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Understanding C Programming Basics

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Added on 2021/03/18

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This assignment provides a comprehensive overview of C programming fundamentals, covering topics such as data types, operators, conditions, loops, and control flow statements. It delves into specific details like type conversion, casting, and bitwise operations, offering valuable insights for students to grasp the core concepts of C programming.

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1
Click to edit Master text styles
Second level
Third level
Fourth level
Fifth level
EECS 2031
Software Tools
Module 5 – Introduction to C

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2
Textbook
The C Programming Language (2nd edition)
by Brian Kernighan and Dennis Ritchie
Prentice Hall Software Series

3
C vs. Java
• Java-like (actually Java has a C-like
syntax), some differences
• No garbage collection
• No classes
• No exceptions (try … catch)
• No String type
• Pointers 

4
First C Program (first.c)
#include <stdio.h>
main() {
printf(“hello, world \n”);
}
Note: #include <filename.h>
replaces the line by the actual file before
compilation starts.

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5
Basic I/O
• Every program has a standard input and a
standard output.
• By default, keyboard and monitor,
respectively
Input functions Output functions
scanf() printf()
getchar() putchar()
fgets() fputs()

6
Output is easy… (celsius.c)
• Most of the time, use printf()
• Very similar to Java
• See Chapter 7 in the textbook
• Returns the number of characters printed
• Can also use putchar() for a single
character

7
Input is more complicated
• Several functions for input should never
be used because they are unsafe
• They are still in the standard library
because a lot of code out there uses them
• Avoid using gets() as well as scanf()
for strings
• Recommended way to read input:
getchar() or fgets() + sscanf()

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8
getchar()
• To read one character at a time from the
standard input (the keyboard by default):
int getchar(void)
• Returns the next input character each
time it is called
• Returns EOF when it encounters end of
file.
• EOF input: Ctrl-D (Unix) or Ctrl-Z
(Windows).

9
getchar()
• It buffers input characters until a new line
or EOF is entered.
• That is, nothing happens until you hit Return
or EOF.
• See getchar1.c and getchar2.c
• Take a look at the man page
man –S 3 getchar

10
scanf()
• scanf() can be used for formatted input
• To read an integer:
int num;
scanf("%d", &num);
• &num is a pointer to num

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11
scanf()
• To read a char and a float:
char c; float f;
scanf("%c %f”, &c, &f);
• scanf() stops when it exhausts its
format string, or when some input fails to
match

12
scanf()
• Returns the number of successfully
matched and assigned input items
• Returns 0 if the input does not match the
specification in the format string (i.e., an
error).
• On the end of file, EOF is returned.

13
Line-based I/O
• We’ll use fgets to read a line of input
fgets(s, n, stdin);
• Reads at most one less than the number
of characters specified by n from the
given stream and stores them in the string
s
• If ‘\n’ is read, it is also stored in s
• Note: we are not guaranteed a full line!

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14
More examples
• getaline.c: Use getchar() to
implement a function that reads a line of
input
• fgetsscanf.c: Use fgets() and
sscanf() to read a line of input
• sscanf() is similar to scanf() except it
parses a string provided as an argument
rather than standard input

15
C variable names
• Combinations of letters, numbers, and
underscore character ( _ ) that
• do not start with a number
• are not a keyword
• Upper and lower case letters are distinct
(x ≠ X)

16
C data types
All data types in C are numeric
• char – commonly used for characters (8 bits)
• int ─ integers (either 16 or 32 bits)
• long – integers (64 bits)
• float – single precision floating point numbers
(4 bytes)
• double – double precision floating point
numbers (8 bytes)

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17
Qualifiers
• unsigned int
• All values are positive
• long double
• Even more precision than a double
• long long is the type that represents
the largest integers possible in C
• short can also be used but is rare

18
Qualifiers and data sizes
• To get the size of a type, use sizeof()
int_size = sizeof( int );
• See numeric.c

19
Constants
• Numeric constants
• Character constants
• String constants
• Constant expressions
• Enumeration constants

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20
Integer Constants
• Decimal numbers
123487
• Octal: start with 0 (zero)
0654
• Hexadecimal: starts with 0x or 0X
0x4Ab2, 0X1234

21
Integer Constants
• long int: suffixed by L or l
7L, 106l
• unsigned int: suffixed by U or u
8U, 127u
What number is this? 0XFUL

22
Floating-point Constants
• Contain a period or scientific notation (or
both)
15.75 25E-4 -2.5e-3 .001
• If there is no suffix, the type is considered
double
• Use suffix F or f for float, L or l for long
100.0F 100.0L

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23
Character constants
• The type char is a numeric type of size 8
bits
• Values are typically given in character
form between 2 single quotes as in Java
char x =‘A’;
• Can also use octal notation for special
characters
c =‘\012’
10 in decimal, a new line character

24
String Constants
• There is no string type in C
• Strings are just arrays of characters
• However, C allows for string constants
same as in Java
• "hello, " " world" is the same as
"hello, world”
• Useful for splitting up long strings across
several source lines.

25
Constant Expressions
• Expressions that involve only constants
• Evaluated during compilation
#define MAXLINE 1000
char line[MAXLINE+1];

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26
Enumeration Constants
enum boolean { NO, YES };
• The first name in an enum has value 0,
the next 1, and so on, unless explicit
values are specified.
enum colours { black, white,
red, blue, green };
• What is the value of blue?

27
Enumeration Constants
• If not all values are specified, unspecified
values continue the progression from the
last specified value.
enum months { JAN = 1, FEB, MAR,
APR, MAY, JUN, JUL, AUG, SEP,
OCT, NOV, DEC };
FEB = 2, MAR = 3 etc.

28
Declarations
• All variables must be declared before use
• A variable may also be initialized in its
declaration.
char esc = '\\';
int i = 0;
int limit = MAXLINE+1;
float eps = 1.0e-5;

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29
Qualifier const
• Indicates that the value of a variable will
not be changed.
• For an array: the elements will not be
altered.
const double e = 2.71828182845;
const char msg[] = “Warning: ”;

30
Type Conversion
• float f; int i;
• What is the type of f+i ?
• General rule: convert a “narrower”
operand into a “wider” one without losing
information.
• So i is converted to float before the
addition.

31
More Examples
• What is the type and value of the following
expressions?
17 / 5
17.0 / 5
9 / 2 / 3.0 / 4

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32
Type Conversion: More Rules
• Conversions take place across
assignments; the value of the right side
is converted to the type of the left, which
is the type of the result.
• Example:
int i;
float f = 7, g = 2;
i = f / g;

33
Type Conversion
• Longer integers are converted to shorter
ones by dropping the excess high-order
bits.
int i; char c;
…
c = i;
i = c;
The value of i may
change after these
two lines

34
Casting
• Casting works the same way as in Java
int a = 9, b = 2;
double x;
x = a / b; // x is 4.0
x = a / (double) b; // x is 4.5

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35
Operators
• Arithmetic operators:
+ - * / %
• Relational operators:
> >= < <= == !=
• Logical operators:
! && ||
• All the same as in Java

36
Conditions
• 0 is False
• Anything else is True
• If you #include <stdbool.h> you can
have something like boolean variables
bool valid;
valid = false;
• Still a numeric value though

37
Conditions
• Write
if (!valid)
instead of
if (valid == 0)
• The following is not a syntax error in C
if (i = 0)
• The condition will always be false no
matter what the value of i is

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38
Comparing strings
• Conditions involving strings should use
functions from string.h
• s1 == s2 is only true if both s1 and s2
refer to the same memory position
• strcmp(s1,s2) returns
• 0 if the two strings are equal
• Negative if s1 is lexicographically first
• Positive if s2 is lexicographically first

39
Comparing strings
• To check if two strings are equal
if (strcmp(s1,s2) == 0)
• Other useful string functions
• strlen(s1) returns the length of string s1
• strcat(s1,s2) appends string s2 at the
end of string s1
• Strings in C are mutable!

40
Bitwise Operators
• They work on individual bits
& : Bitwise AND
| : Bitwise OR
^ : Bitwise exclusive OR
~ : Bitwise complement
• Useful when each bit has a different
meaning
• Handy when memory was at a premium
• See bitwise.c

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41
Bit Shifting
• x<<y means shift x to the left y times.
• equivalent to multiplication by 2 y
• x>>y means shift x to the right y bits.
• equivalent to division by 2y
• Right shifting may have strange behaviour
depending on the type of x
• See shifting.c

42
Statements and Blocks
• Statement: followed by a semicolon.
• Block
• enclosed between { and }
• syntactically equivalent to a single
statement
• no semicolon after the right brace
• Variables can be declared inside any
block

43
Control Flow Statements
• All are similar to Java
• if else
• switch
• while
• for
• do while
• continue and break for loops

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44
goto
• In C, it is possible to add a label to a line
of code, and then jump to it from any other
part of the code
• Code that relies on goto statements is
generally harder to understand and to
maintain. So goto statements should be
used rarely, if at all
• break and continue should also be
used only when necessary

1 out of 44

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