Unit 3 Theories Principles and Models in Education and Training

This report discusses the importance of theories, principles and models in education and training. It covers topics such as classical and operant conditioning, models of learning preferences, theories and models of communication, and theories and models of curriculum development. The report also explains how these theories and models can be applied to teaching, learning and assessment, and how identifying and taking account of learners’ individual learning preferences enables inclusive teaching, learning and assessment.

Unit 3 Theories
Principles and Models
in Education and
Training

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION......................................................................................................................3
MAIN BODY.............................................................................................................................3
Task 1.........................................................................................................................................3
(1.1) Theories, principles, models of learning.......................................................................3
(1.2) Explain ways in which theories, principles and models of learning can be applied to
teaching, learning and assessment..........................................................................................4
(1.3) Analyse models of learning preferences........................................................................4
(1.4) Explain how identifying and taking account of learners’ individual learning
preferences enables inclusive teaching, learning and assessment..........................................5
Task 2.........................................................................................................................................6
(2.1) analysis of theories, principles and models of communication.....................................6
(4.1) analysis of theories and models of curriculum development........................................6
(2.2) explanation of ways in which theories, principles and models of communication can
be applied to teaching, learning and assessment....................................................................7
(4.2) explanation of ways in which theories and models of curriculum development can be
applied in developing curricula in own area of specialism....................................................7
Task 3.........................................................................................................................................8
(3.1) analyse theories, principles and models of assessment.................................................8
(3.2) explain ways in which they can be applied in assessing learning.................................9
Task 4.......................................................................................................................................10
(5.1) Analyse theories and models of reflection and evaluation..........................................10
(5.2) explains ways in which theories and models of reflection and evaluation can be
applied to reviewing own practice.......................................................................................11
CONCLUSION........................................................................................................................12
REFERENCES.........................................................................................................................14
Books and Journals:.............................................................................................................14

INTRODUCTION
It is important for understanding that teaching is paying a very important role in the
learners' life as it helps to develop their skills and knowledge which will provide benefits in
the future special in their careers and also provide benefits in their personal life as well (Han
and et.al., 2018). In order to achieve this objective, it becomes very important for every
teacher that they should focus on the development of their own practice in education and
training because they are the supporters of the students and that's why it becomes a duty and
responsibility for each teacher. Teachers are found to be the guiders for the students and that's
why the knowledge and skills of very important to be good and best. This report will discuss
five important themes and which a teacher is able to develop their best practices in teaching
and education. It will discuss the principles and models of learning, communication,
assessment and reflection. These are very important elements in education and training and
that's why a teacher should use models and theories.
MAIN BODY
Task 1
(1.1) Theories, principles, models of learning
Classical conditioning is the behaviour theory. This learning theory is given by Ivan
Pavlov. This theory is stimulus and response theory. It comes when a natural stimulus occurs
in the environment and the stimulus is repeated. The environment gives a natural response to
natural stimuli. These theories help a teacher to understand the stimulus and response. When
the teacher gives the stimulus and the student gives a natural response. This theory is used in
the education sector. The teacher gives the hint if the student does not learn the topics the
student reacts according to the situation.
Operant conditioning theory is based on the positive and negative. it is the
reinforcement and punishment theory if the student does not take the teacher's advice so the
teacher gives the reinforcement (Renshaw and et.al., 2019). When a student represents
negative behaviour in the classroom the teacher gives the punishment and when the student
learns all the information given by the teacher then the teacher gives the positive
reinforcement. Positive reinforcement increase the behaviour and punishment decrease the
behaviour.

Model is used in the teaching inductive and deductive approach. A deductive
approach involves the learner it gives the general rule. This approach is used in the primary
class. the inductive approach is used in the higher class where the teacher gives the example
and teaches the question. The inductive approach helps students to duct, notice the
information, before the practice of the information. In teaching, various principles help
increase learning. The principle of the positive climate creates a climate which increases
student learning. The teacher integrated all the resources for the development of the student.
The various principle increases student learning.
(1.2) Explain ways in which theories, principles and models of learning can be applied to
teaching, learning and assessment
The application of the theories, principles, and model is important for the teacher and
as well as student. The theories, principles, and models help to recognise the problem faced
by the teacher in the classroom. The application of this helps to understand student behaviour.
These theories train the teacher how to teach the student how to increase their knowledge by
using the stimulus. These theories are providing the process which improves the student
learning process (Mukhalalati and Taylor, 2019). The application of the model theories and
principles can certainly change the teaching-learning process to improve the learning
effectiveness in the education and teaching institutions. The implementation of these theories
increases the ability of the learner. These learning theories can be associated with the current
practice, smart target, and plans to improve the learning procedure. These theories also
encourage the teacher to innovate their teaching skill by the use of various methods. It creates
the interest in the classroom also these theories principal give the punishment and
reinforcement to the teacher these theories, principles, and models also help to create a
relationship between student and teacher. This theory helps teachers know the student
behaviour and management in the school. When the teacher can manage the behaviour it
creates the ability in the student the process is going all over the life. The application of the
theories and principal models changes student learning and creates an advantage for students
and teachers. By the application of the theories, it gives the training to teachers on how to
behave in the classroom and how effectively the student teach.
(1.3) Analyse models of learning preferences
Learning preference is all about how students learn. People learn by their preferences
it helps to acquire new skills and remember things. The teacher gives the knowledge by
VARK. ARK stands for the visual, aural, read, write, and kinaesthetic. The teacher teaches

the student by visual aids it increases ability which helps the student to recognise power. This
process builds the imaginary power and learns the theory long time (Hilpert and Marchand,
2018). A teacher needs to give the various knowledge to a student but it also is very
important for a teacher they effectively give information. Now, these days every school use
the latest technology the time of the blackboard is gone. The teacher gives the information by
the projection method which clears the knowledge in the student's mind. The traditional
method used by the teacher is very vague because this method remains when the class is
going when the student is going to the next class the student forgets all the previous class
information decreasing the student's ability. It results in future because students can prepare
for any exam they teach all the previous class information those student who learns the
previous information effectively can achieve their goal. But those students who do not learn
the previous cannot achieve their goals and also they have little confidence in their learning.
The teacher has used the aural method for that student who are in primary classes which
increase the student's memory level because this student does not have the cognitive power so
the teacher aurally gives the information. The teacher uses the kinaesthetic method which is
the sensory organ method which teaches students to touch and feel.
(1.4) Explain how identifying and taking account of learners’ individual learning preferences
enables inclusive teaching, learning and assessment
Inclusive learning is the way where the student learning experience comes with
diversity. This system is removing barriers and effectively participating all students. Inclusive
education is considering the students learning needs n and preferences. Inclusive education
gives the social responsibility and ethical view in the education. It creates community work to
improve the development of the support of the teacher and student. Inclusive education
comes with the opportunity where all students come from different religions and places to
learn the various information. The teacher understands the student need and preferences and
gives the knowledge as per required (Brown and et.al., 2019). It creates the ability which
increases the student Lerner's reorganisation power. Inclusive education creates value,
equality, and awareness among the student. It creates a social and cultural academic life for
the students also these values encourage a student to become a good person because of the
inclusive education. Inclusive education adds the preference and assessment tool for the
student it helps to the teacher to understand the student's need and wants which help to
develop an innovative student. The teacher also uses the assessment tool the checking student
learning. This assessment tool increases the student's knowledge. Teachers use various

methods for the assessment tool. The teacher is also giving feedback to the student which is
important for the student. The student learns from the feedback which helps the student to
know the problem and where the mistake. Now the use of the assessment tool they
understand the problem in learning and they effectively solve this problem.
Task 2
(2.1) analysis of theories, principles and models of communication
Communication is the two-way process where teacher and student can talk teacher
gives the knowledge and information to the student and the student give the feedback to the
teacher. When a person becomes a teacher they have good communication skills. The teacher
needs good communication skill to facilitate student and achieves their professional goal.
Behaviourism is focused on the idea that all behaviour is learned through interaction
with the environment. The learner is learning through the environment they learn a little bit
from the inherited factor they are the little influencer of the behaviour.
Cognitive theory is related to the mind. It is all about how the human mind works
when people learn. The theory focuses on how information is processed in the mind and how
learning is effective in internal processes (Sh and et.al., 2020). The cognitive learning theory
is all about the human mind and how reflects in learning. How do they respond when they
leaner the information.
The Shannon Weaver model of communication
The model is designed to develop effective communication between sender and
receiver. Also, the model finds the factor which affects communication. The model
developed to improve their communication process is widely applied in the field of the
communication means between teacher and student. This model deal with the source which
links between the sender and receiver. The source is their channel, message, and information
sender, encode and decode.
The principal of the seven 7 c's is a wide list which helps with communication. The
use of the 7 c’s is ensuring effective communication. The 7’ c is clarity, correctness,
conciseness, consideration, completeness, courtesy, and concreteness. The 7’ c help to
communicate it gives the perfect information in short.

(4.1) analysis of theories and models of curriculum development
Bloom's taxonomy theory is the set of the hierarchal model which helps to classify the
education and learning objectives into the level of complexity and speciality. The bloom
theory includes the cognitive, affective and psychomotor domains. Bloom's theory is
classified in a hierarchy model that is categorised in the complexity and basic knowledge and
it creates evaluation and creation (Grant, 2018). It gives three-domain which emphasise the
simple to complex. The first domain is cognitive which is used in the classroom. The second
domain is affective which means emotional this domain is used by the psychologist and the
last is psychomotor learning which is related to the physical. The bloom theory is said that
learning is an active process not passive. This theory used in education.
The theory for curriculum development is touching the lives of the student. It helps to
balance between student and teacher. By the use of the curriculum, teachers know what the
syllabus and how they teach each semester is. The curriculum is the instructional program
through which these peoples achieve their goals (Farashahi and Tajeddin, 2018). The
curriculum is designed as per student needs, and content according to the performance. The
curriculum adds some activities which develop the student's abilities and competencies. The
curriculum is designed as per the student's mind. The theory helps the maker to make the
curriculum and add many activities which increase the student potential.
(2.2) explanation of ways in which theories, principles and models of communication can be
applied to teaching, learning and assessment
It is important for the teacher to apply the theories and models of communication in
teaching, learning and assessment because communication is required in each and every
activity and level. It is important to understand that communication is necessary to include in
the teaching, learning and assessment process and that's why it is necessary to apply (Hayes
and Hofmann, 2018). Models of communication can be applied with the help of many ways
that include written, oral, visual, non-verbal, etc. These are the important ways in which
communication models and theories can be applied in teaching, learning and assessment. It is
necessary to understand that written communication includes worksheets, essays, handouts,
etc. to which the theories of communication can easily apply. There are some students who
want to learn with the help of visuals and that's why it is necessary for the teacher to apply
the VARK model which helps them to get diagrams.

(4.2) explanation of ways in which theories and models of curriculum development can be
applied in developing curricula in own area of specialism
Curriculum development is an important activity in which a teacher needs to focus on
the inclusion and exclusion of those important concepts which are necessary for the
development of students. It is crucial to understand that an individual will get success when
they received effective teaching and learning. It can be possible with the help of an effective
curriculum development process. There are many theories and models of curriculum
development identified which include product and process theory. In the product theory of
curriculum development, it is necessary for the teacher that you should focus on the objective
models as it looks at behaviourism in the learning theory. This model is basically focusing on
the identification of learning objectives and structuring the assessments and learning
accordingly (Borsboom and et.al., 2021). It is very helpful as it can a standardised the
education system on the large scale and can be easily implemented in each and every
organisation. It can be used only in the planning stage when the teacher is setting and
adjusting the learning objectives. The other model is process theory which is a contrast to
product theory. It is basically focusing on humanism in relation to the learning theory. It
identifies the content used in the learning. It is mainly focusing on learning preferences. It is
very beneficial to implement as it enables the learners to develop people or a higher level of
learning. It is also very helpful in order to solve and enhancing the problems. These are the
important ways of applying models of curriculum development in the practice.
Task 3
(3.1) analyse theories, principles and models of assessment
It is important to understand that assessments are found to be of two types which
include initial and diagnostic. Assessments are like tests conducted for the students so that a
teacher is able to analyse their progress and success. It is important to understand that
assessments are found to be many types in which a teacher includes a pre-test, self-
assessments and interviews. It is beneficial as it enables the teacher to determine the level of
the learner's requirements. Some assessments are taken so that teacher is able to know what
the requirements of the learners are and then they will provide a course accordingly. There
are many more types of assessments are found in which formative assessment and summative
assessment are very important (Dearing and Cox, 2018). Both are conducted after choosing a
learning program or course by the students or learners. It is important to understand that
formative assessment is found to be a two-way process in which a teacher takes a test and a

learner provides feedback so that students are always on track. Formative assessments are
mainly focusing on the area of improvement because it is an ongoing process. It is basically
used for determining the teaching effectiveness and learning progress. It will also help in
identifying the strengths and weaknesses of the students so that a teacher is able to make a
map for the future. On the other hand, summative assessments are generally conducted at the
end of the course or learning program with choose by the learner. It is concerned with
assessing the level of achievement. It is also identified that with the help of taking summative
assessments a teacher is also able to assess the activeness of course delivery.
(3.2) explain ways in which they can be applied in assessing learning
Assessment is essential in learning. A student needs to check the learning is
occurring. This is complete in form of the assessment (Makransky, Terkildsen and Mayer,
2019). The teacher can ask the question after the class it is assessed it assessment is useful
for the teacher. The teacher diagnoses whether the student is carefully listening to his views
or not. Assessment is various types it helps a teacher to know the student's previous
knowledge and whether new knowledge exists in the mind or not. The assessment is a
necessary tool for a teacher that helps the student to build skills and competencies. These
skills and competencies help the student to become a successful person. The student is
reaching their goal. Assessment is not a school level it is a lifelong process. In every stage of
life someone takes an assessment of any person and by the use of different assessments
student becomes a successful person. Assessment is broken down into four parts.
Diagnostic assessment: Diagnostic assessment informs the student and teacher's
abilities and capabilities. This assessment is used at the start of the course it assesses whether
the student can the course or not. It is the ideal opportunity to assess the student's English and
maths ability (Lo, Lie and Hew, 2018). For a student who is poor in maths and English, the
teacher uses the assessment for the student's welfare. The assessment is very useful when the
student is enrolled in the course.
Formative assessment: Formative assessment is the wide variety of methods a
teacher uses to evaluate the student. The teacher includes comprehension, learning needs and
academic progress during the lesson plan. Formative assessment, formative feedback is an
informal and formal procedure of assessment conducted by the teacher. Teachers use this
method of student modification. By the use of this method, teachers know the current abilities
during the activities of learning. Formative assessment is held on a year twice a time when

the assessment is gone the teacher gives the result to the student and they give also feedback
to the student so they can improve in many ways. This assessment helps the student to know
the weakness and the student can understand the weakness and do proper hard work on the
weakness. This assessment is helping students and as well as parents to know their
capabilities. So the parent also gives the proper guidance to the student.
Summative assessment: The summative assessment is evaluating student learning at
the end of the year (Bieniawski, 2020). It instructional unit is compared with the standard
benchmark. Summative assessment is the high stake which means the high point value.
Summative assessment is the subsequent feedback of the learner. It is held once a time in a
year it the academic progress of the student gives by the grade and percentage. Which
evaluate the student over year performance at the end of the year learners need the
opportunity to explore the progress option whether the student is passed or failed the exam.
This exam is given a large contribution to overall marks. A summative exam is a different
form it may be multiple-choice, practical or presentation.
Task 4
(5.1) Analyse theories and models of reflection and evaluation
Reflection and evaluation both are very important elements in education and training
because it is identified that reflection helps in learning from own experience and evaluation
provides an overview of an individual for their learning and education-related programs. It is
necessary to understand that reflective practice is an important practice which refers to
developing self-awareness related to behaviour change and performance (Bastøe, 2021). It is
also concerned with the growth and development of an individual as it is a skill which has to
be learned. Due to this reason, it becomes very important for every individual they should
understand the importance of using models and theories related to the reflection and
evaluation. Reflection is not an easy practice because generally it is identified that people
perform a reflection not in a systematic manner which provides a confusing statement. It is
very important for the teacher that they should use and explain the different models and
theories related to the reflective practice which includes Gibbs reflective cycle, Kolb
reflective cycle, etc. It is very important to provide an effective reflection which can be
possible only with the use of models and theories of reflection. With the help of effective
models, an individual is able to provide an effective reflection and evaluation which will
provide benefits to the students as they are able to learn from their own experiences.

This can be better understood with the help of a description of a Gibbs reflective
cycle. It is a cycle of 6 stage process which includes a description of the situation, analysis of
emotions or feelings, evaluation, analysis that make sense of the situation, conclusion and
action plan. These are the six-step which included in the model of reflection that is found
very beneficial for an individual to show their overall experience in a systematic manner so
that individual can easily identify what are the areas in which they need to do something for
their development. In the description stage, an individual is able to describe the overall
situation so that people understand what was going on. In the second stage of analysis of
feelings, it is found that an individual is able to analyse the overall situation and the feelings
which they felt during that situation (Soni, 2021). The evaluation and analysis are the
important stages in which a person is able to show what the positive and negative impacts
are. It is very important for an individual they should conclude so people easily understand
what are the overall reflection and experience of a person. It will help to understand what
learnt by individuals and what are areas they need to improve. The action plan is the last step
which is found to be very important as it creates a strategic plan which helps an individual to
grow and develop skills that are found to be lacking in an individual.
It is necessary to understand that reflection is not easy to practice because people are
generally not able to describe their overall experience in a systematic manner and that's why
it is very important that they should use some important models and theories related to the
reflection which makes them effective reflection. With the use of effective reflection, an
individual is not only able to identify the areas in which they need to improve but also able to
make a good career path which helps them to achieve the goals and objectives of personal
and professional life. It helps to increase academic as well as employability skills.
(5.2) explains ways in which theories and models of reflection and evaluation can be applied
to reviewing own practice
As it is already understood that a teacher should explain the use of different theories
and models of reflection and evaluation and in addition to this it becomes also very important
that this should apply theories and models for reviewing the student's own practice
(Richmond, de Leeuw and Bunde-Birouste, 2022). It is found that with the help of models
and theories of reflection and evaluation, students are able to review their own performance
and they can take important decisions related to their careers. This can be better understood
with the help of an example. There is a students who cannot understand what they will do in
the future and that's why a teacher said that they should review their own practice. For that

purpose, the teacher suggested that they should use the Gibbs reflective cycle which helps
them to review their own practice. During the reflection, a student is able to apply the
theories and models of reflection and evaluation and their own practice with the help of
teacher support. A student realises that he is very good at communication, time management
and critical thinking skills. For better career planning, a student realises that he should
improve some more important skills and knowledge such as problem-solving skills, creative
thinking, etc. So does the one way which helps individuals to apply the theories and modern
related to the reflection and evaluation in their own practice.
It is founded this is only the one way in which an individual is able to apply the
models and theories related to the reflection. It is found some important opportunities include
seeking feedback from various sources, reflective journals, etc. are the important
opportunities to follow to learn the self-reflection and apply the models and theories related
to them which helps them to review the students' own practice. Reflective general is found to
be the form of pictures of words which helps to encourage individuals towards sector learning
with the help of creative thinking, critical thinking and free expression. The reflective journal
allows all the learners for taking ownership and their own learning and also found that it
enables them to draw some important perspectives before coming to conclusion (Wagner,
Mann and Marshall, 2021). It is not only helpful for the students but also very beneficial for
tutors as they are able to gain a greater understanding of learners which makes the teaching
and learning more effective. But there are some disadvantages as well because it takes a long
time for making journals due to the complexity. On the other hand, seeking feedback is found
to be a greater opportunity for learning self-reflection as it provides a different opinion and
viewpoints of people towards themselves. So these are the important ways which are really
very helpful for the individual as they can increase the practice towards the learning of self-
reflection. It is necessary for the tutor to make sure that they should always be focusing on
providing the opportunities so that students can learn how they will do a self-reflection.
CONCLUSION
It can be concluded from the above discussion that an individual should focus on their
education because it is the ultimate way which helps to improve the lifestyle of an individual.
Education and training are paying very important roles in individual life and that's why they
should always focus on the areas that include skills and knowledge that should be developed
in an effective way. This report focused on the use of different theories, models and

principles of education and learning that should be considered by each and every teacher
which helps them to increase their capabilities and abilities. It will also be helpful in making
inclusive learning and practice. That's why this report is focused on the important areas of
education in training such as teaching, assessment, communication, learning, etc.

REFERENCES
Books and Journals:
Bastøe, P.Ø., 2021. Reflection on:“Evaluation in Norway: A 25-Year
Assessment”. Scandinavian Journal of Public Administration, 25(3/4), pp.133-135.
Bieniawski, Z.T., 2020. Design methodology in rock engineering: theory, education and
practice. CRC Press.
Borsboom, D., and et.al., 2021. Theory construction methodology: A practical framework for
building theories in psychology. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 16(4),
pp.756-766.
Brown, B.A., and et.al., 2019. Moving culturally relevant pedagogy from theory to practice:
Exploring teachers’ application of culturally relevant education in science and
mathematics. Urban Education, 54(6), pp.775-803.
Dearing, J.W. and Cox, J.G., 2018. Diffusion of innovations theory, principles, and
practice. Health affairs, 37(2), pp.183-190.
Farashahi, M. and Tajeddin, M., 2018. Effectiveness of teaching methods in business
education: A comparison study on the learning outcomes of lectures, case studies
and simulations. The international journal of Management Education, 16(1),
pp.131-142.
Grant, J., 2018. Principles of curriculum design. Understanding medical education:
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Han, B., and et.al., 2018. Co-teaching: Robust training of deep neural networks with
extremely noisy labels. Advances in neural information processing systems, 31.
Hayes, S.C. and Hofmann, S.G. eds., 2018. Process-based CBT: The science and core
clinical competencies of cognitive behavioral therapy. New Harbinger Publications.
Hilpert, J.C. and Marchand, G.C., 2018. Complex systems research in educational
psychology: Aligning theory and method. Educational Psychologist, 53(3), pp.185-
202.
Lo, C.K., Lie, C.W. and Hew, K.F., 2018. Applying “First Principles of Instruction” as a
design theory of the flipped classroom: Findings from a collective study of four
secondary school subjects. Computers & Education, 118, pp.150-165.
Makransky, G., Terkildsen, T.S. and Mayer, R.E., 2019. Adding immersive virtual reality to a
science lab simulation causes more presence but less learning. Learning and
Instruction, 60, pp.225-236.
Mukhalalati, B.A. and Taylor, A., 2019. Adult learning theories in context: a quick guide for
healthcare professional educators. Journal of medical education and curricular
development, 6, p.2382120519840332.
Renshaw, I., and et.al., 2019. The constraints-led approach: Principles for sports coaching
and practice design. Routledge.
Richmond, A., de Leeuw, E. and Bunde-Birouste, A., 2022. Fourth-Generation Realist
Evaluation: Research Practice to Empower the NGO–A Reflection on the Case of

Sport for Social Change. In Global Handbook of Health Promotion Research, Vol.
1 (pp. 327-342). Springer, Cham.
Sh, M., and et.al., 2020. Structure and Mechanisms of Action of the Educational
Cluster. International Journal of Psychological Rehabilitation, 24(07), pp.8104-
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Soni, A., 2021. Empowering collective reflection: realistic evaluation of video enhanced
reflective practice (VERP) in an early childhood setting in England. Professional
Development in Education, pp.1-15.
Wagner, S., Mann, E. and Marshall, A., 2021. Toward a Thoughtful Assessment Practice:
Using Reflection to Guide Library Instruction Assessment. The Reference
Librarian, 62(1), pp.23-33.