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EE0722 Law for the Built Environment Coursework Assignment
Added on -2019-09-18
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EE0722-LawfortheBuiltEnvironmentCourseworkAssignmentProfessionalAdviceforNDLIssues1,2and3WordCount-2886WordsliPage
EE0722-LawfortheBuiltEnvironment1.0lntroduct·ionNorthumbriaDevelopmentslimitedareadevelopmentcompanythatcurrentlyownaportionoflandinNewcastle1inwhich heyhavedevisedathreephaseschemeofStudentaccommodation blocks.Phase1isundercontractwithOlipperPicasthemain contractorandisnearingcompletionandworkhasy·ettocommenceonphases2and3.NDlhaveencounteredanumberofissueswiththedeve!lopmentandhaverequestedprofessionaladvice.2.0DefectiveWork•Issue1.2.1IssueIntroductionNDlhavestatedthatClipperPichaveinstalledwindowsthatarenottothecorrectspecificationasoudinedinthecontractdocuments.ItcoutdbeseenthatClipperPicareatfaultforhisissueas,'whereanypartyfailswithoutlawfulexcusetoperfonnfullyandexactly.acontractualobligation,thatpartyisguiltyofabreachofcontracr(Hughes,Champion,andMurdoch,2015p.157)thusliableunderthe law ofcontract.ClipperPic haveinstalled whitewindowframesinsteadofblackframeswhichisnotinaccordancewiththecontractspecificationthereforethisworkcan'bedeemeddefective'(RIGS2013p.3).RICSalsostateintheirguidancenote'If,however;high qualityredcfaytileshavebeenusedwheretheemployerspecifiedbrowntiles,thenthatinlawwillbe·abreachofcontract,andtheworkmaybedeemeddefective.'(RJCS2013p.32.2 MajorFacts/IssuesNDLandClipperPicarepartiestoa buildingcontractdescribedas'anagreementmadebetweentwoormorepersonswhichisbindinginlaw,andiscapabfeofbeingenforcedby thosepersonsincourtorothertribunals'(Stone,·p.9).Acontractwilloftencontainanagreementofan ·offerandanacceptance.Ifeitherpaiiybreachestheprovisionsofthecontractforinstancenot installing thespecifiedwindoiNS,thenthatpartycouldbeliableunderthelawofcontract.Inconstructioncontractscasesthatreachlitigation'willusually beheardintheTechnologyandConstructionCourt(TCC)'(Wevi/1,2013p.8)·.TheTechnologyandConstructionCourtGuideisakeyareaoflegislatio 'that ovides'straightforward,practicalguidanceontheconductoflifigation inthe CC'{HMCourts&TribunalsService,2015).Duetothe contractbeingforasaleof gooduilding,additionaltermsarecoveredbytheSaleofGoodsAct1979.2.3RelevantlegislationICaselawTheHousingGrantsandConstructionRegenerationAct1996appliestoallbuildingcontracts.TheHGCRA'laysdowncertainrulesapplicab.leonlytoconstructioncontracts'(Hughes,Champion,andMurdoch,2015p.133).Constructioncontra.ctsoften containclausesthatstate'onlyworkexecutedinaccordancewiththecontractwillentitlethecontractortoreceivepayment'.(Davison,Mullen,andDavison,2008p.275).UndertheHGCRA'section108providesanypartywiththerighttoreferadisputeatany timetoadjudication ensuringthatallconstructioncontractsprovideprovisionsforadjudication.21Page
EE0722-LawfortheBuiltEnvironmentUndertheconstructioncontract'theemployerdoesnothavetopaythepartofthecontract sumthatcomprisestheamountincludedforworl<thatis identifiedasbeingdefective.Inmostinstancesthiswillbe atemporarymeasure pendingreplacementofthedefectiveworkbythecontractor.'(Davison,Mullen,andDavison,2008p275).Thisoutcomewouldbethemostpracticalforbothsidesasthecontractorisinbreachofcontractlaw.ThisisbackedupbythelegislationintheSaleofgoodsact,1979assection 14statesthatall'goodssuppliedunderthecontractareofsatisfactoryquality'whichincludesthe'appearanceandfinish'ofthesegoods.Underthecontract thecontractor'isobligedtomakegoodanydefectswhichappearinthedefects rectificationperiod'(Knowles2012p309).Thedefectsrectificationperiodbeginsatpracticalcompletionand canlastusuallyaminimumofsixmonths.ThecaseofHWNeville(Sunblest)LtdvWilliamPress andSonltd[1981]established hatanemployerisentitledtoclaimfromacontractorwhoneglectsorrefusestomakegooddefectsin theworkthecostarisingfromhavingothersundertaketheWJri<'(Knov.4es2012p324).InthecaseRuxleyElectronicsandConstructionLtdv.Forsyth[1995]thecontractor installedaswimmingpoolthatwas450mmshallowerthanspecified.TheHouseofLordsrefusedthatthecontractorshouldre-buildthepoolandclaimedtheclientstruelossasbeing'lossofpleasureandamenity,andawarded£2500asdamages'(Hughes,Champion,andMurdoch,2015p.333)2.4ApplicationoftheprinciplestotheIssueUnderthecontractNDLdonothavepaythecontractorforthedefectivewindowframesuntiltheissuehasbeenrectifiedoranagreementhasformed.ClipperPicarenotentitledtopaymentasthewindowframesarenottothespecificationinthecontractdocuments.IfClipperPicrefusetomakegoodthewindowframesthenNDLwouldbeinasituationwheretheycouldemployanothercontractortocompletetheworksatthecostofClipperPicasintheSunblestcase.ItmustbenotedhoweverthatintheRux/eycasetheclientwasonly entitledtotheirtruelosshoweverthiscouldbe·hardtoevaluateasitisnottrulyclearwhatNDL'stnuelosswouldbeinthisissue.2.5ConclusionInsummaryitwouldbeinthebestinterestsforNDLtonegotiatewithClipperPictotryandresolvetheissue.IftheissuecannotberesolvedthenitwouldbeadvisableforNDLtotakethedisputetoadjudicationasoutlinedinthecontract.Atadjudicationitcouldbeexpectedthat ClippereitherrectifythedefectiveworkorpayforNDLtoemployanothercontractortoreplacethewindowframes.ItwouldbeunlikelysuchanissuewouldrequirelitigationduetothehighcostsandthefactthatClipperPichavemadetheerror.ItcouldbeconcludedthatNDLacceptadamagespaymentfromClipperPictopreventthecasegoingtocourt.3IPage
EE0722-LawfortheBuiltEnvironment3.0OversailingTowerCrane-Issue53.1IssueIntroductionNDLhaveinfonnedusthataneighbourtothesitecurrentlyunderdevelopmentiscomplainingaboutthejibofthetowercranebeingswungoverhissite.NDLmustbeinfonnedthatifthisistruethentheyalongwiththecontractorwouldbeliableunderthelaw ofTortfortrespasstolandwhich'isatortconcernedwiththepreventionofinterferencewiththepossessionofland.'(FinchandFafinski,2013p155).AnothertortthatNDLcouldbeliableunderisprivatenuisance.DuetotheneighbourcurrentlyopposingplanningpositionitwouldbeadvisedthatNDLresolvetheissueorprepareaviabledefence.3.2MajorIssuesIFactsTrespassoccurswhen'theclaimantcanshowadirectandunjustifiableinterferencewiththeclaimanrspossessionof/and'(GilikerandBeckwith,2011).Landisdefinedinthelaw andpropertyact1925as'landofanytenure,andminesandminerals...buildingsorpartsofbuildingsandothercorporealhereditaments;also...incorporealhereditamentsandan easementrightprivilegeorbenefitinoverorderivedfromland'.Itisimportanttohighlightthatalandownerineffectowns theairspace,withinlimits,abovetheirlandandabreachofthisspaceisineffecttrespass.Aprivatenuisanceis'theunreasonableuseofmanofhis landtothedetrimentofhisneighbour' Millerv.Jackson{1977]andthetrespassofatowercranecanconstituteaprivatenuisanceifdamages canbeproved.Itmustalsobenotedthattheonlypersonprotectedundertortistheownerorleaseholderoftheland.Thethreewaysinwhichadefendantcantrespassuponaclaimantslandare ifthedefendant hasalicence/consent,thetrespassisanecessityorifthedefendantwaslegallyauthorisedtotrespass.3.3RelevantLegislationICaseLawThelimits oftrespassoverairspacecanbedetenninedby thecaseAnchorBrewhouse DevelopmentsLtdvBerkeleyHouse(DocklandsDevelopments)Ltd{1987]whereaninjunctionwasgrantedtostopthedeveloper'scranesandthecaseBernsteinv.Skyviews&GeneralLTO[1978]wherethedefendantswerenotliablefor takingoverhead photographsusingaplanemanyhundredsof metersaboveground.TheCivilaviationact 1982highlightsthattrespassandnuisancedoesnotoccur'ataheightabovethegroundwhich,havingregardtowind,weatherandallthecircumstancesofthecaseisreasonable'therefore itcouldbeseenthatalltrespassesbelowthislleightareinbreachoftort- 1'l'Itisimportanttomentionthatthecontractor mustnotbeheld oransom'(Phoenix,2009)bythelandownerasthecaseWoollertonandWilsonvRichardCostain[1970]wheretheclaimantwasofferedasignificantsumforalicencetooversailwithacranebutrefusedthelicence.Theclaimanthadbeengrantedaninjunctionwherethedefendanthadtoceaseusingthecranebutthiswassuspendeduntilthedefendants'workswerecompleteduetotheclaimant'prejudicinghisrightstoaninjunction'(Phoenix,2009)bynotacceptingthesumofmoneyofferedforthe licence.4 1 Page
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