Effects of Pollution in Delhi

This report examines the effects of air pollution on human health and the environment in Delhi, including the major air pollutants and their impact. It also discusses the measures taken to prevent diseases caused by air pollution and the progress made in reducing pollution levels in Delhi.

RUNNING HEAD: EFECTS OF POLLUTION IN DELHI
1
Effects of polluted air on human health and
environment through contamination from
transportation and industry in Delhi
Student Details:

EFFECTS OF POLLUTION IN DELHI 2

EFFECTS OF POLLUTION IN DELHI 3
Abstract
There is increased growing evidence in Delhi Air pollution to acute and chronic illnesses
amongst all age groups. Basically, there are three main elements in named as particulate matter,
nitrogen oxide and sulfur dioxide in Delhi. Furthermore, urbanization is an important factor for
impact on human health. Air pollutants causes exacerbations of prevailing asthma which is
maintained by an evidence which is been accumulating from several decades. Health effects
related with air pollution varies from slight irritation in eyes to chronic respiratory diseases to
lung cancer and death. Furthermore, the government and organizations have introduced various
programs which are showing progress in the air pollution content of Delhi. Additionally,
population of Delhi has also taken numerous phases to safeguard themselves from the hazardous
concentrations. This report is solely based in the possessions of air pollution on environment and
health of population.

EFFECTS OF POLLUTION IN DELHI 4
Contents
List of Figures..................................................................................................................................5
Introduction......................................................................................................................................6
Study area....................................................................................................................................6
Major Air Pollutants....................................................................................................................7
Rationale to the topic.......................................................................................................................8
Background......................................................................................................................................8
Significance.....................................................................................................................................9
Research Question...........................................................................................................................9
Aim................................................................................................................................................10
Objectives......................................................................................................................................10
Methodology..................................................................................................................................10
Results and Discussion..................................................................................................................15
Prevention of diseases triggered through Pollution of air in Delhi...............................................16
Throwing light on Air purifiers.................................................................................................17
Outcomes of the study...............................................................................................................17
Conclusion.....................................................................................................................................20
Bibliography..................................................................................................................................21

EFFECTS OF POLLUTION IN DELHI 5

EFFECTS OF POLLUTION IN DELHI 6
List of Figures
Figure 1: Continuous air quality monitoring in Delhi.....................................................................7
Figure 2: Download of Air Pollutants...........................................................................................13
Figure 3: Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Stations in Delhi.......................................................14

EFFECTS OF POLLUTION IN DELHI 7
Introduction
In urban area like Delhi, various health problems are linked to Air Pollution. However,
Air pollution position of Delhi has experienced through various variations in order to maintain
the level of pollution and the procedures taken for controlling the Pollution of air In Delhi,
industrialized activities as well as vehicular productions were established to be related with
indoor and outdoor air effluence. Furthermore, studies also exposed that transience and
indisposition rates were increased due to Air Pollution in Delhi. Air pollution is a biggest global
fitness difficulty owing to mechanisation, increase in pollution and urbanization. The air is
polluted by several substances; the pollutants are mixed with the air and cooperate with the
atmosphere and forms dangerous complexes like sulphur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and other
substances. Air Pollution affects the mankind as well as the atmosphere as well. In Human
beings, it can lead to respiratory and cardiovascular disorders like cancer. This report highlights
the main air pollutants of Delhi, possessions of air pollutants on human fitness and atmosphere
and approaches to decrease their releases to environment and human beings.
Study area
Delhi is the National Capital Region i.e. NCR of India which is altogether organized by
both the union as well as the state government. Delhi, with a part of 1483 km, is geologically
situated in Northern India within the “latitude 28°24’17” and 28°53’00’’N, and longitude
77°45’30’’ and 77°21’30’’E”. Delhi’s population is nearly 29.596 million as per 2019 census.
Delhi is metropolitan city and metros around the world are chief brunt of environmental
pollution. As per survey by WHO in 1991-1994, found that influence of particulate matter on
overall non-trauma demises in Delhi was fewer than possessions established in USA. However,

EFFECTS OF POLLUTION IN DELHI 8
also bring into being that demise related with Air pollution in Delhi instigated more lifetime
years to be misplaced since these demises occurred at an earlier age (SA Rizwan, 2013).
Currently, in Delhi, eight-hourly maximum level of carbon monoxide is “6,000 microgram per
cubic metre which is exceeding the safe level of 2,000 microgram per cubic metre”.
Furthermore, levels of Nitrogen dioxide have likewise increased (Kohli, Gupta, Banerjee, &
Ingle, 2017).
Major Air Pollutants
Critical air pollutants in Delhi are PM (Particulate matter) one bin with all PM below
10μm (PM 10), Nitrogen oxides like NO (nitrogen oxide) and NO2 (nitrogen dioxide), sulfur
dioxide, carbon monoxide and ozone. Furthermore, greenhouse gases such as CO2 (Carbon
dioxide) also have an impact on health but decisively associated with climate change (Kumari &
Lhungdim, 2017).

EFFECTS OF POLLUTION IN DELHI 9
Figure 1: Continuous air quality monitoring in Delhi
Image Source: (Urbanemissions, 2019)
Rationale to the topic
Delhi provides a regular laboratory to understand the influence of air pollution on human
health. Delhi also provides a chance for the development of prevention measures for the
management, regulation of air pollution related disorders (Nuvolone, Petri, & Voller, 2018). In
this report, the complete picture of polluting the air within Delhi is created by taking help of the
journal articles, by considering the quality and quantity of pollutant exposure the environment,
the configuration of respiration dust, the outcome of burden of sickness and the fraction of risk

EFFECTS OF POLLUTION IN DELHI 10
which attributes to air pollution. In this study, extensively analyzed the literature associated with
risk measures as quantified and assessed for various air pollutants (A Kumar, Forecasting of air
quality in Delhi using principal component regression technique, 2011).
Background
Air pollution is the major important atmospheric entity which puts human health on risk.
WHO report recommends that Delhi us the second polluted city in the globe upon the foundation
of air pollution monitored data of 2011-2015 (A Kumar, Forecasting of daily air quality index in
Delhi, 2011). It is very clearly been assessed that 3000 metric tons of air contaminants are
released with a chief contribution vehicles which is followed coal based thermal plants.
Therefore, the PM10 standard is used in Delhi for measurement of air quality. Furthermore, the
small pollutants in environment are possibly responsible for health effects as they are able to
reach the respiratory tract lower regions (P Mandal, 2012). As per the quality of air and the
standards provided to them by the WHO. World Health Organization, the yearly attentiveness
suggested for PM10 is 20 eg/m3 that is further more than the risk of cardiopulmonary health
issues. Main concerns related to human health are related to exposure of PM10 comprises of
respiratory and breathing effects on human system, damage to tissues of lung, cancer and
premature demise (Adams, Greenbaum, & Shaikh, 2015). Elder people, children’s and persons
with severe lung disorder, asthma or influenza are specifically sensitive towards the effect of
these particulate incidences. Hence, activities related to industries and emissions of vehicles are
connected with outdoor as well as indoor air contamination in Delhi. Numerous studies are
examined to determine the effects of air pollution specifically with associated morbidity rate.
Researches show Delhi has 1.7 times high occurrence of respiratory indications and the odd ratio

EFFECTS OF POLLUTION IN DELHI 11
of upper respiratory indication in 2008 was 1.59 and low respiratory symptoms like wheeze, dry
cough, chest pain was 1.6 (Afzal & Chelme-Ayala, 2015). However, occurrence of current
problems of asthma amongst the patients in Delhi was comparatively in panels. Furthermore,
dysplasia and metaplasia of airway cells of epithelial layer are more recurrent in Delhi and it
shows great occurrence of the numerous cytological alterations in the sputum. Studies have also
reflected the various compounding consequence of the atmospheric situations upon the pollution
of air observed that winter deteriorates the quality of air found indoor as well as outdoor.
Researchers also created an optimistic association among the chilling weather as it increases the
count of patients suffering with severe uncooperative airway disabilities into infirmaries.
Increasing evidence shows that air pollution is increasing daily demises and admission in
hospitals in Delhi (AS Nagpure B. G., 2016).
Significance
Chhabra et al in 2004 examined the respiratory health of population living around the air
monitoring stations of Delhi and they did not get any common relationship amongst the quality
of air in nearby sites polluting and monitoring the air as well as the functions of lung (AS
Nagpure K. S., 2013). Therefore, in this context, Frankenberg in 2005 formed the usage of
separate statistics and had also employed difference in the health over time of controlling the
fixed distinct level differentiation between individuals. There are numerous studies conducted on
the occurrence of asthma between the adult populations of Delhi (Brunekreef, Harrison, &
Künzli, 2015). Furthermore, COPD is well-researched disorder in terms of air pollution.
Therefore, in this regards, global burden of disorders assessment studies show 0.965 million
premature demies and the loss of ability accustomed life of years and this is due to outdoor PM

EFFECTS OF POLLUTION IN DELHI 12
and ozone contamination in 2010. Therefore, this report addresses all the measures which are
adopted by Government and population of Delhi for improving the pollution of air in recent ten
years (Duan, Indrawirawan, Sun, & Wang, 2015).
Research Question
What is the greatness of the difficulty in terms of load of diseases for which air pollution
is a noteworthy risk issue?
Aim
The present work objects for tending to the above-investigated holes in the introduced writing,
and assessment of by and large wellbeing impacts of arrangement air quality guidelines which
have differentially influenced air nature of Delhi related to its distant territories of Delhi.
Objectives
 To examine air pollution related to respiratory indications among the population of Delhi.
 To examine the degree of health issues impairment in the population of Delhi who are
chronically exposed in Delhi air.
 To explore the adverse health effects on human and environment by the air pollution in
Delhi.
 To examine analyze peer review journal articles which have presented an analysis on air
pollution of Delhi.
 To formulate actions to prevent diseases through the exposure of air pollution in Delhi (P
Sharma, 2013).

EFFECTS OF POLLUTION IN DELHI 13
Methodology
Published literature in this study was search in air pollution, health and Delhi happening
in all fields. Furthermore, articles were screened and assessed to acquire full knowledge
regarding the methodology, discussion and results (Ewald, 2018).
S. no. Author Title Finding Comment
1. M. Sehgal, U
Rajarathnam
and others
(U Rajarathnam,
2011)
Part 2. Time-
series study on
air pollution and
mortality in
Delhi.
This article
covered the
reflective series
of time statistics
for quality of air
and naturally
occurring deaths
which are highly
recorded in
Delhi for the
identification of
changes in
naturally
occurred
mortality rate
which can
attribute to
changes in air
The
investigation
gave
understanding to
the connection
between air
contamination
and mortality in
neighbourhood
populaces and
commitment to
the data in the
current group of
learning.

EFFECTS OF POLLUTION IN DELHI 14
quality of Delhi.
2. Andrew Foster
and Naresh
Kumar
(A Foster, 2011)
Health effects of
air quality
regulations in
Delhi
This article
inspected the
wellbeing
impact of air
quality
benchmarks in
Delhi. Also,
natural
benchmarks in
Delhi improved
air quality
alongside
progress in air
quality mirrored
a critical
improvement in
respiratory
wellbeing.
The mediations
are related with
a huge
improvement in
breathing
wellbeing. The
impacts of these
associations
fluctuated
fundamentally
by sexual
orientation and
salary of the
number of
inhabitants in
Delhi.
Moreover, the
outcomes are
reliable with a
causal
understanding;
impacts are solid

EFFECTS OF POLLUTION IN DELHI 15
for a populace
who invests
energy outside.
3. Amit Garg
(Garg, 2011)
Pro-equity
effects of
Ancillary
benefits of
Climate change
policies: A case
study of human
health impacts
of outdoor Air
pollution in
Delhi
This paper
outlined the
human health
effects of urban
population of
India which is
specifically
negative for
poor people and
the benefits
from global
climate change
policies
amended by the
government
have specific
equity impacts.
This article
shows effective
measures for
reducing the
impact of
particulate
matter in the
environment by
simultaneously
imposing more
prices on the
better-off.
4. Ajay Singh
Nagpure, Bhola
Ram Gurjar and
Human health
risks in national
capital territory
This paper
evaluates the
human health
In this article,
district wise
analysis reflects

EFFECTS OF POLLUTION IN DELHI 16
JC Martel
(AS Nagpure B.
G., 2014)
of Delhi due to
air pollution
risks in NCT
Delhi in context
of morbidity and
mortality
because of
increase air
pollution in the
areas of Delhi.
that North West
District of Delhi
has the
maximum
counts of
mortality and
morbidity.
5. Prashant Kumar,
M Khare, WJ
Lewis and
others
(P Kumar, 2015)
New Directions:
Air pollution
challenges for
developing
megacities like
Delhi
This paper
demonstrates the
raised air
contamination
levels which
have surpassed
the air quality
benchmarks.
The sources,
emanations,
changes and
wide assets of
meteorology on
air tainting are
reasonably all
In this paper,
there are various
unmistakable
highlights in
Delhi which
impact on Air
Pollution like
surrendered
sources, a check
of unregulated
and unaccounted
sources,
troublesome
geographic area
and provincial

EFFECTS OF POLLUTION IN DELHI 17
around
accounted in air
greatness
guideline
designs in
various
industrialized
capitals like
Delhi.
meteorology.
Figure 2: Download of Air Pollutants
Data Source: (McCarthy, 2018)

EFFECTS OF POLLUTION IN DELHI 18
Figure 3: Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Stations in Delhi
Image source: (Gopalaswami, 2016)
Results and Discussion
Strength
 National capital with seat of
administrative powers located
strategically and connected with
numerous economic knobs.
Opportunities
 In Delhi, the major opportunity to
reduce air pollution is to develop
economic competitiveness with high

EFFECTS OF POLLUTION IN DELHI 19
 Pro-active government with
numerous NGOs and developed
bodies.
 Highly attractive tourist city with
numerous monuments and historic
places to visit.
 The city is well-developed and well
connected with regional supply
chains.
 High per capita income with high
GSDP along with high spending
capacity tendency.
(PM O'Shea, 2016)
literacy rates.
 Because of good network and high
proficiency rates, the number of
inhabitants in Delhi and the
administration can without much of a
stretch actualize different techniques
and plans to diminish the air
contamination of Delhi.
 The city has started change in urban
administration by actualizing
different administration models for
task executions to lessen the
centralization of air contamination in
Delhi.
 Government is currently focused on
urban slums and improvement of air
pollution.
 The government also banned the use
of fireworks and crackers during
Diwali.
(M Greenstone, 2014)
Weakness Threats

EFFECTS OF POLLUTION IN DELHI 20
 Breathing and respiratory issues
among population of Delhi along with
visual issues due to smog.
 Lack of solid waste management
which is also a cause of increased air
pollution in the areas of Delhi.
 High air pollution caused maximum
degrees of morbidity and mortality
rates.
 Lack of greenery and natural
resources which can support in the
reduction of air pollution.
 High rate population and
urbanization has led to slum
formation and deterioration of living
environment which is also a cause of
air pollution.
 Overcrowded business areas
deteriorate the natural resources.
 Increased numbers of industries and
refineries around the areas of Delhi
also sources for high concentration of
Delhi.
 High hospital admissions due to
increased air pollutions require
specialized treatments.
 High concentration of air pollution
affects the new born and infant
growth.
 Increased rates of respiratory issues
among the inhabitants of Delhi.
 The alarmed levels of major three air
pollutants are way beyond the
permitted levels are a serious area of
concern.
(DE Surendran, 2013)

EFFECTS OF POLLUTION IN DELHI 21
(P Pant, 2017)
Prevention of diseases triggered through Pollution of air in Delhi
Increased pollution of air in Delhi reasons for various diseases among the population of Delhi
like lung disease, respiratory problems, lung cancer, cardiovascular problems, affects infants and
pregnant women’s, shortened life span (Kim, Kabir, & Kabir, 2015). Therefore, government and
population of Delhi have taken below mentioned steps to protect themselves from the Pollution:
 Wearing air pollution masks which filters out particulate matters.
 Travelling in closed transportation to protect the population from carbon pollutants.
 Proper ventilation in houses, along with use of chimneys, fans for the removal of
hazardous gases.
 Installing air purifiers at home with HEPA and activated carbon filter system to remove
the pollutants and bacteria along with chemical contaminants (S Maji, 2017).
 Installing car air purifier form dust and gases like carbon monoxide.
 Consumption of foods which are rich in Vitamin C, omega fatty acids and magnesium.
 Intake of herbal tea.
 Keeping air purifying plants like aloe vera, spider plant and ivy can be used at home and
office (P Puri, 2017).
 People should go for more physical activities like jogging and cycling.
Throwing light on Air purifiers
Population of Delhi has increasingly become aware of risk of Air pollution and have
started to install air purifying solutions. The Air purifiers are affordable. There are various
brands who manufacture Air purifying systems. These systems are beneficial for the

EFFECTS OF POLLUTION IN DELHI 22
improvement of air quality (Jerrett & Turner, 2016). Furthermore, specially designed for people
who have asthma and allergies. The air purifiers work upon ultraviolet germicidal irradiation,
photocatalytic oxidation, and ionizer purifiers etc (M Brauer, 2012).
Outcomes of the study
From the above study, we have concluded that there are numerous strengths and
opportunities to reduce the air pollution concentration of Delhi (SK Guttikunda G. C., 2013).
Additionally, numerous research and studies shows that the effect on human health can also be
reduced by implementing some strategies and reducing the air pollution in the areas of Delhi
(Omar, Webb, & Lundberg, 2016). Studies also show that 80% of population is affected by Air
pollution. Additionally, fine particles like Particulate matter stance the highest health danger as
they are so minute and can easily enter through lungs carried in blood stream (SK Guttikunda B.
G., 2012). As per study of Andrew Foster and Naresh Kumar, the increased stages of air
contamination within the outside parts of Delhi can be the absenteeism of the quality of air and
relocation of the contaminating manufacturing and refineries (G Firdaus, 2011). Moreover,
Industrial areas which are located at Delhi border recorded the greatest level of designated
pollutants which reflects that diligences are important source of PM10, SPM and PM2.5. The
CPCB monitored a standard gravimetric procedure for the estimation of PM10 in the areas of
Delhi. The regular estimation of air pollutants were observed for the post and pre guideline
stages. Delhi recorded the greatest stage of NO2, PM10 and SO2 during the pre- regulation
stages which indicates the deprived quality of air in Delhi and its borders. However, as per study
of Krunpick and Narain in 2007, the analysis shows the lack of support in a significant
improvement in levels of PM10 and PM2.5. Additionally, if the PM levels will be maintained in
Delhi, 85% of premature deaths can be easily avoided (AM Patankar, 2011). Moreover, in

EFFECTS OF POLLUTION IN DELHI 23
December 2014, CSE categorized Delhi as harshly contaminated for over 65% days.
Additionally, the government has taken numerous steps like watching polluting vehicles,
building of “Mass Rapid Transport System (MRTS)”, banned the use of 15 years old vehicle
and, alteration in mass emission standards for new vehicles (SN Hosamane, 2013).
Two noteworthy discoveries from this report are the adjustment of transports to CNG
gives off an impression of being successful, as the rate of transports doesn't have any significant
connection with PM10 and PM2.5, dominatingly in Delhi. Also, non-CNG heavyweight autos
and organizations appear to be significant providers of encompassing airborne contamination,
especially PM2.5 result of ignition in urban regions (K Balakrishnan, 2011).
Furthermore, the below mentioned are the suggestions to fill the knowledge gaps of
effects of air pollution in Delhi (Kuklinska, Wolska, & Namiesnik, 2015):
 The making of an interdisciplinary investigation who works in area of air pollution and
health, comprising environmental specialists, meteorologists, chemist with speciality in
the examination of analysis of air, public health experts and clinical doctors collectively
support for the development of standards (Zhang, Li, Wang, Deng, & Wang, 2018).
 Continued real time monitoring of parameters of pollution. Recording of weather
parameters at the same frequency of air quality monitoring (Maji, Ahmed, Siddiqui, &
Ghosh, 2017).
 Standardizing health and disorder statistics recording in hospitals and health providing
facilities with potential sources of air pollution exposure.
 Fresh estimation of threats and expansion of threat ratios and attributable fractions for all
mortalities and morbidities related with Delhi population (Masiol & Hopke, 2017).

EFFECTS OF POLLUTION IN DELHI 24
Conclusion
Based on the above stated explanations and studies, it can be stated that air of Delhi is
highly contaminated and automobile pollution is the basic reason of pollution of air in Delhi. The
major pollutants born in air are observed in Delhi are sulphur dioxide, nitrogen oxide and
particulate matter which causes various problems like respiratory problems, cancer, and lung
issues, asthma, bronchitis along with breathing problems. Therefore, Government of Delhi and
various organizations like CPCB have taken various stages to decrease the pollution in Delhi by
installing various monitoring station in the areas of Delhi. Furthermore, as per data, the decrease
in pollution has been observed in Delhi however, there are still some pollutants which are at high
level like sulphur dioxide which is the main source of smog in Delhi. Population of Delhi has
started installing air purifiers in vehicles and home along with the use of masks in outdoor. This
report also includes the critical review of various Journal articles along with the SWOT analysis
and reference of 30-40 journal articles.

EFFECTS OF POLLUTION IN DELHI 25
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