This learning style is needed
in business management because these types of students are able to gain perfect
understanding of the topic.
Explain how identifying and taking account of learners’ individual learning preferences enables
inclusive teaching, learning and assessment
I ensure that learning styles of each student is identified so that I am able to teach each
student according to their learning style. I have gained various benefits from this practice which
is explained below:
 I am able to understand the specific need of each student by gaining an understand of
different learning styles and identifying the learning styles of each student. In case of
visual leaners, the basic need is to offer them visual aid for understanding theoretical
topics. On the hand in case of kinaesthetic leaners, opportunities need to be creates so
that they are able to apply their knowledge to real life situations or case studies in order
to perfectly understand the topic (Scholkopf and Smola, 2018). Identification of learning
styles helps me give students the required aid which supports their constant development.
 Identification of learning styles of students helps me assess different student more
effectively. In case of visuals students their grasp of specific knowledge can be
understood through the usage of visual assessing material. On the other hand, aural
speakers need to assesses by giving them chance to speak on the subject. I utilize
different learning styles to ensure that students are assessed accurately and their
capabilities are identified.
TASK 2
Analyse theories, principles and models of communication
Communication refers to the exchange or imparting of information from one person to
another. This is an act of providing, receiving and sharing information in order to impart some
information or value to other person. A good communicators often is the one who carefully listen
and speak in a tone of clarity (Bakogiannis and et. al., 2019). Effective communication is
essential in teaching as the knowledge can only be imparted in the students if the teacher is able
to effectively communicate the required knowledge to the students.
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Jean Piaget theory of cognitive development
The learning part of a child is distributed in four parts where their development is further
proper and balanced in nature. Stages through which the child goes through are discussed below:
The Sensorimotor Stage: Birth to 2 years
This stage revolves around the infants in which they learn basic movements and actions
such as grasping, listening and looking. They learn and acquire through sensory experiences and
in this stage they learn how to respond to various types of experiences.
The pre-operational Stage: Age 2 to 7 years
In this stage the children go through several stages of symbolism and use different words
and pictures to communicate and comprehend things. The children start learning different skills
and their logic start developing. Communication between individuals become easy in this stage,
as they learn the meaning behind the words.
The concrete Operational stage:Age 7 to 11 years old
The children in this stage starts learning and thinking at a logical state where the concept
start becoming clear and they build knowledge on this basis. The thoughts and opinions at this
stage start developing and children become to oppose other's thought as they start developing
ideas on their own.
The formal operational stage: Age 12 and up
At this stage most of the individuals become adolescent and young adult, their vision
becomes clear and they are able to reason their thoughts and ideas and further explain them to
others. They starts developing the part of the brain through which the decision making becomes
effective.
Shannon and Weaver model of communication
This model is stated with the help of 7 key concepts which help in effective communication.
These seven models were introduced to bridge the gap between the person communicating to the
person listening, these seven models are discussed below: Sender- This refers to the person who is transmitting and communicating information to
other person. This is considered as source of information where the person
communicating the message uses different tools such as oral form of communication,
written form and through gestures and body language.
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 Encoder- This is the communication through signals where there is set code which is
encoded by the receiver in words. Channel- This refers to the ways in which the sender communicates his message to the
receiver. The channel is further known as a medium through which the receiver is able to
receive the information. Noise- This refers to the disturbance in communication due to which the message is not
properly communicated. Due to this the sender is unable to properly communicate and
the receiver is unable to comprehend the message given to them. Decoder- The message that was encoded by the sending party is not encoded by the
receiving party with the help of an encoder (Valadi, Gabbard and Hooshyari 2020). This
understand the symbols and signs and convert it into words. Receiver- They are the end objective of the whole process as it is totally based on
communicating the information to the receiver. All the means and tools are used so that
the information can be effectively communicated and comprehended by the receiver. Feedback- After the whole communication process, this is used in order to confirm if the
message is rightly communicated and the receiver is able to comprehend or not. Through
feedback the whole process of communication can be evaluated.
Three principles of communication
Business and management teacher requires the person to be effective communicator as
the university students must understand the lessons converyed by the teacher in the class. I need
to be a good communicator in order to become a good teacher as the students will only learn the
management and business related things if I am able to communicate the meaning of lessons and
various business aspects. The principles of communication would enable me to achieve my
objective of becoming a good management teacher. The three basic principles that can be used in
the communication in my business management class are discussed below:
Principle of clarity: This principle states that the communicate messages and information must
be clear enough so that the students can easily understand it (Orford, N.R., and et. al., 2019).
Clarity refers to the process of pronouncing and spelling every word clear enough so that the
students can understand the information that the teacher is conveying in the class. The clarity of
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message also means that the communication language must be familiar to all the students so that
there won't be any gap in the communication problem.
Principle of consistency: This principle means that the communication must be important and
there should be some consistency in the information provided in the business. The consistency
ensures that the communication done by the teacher is conflict free as it would lead to high
confusions of concepts between the teacher and the student. The lecture delivery by the teacher
must be consistent as well so that it will help in maintaining the interest of the student in the
lecture and lectures.
Principle of Conciseness- The principle states that the format in which the message is delivered
must be concise so that the students will effectively comprehend the information that is
communicated to them. This means that the teacher should form the sentences and explanation
material in such a format which helps the student in clearing the doubts (Ferrell, Buller and
Paice, 2020). This makes the message which I am delivering to the student, crisp and short
which keeps the interest of the student. The unnecessary big sentences are very bad as they
impact the message that the teacher is conveying to the students.
Two non-verbal ways in which the theories and models can be communicated to the teaching
Body language- This refers to the communication to the students with the help of body
movements such as sitting, walking, standing etc.
Gesture- This communication is done on the basis of hand movements where the message is
communicated to the end user with the help of non-verbal communication.
Two verbal ways in which the theories and principles can be communicated in teaching
Written communication- This refers to the most common types of communication where the
message is transmitted by writing. This is the most official types of communication done in the
universities.
Oral communication- This type of communication is useful in directly interacting with the
students, this is generally used in the lectures where the teacher communicates the lesson to the
class.
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TASK 3
Analyse theories, principles and models of assessment
Assessment is defined as the process by which educators evaluate, measure and document
the progress of the students (Adams, 2018). It is an important aspect of providing students an
effective educational experience as it helps determine the level of understanding of each student
so that further steps can be taken to ensure that students are able to develop complete
understanding of the subject matter. Principals and models oaf assessment ae used to ensure that
each student is able to develop complete understanding of the topic. VACSAR principles of
assessment are widely adopted all over the globe to ensure that the progress of every student is
evacuated fairly and effectively. The VASCAR principles are explained blow:
Valid: This is the first principle of assessment which centres around the validity of the
assessment. The validity of student assessment is based on the subject are qualification sleeked
by the student, weather the accurate and relevant area is being assessed in context of the subject
and the relevancy of the assessment criteria to the work of the learner. The first principle of the
assessment model helps educators construct the basic assessment criteria for different topics. In
addition to this, maintaining the validity of the assessment ensures that every student is being
assessed on similar basis related to their study content and helps discourage discrimination in
assessment.
Authentic: The next assessment principle focuses on the originality of the work provided by the
leaner. As per this principle it is important to ensure that the work taken for assessment is
produced by the leaner and is original. This principle supports academic integrity by ensuring
that cases of plagiarism are identified and discouraged.
Current: The third principle of assessment is directed towards the relevancy of the content
produced by the other (Hannah, Sinnema, and Robinson, 2021). This is an important principle of
assessment as it helps determine if the work produced by the student is suitable for application in
the current time. The relevancy of the work produced by the student is used as an assessment
principle because students who produce relevant content are able to apply their knowledge
efefcfitvelly during their professional career.
Sufficient: According to this principle the work of the student neds to cover every assessment
criterion. This is suitable assessment principle as it helps understand the extent to which subject
matter is understood by the student. The depth of knowledge gained by the student can be
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determined with the help of this principle. The usage of this principle also supports in grading
and ranking students in comparison to their peers. This is because the amount of assessment
criteria covered showcase the level of knowledge of each student.
Reliable: According to this last assessment principle given n this model, the work of the student
needs to be consistent in every student in relation, to time and required level of student
capabilities (May, Truscott and Fremeau,2020). This is an important principle for assessing
students as it helps determine the knowledge retained by the student and growth of the student in
providing consistently excellent outcomes.
Training needs analysis or learning needs analysis
This analysis helps determine the lack of capabilities and development requirements of
each student. This is helpful for assessing students as it highlights the areas of the skill set of the
students which need to be improved immediately. Training needs analysis helps individuals
understand their weakness and strengths (Mukhalalati and Taylor, 2019).
Explain ways in which theories, principles and models of assessment can be applied in assessing
learning
I have utilized different theories and models of assessment to ensure that each student is able
to make continuous progress in the field of business management. I utilize the principles of
VACSR to ensure that each student is assessed effectively. This was achieved by ensuring that
the assessment criteria for students follows the VACSR principles. These principles help me
assess work of every student in a systematized manner. The usage of these set of principles aids
me in determining the level of knowledge of each student without my personal bias affecting the
assessment. In this way I am able to ensure that the knowledge of business studies reaches every
leaner efefcfitvelly. I also apply learning needs analysis to determine and assess the learning
requirements of each students and help them take proactive measures for educational
development. I apply SOWT analysis to understand the capabilities and weak areas of each
student. After this I support them in building a clear SMART action plan which can be used for
their continuous and timely development. The analysis of each principle of assessment in context
of teaching and learning is provided below:
Valid: this principle is applied to teaching, learning and assessment by looking at validity of
assessment and learning material in context of subject. I applied the principle of validity by
developing clear assessment criteria and learning outcomes through which the work of the
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learner can be assessed in a valid manner. The advantage of applying this principle to Teaching,
learning and assessment is that it helps ensure that the students have clear understanding of
learning outcomes and prepare their studies accordingly.
Authentic: I applied the principle of authenticity by preparing individual learning plans,
which helps students develop original work and ideas on a subject. Advantage of this principle is
that I am able to determine ability of an individual to implement ideas and form original
solutions by the disadvantages that it cannot be applied to teaching and learning of basic
concepts.
Current: I apply this principle in context of teaching, learning and assessment by
determining if the work is relevant to the current time period. I develop learning plans and
inform students to avoid usage of irrelevant sources by using the CRAPPP tool. The advantage
is that it reduces academic misconduct and helps students learn about latest development on the
subject. The disadvantage of applying this principle for teaching and learning is that it limits the
sources from which academic work can be produced which increases the stress on students.
Sufficient: The application of this element of the framework focuses on covering
assessment criteria and learning outcomes. I apply this principle of VACSR by developing
individual learning plans for students, which have clear learning outcomes and learning criteria.
The advantage of this principle is the student feels motivated as they are aware of work expected
to achieve high grades. The disadvantage of using this assessment principle for teaching and
learning is that it limits creativity of the students.
Reliable: I apply this principle by looking at the past work off as learner and determining
the consistency of their work. Assessment records of learners help me understand the reliability
of their work produced overtime. The advantage of using this assessment principle for teaching
and learning is that I am able to the extremes in continuously improving their performance, while
the disadvantages that students may feel demotivated due to low grades in past performance.
TASK 4
Analyse theories and models of curriculum and development
Curriculum development refers to the process of improving student curriculum to provide
them the moist effective educational experience and fulfil their learning requirements. Different
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theories are used for curriculum development which help educators produce and improve
curriculum of students.
John Dewy’s curriculum theory can be applied for teaching and learning in our area or
specialism by understanding individual personalities of each student and developing curriculum
which helps them learn by including daily life activities in classroom activities. I incorporate
daily life activities of spirits in her plan so that they are able to continue learning outside of
classroom. This includes introducing activities through which they can learn from daily tasks
such as preparing personal budget etc.
This theory states that therefore instincts which support educational development, these
instincts are socially constructive, expressive and artistic. Curriculum needs to be developed in
an orderly sense according to the life of the student. The focus of this curriculum theory is to
connect fundamental life activities and classroom activities in order to support learning and
development of students. The advantage of this theory is that it leads to creation of a curriculum
which is relevant to strange life, while the disadvantage is that it is time consuming and
expensive theory for developing standardized curriculums.
The two main models of creating student curriculum are evaluated below:
 Process model: Under this model of curriculum development behaviourism learning
theory is primarily used. This involves identification of learning objectives for each
student and basing the learning structures in accordance with the pre-determined learning
objectives.
Advantage: The benefits of using this theory for curriculum development is that it leads to
standardization assessment on a large scale. This theory can be applied when teaching high
number of students (Mulenga and Mwanza, 2019). In addition to this, another beneficial aspect
of this theory is that it provides effective results in case of modular programmes.
Disadvantage: The primary limitation associated with this model is that as it is based on the
behavioural learning model which leads to ignorance of mental process used by different
students to learn new information. This affects the quality of education gained by each student.
 Product model: According to this modell of curriculum development the learning
process of the student and the mental aspects of the learning needs to be at the centre of
curriculum development. This mode is in opposition to the process model of curriculum
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development and takes into consideration the individual learning needs and differences in
cognitive process of learners.
Advantage: of this curriculum development theory is that it also changes to be made in
accordance with social development (Wang and et. al., 2021). Apart from this as individual
learning requirement are taken into consideration quality of education is improved for each
student.
Disadvantage: The primary limitation of this theory is that it is complicated and cannot be
applied on a large scale.
Explain ways in which theories and models of curriculum development can be applied in
developing curricula in own area of specialism
I have utilized the product model as well as the process theory of curriculum development in
order to create effective curriculum for the students. Both of these model have helped me create
student specific and high quality curriculum. I utilized product model of curriculum development
to build specific curriculum for special needs students which helped me provide inclusive
learning to all students. I used process model of curriculum development to create standardized
curriculum which reduced time taken to create justified and unbiased curriculum.
John Dewy’s curriculum theory
Both product and process model of curriculum development can be used in my own
specialist area of education which focuses on business administration. The process model of
curriculum development can be applied by looking at how students are learning what their
teaching is and how will it impact their future. This is because the process model of curriculum
development is open ended and is primarily focused with how things happen in learning. The
application of this model in my specialization area includes offering rewards to students on their
progress to support such behaviour. This is also part of learning plans as I focus on including
rewards for each student which motivates them such as classroom recognition.
On the other hand productivity of curriculum development can be also applied in my own
specialist area by using quizzes and project as a part of the curriculum which little minder level
of knowledge gained by each student. The curriculum developed through the application of
product model includes building individual learning plans which include final tests and quizzes.
This will help me compare the progress of each student and determine reliability of student
progress as per the VACSR principles.
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TASK 5
Analyse theories and models of reflection and evaluation
Kolbe's reflective theory
This is one of the most common model that reflects and describes the four stages of
reflection which guides the individual in effectively reflecting on the past experiences. The
stages in this model are further discusses: Concrete Experience: This is the first and foremost stage in which the individual
consciously experience the situations that helps the individual in realising that enhancing
specific skills and practices is important (Brand and Ekkekakis, 2018). The individual is
required to state the concrete experiences in detail so that there can be effective
engagement with the past experiences of the person. Reflective observation: This is the second stage in which the reflection on the past
experiences can be determined with the aspects of different experience. In addition to
this, this stage also evaluates the reason for the occurrence also gets identified. The
individuals are expected to communicate their past experiences so that other can
understand the discrepancies between understanding from the communication and actual
experience.
 Active experimentation: This is the last stage of reflection in which the individual takes
own reflection, feelings and thoughts about the improvement and usage of these theories
to try new strategies in improvement. This stage further revolves around the application
of conclusion that were formed in the previous stage. In this stage the individuals are
helped regarding the improvement so that they can ensure that the information that they
learnt from the reflection is further applied in future so that the best strategy can be
applied (Mengjiao, Orcajada Muñoz and et. al., 2020).
Kolbe's reflective theory is advantageous in some situation but there are a few disadvantages as
well of using this theory of reflection. Merits and demerits of using this reflective theory is
discussed below:
Merits of Kolbe's reflective theory: This theory's merit is that it provides a blend of traditional
teaching and also the hands on teaching. This helps the individual in making improvements by
measuring and the every theory is associate with different type of learning style which makes
sure that the learning styles referred are used by individuals while applying this model.
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Demerits of Kolbe's reflective theory: The disadvantage of the reflective theory is that the whole
theory is unclear and does not states the application of model into the practical situation.
Different learning style of the model throughout the difficulties in applying effectively.
Explain ways in which theories and models of reflection and evaluation can be applied to
reviewing own practice
The application of reflective model in the specialisation of teaching area is given below:
Concrete Experience: Due to the pandemic when the schools and universities are closed
down I faced so much issues reaching out to my students so that they do not face any
problems in their studies and can work accordingly with proper guidance as well. Thanks to
virtual learning environment, I started getting in touch with my students again although I
faced problems at first but now its manageable. This part helps me review my own practice
as I am able to understand the details of my teaching experience through reflection. The
limitation of this part of the reflective model is that it limits the review of practice to my
personal perspective and does not take others feedback.
Reflective Observation: the difficulty that I have faced in this process was that I was not
able to communicate properly through my students. Sometimes due to network issues and
sometimes due to schedule issues (MacMahon, Nugent and Carroll., 2020). I feel that virtual
learning environment has also provided various opportunities to students so that they can
explore other areas of their studies as well as their interests. I believe that I am also learning
something from my students a they are helping me a lot in technological aspect as I am new
to this factor. They always help me in understanding these factors better so that I can
communicate with them effectively.
The advantage of this part of the reflective model is that I am able to look back at my
experience and determine the positive and negative aspects of the experience to review my
performance. The disadvantage of this part of the reflective model is that I am not able to
understand the impact of changes through reflective observation.
Abstract Conceptualization: I believe that I have improved my skills in digital area. I am
making sure that I am providing the best of my knowledge to my students and is also
making sure that I myself is not facing issues while dealing with technology. It is important
for me to make sure that my students are getting proper knowledge which can enhance their
understanding about their studies so that they can get prepared for their future career paths.
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The advantage of reflective observation is there I am able to understand the strengths and
weakness of my teaching performance. The disadvantage of this stage is that it can lead to
false conclusion because personal bias can affect impartial reflective observation of past
experiences.
Active Experimentation: in order to ensure that I am able to reach out to my students and in
order to make sure that they are having proper access to the greater knowledge it is
important for me to make sure that I am continuously learning something new about virtual
learning environment. It will develop my digital skills and prepare myself for new digital
technologies. Virtual learning environment is a great platform which can help me in clearing
the doubts of my students with greater effectiveness.
The advantage of active experimentation is that I am able to take action for further
improvement of my teaching practice while the disadvantage is that it does not provide clear
guidance on what actions can be taken for progressing in teaching practice.
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CONCLUSION
From the above report it is concluded that with the changing external environment it is
important for the teachers to develop their skills and explore different teaching and learning
methods which can help them in providing better knowledge and understanding to their students.
The teachers are having great responsibility towards their students as the understanding of the
students depends highly up on the knowledge of the teachers. In this report, Kolb's learning cycle
is given in order to make sure that they are analysing their teaching skills and other reflections
models are also provided which will help the teachers in analysing their own performance and in
improving their performance further.
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