Effect of Climate on Kuwait Economics

This project analyzes the effect of climate change on Kuwait's economy and human. It discusses the problems and solutions for mitigation of climate change and the relationship between climate change and economics in Kuwait. The document type is a project and the type of assignment is not mentioned. The subject is climate change and the course code, course name, and college/university are not mentioned.

Running Head: Climate Change 0
Climate Change
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Project on Effect of climate on Kuwait economics 1
Table of Contents
Introduction -..............................................................................................................................2
Climate Change –.......................................................................................................................2
Problems/effects of the climate change –...................................................................................3
Relationship between climate change and economics in Kuwait –...........................................4
Effects of climate change on Kuwait economics and human –.................................................5
Effects of climate change on Kuwait economics:..................................................................5
Effect of climate change on Human:......................................................................................5
Methods -...................................................................................................................................6
Solutions for mitigation of climate change –.............................................................................7
Regression Analysis –................................................................................................................8
Conclusion –...............................................................................................................................9
References -..............................................................................................................................11

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Introduction -
Climate change refer as change in regional or global climate patterns, change which is
apparent from mid -century to late 20th century onwards and to increased level of atmospheric
carbon dioxide. It is the abnormal change or variation to the climate and due to these
variation, it effect on earth (Romm, 2016). In other words, Climate change or global warming
means to increase in average temperatures on Earth. As per the report average temperature is
15C (BBC News, 2018). Climate has continuously been changing over the period of time. It
is measured by realising in pattern of variation in humidity, atmosphere, sea, environment,
temperature, weather and other variables. Change in Earth’s climate is also called climate
change (What Is Climate Change, 2014). Climate change occurs due to the various factors
such as variation in solar radiation, processes of biotic and plate tectonics. Before 20th century
climate change is caused by increasing temperatures and this change is called global
warming. Factors that can change climate are called forcing mechanisms and climate forcing
and these forcing can be either internal or external forcing.
Main cause of climate change is to the use of fossil fuel by humans because it increases
carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases. So, these gases will effect on ecosystem or
economy of any country when it heat within atmosphere (Emanuel, 2018). It also impact on
rising sea level, weather and environment. There are also other causes of climate change such
as deforestation and agriculture. These gases are critical part of Earth’s temperature control
system. 10000 year ago, CO2 did not increase above 300 parts per million but today it is at
400 parts per million. The report consists of effect of climate change on Kuwait economics
and human, methods for measuring climate change and various problems and solutions due to
climate change or global warming (Herman and HQ, 2018).
Climate Change –
Climate change refers as change or variation in temperature of earth, sea, weather and
environment due to the carbon dioxide gas and effects of greenhouse gas in atmosphere.
Main reason behind happening of climate change is due to human activities related to burning
of fossil fuel or oil (Elver and Wapner, 2016). As per the measurement, average temperature
is increasing from 14C to 15C. This change in atmosphere has been different; it means it has
been lesser over oceans than over the land and greatest in the Arctic. But this change is
happening after long period of time or after years; it does not increase or decrease every year.

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Due to climate change, many other changes are occurred in the climate along with warming
such as change in oceans as rising in temperature at Earth’s surface also effect rising the
temperature in oceans, level of sea is also rising because of increasing in temperature at
Earth’s surface and weather is also change as more damaging weather events are occurred.
Climate change or global warming is also caused of heavy rainfall and damaging weather
(Kiehl, J. 2016).
Following are the causes of climate change: Human activity is the main cause of climate
change. These are (Lober, 2019)
 Burning fossil fuel: When human burning fossil fuel and oil and transform land from
forest to agriculture purpose. So, burning fossil fuels produces carbon dioxide gas in
atmosphere, and also produces greenhouse gas. This gas is called greenhouse gas
because it occur greenhouse effect. Carbon dioxide stays in atmosphere for longer
period of time as compare to other greenhouse gas such as nitrous oxide, this gas
produce only short term effect on the atmosphere (McNall, 2012).
 Industrialization: It is also cause of climate change or global warming because of
transforming the economics from farming based to industrial based. Researchers
agree that industrial revolution is also cause of global warming.
 Deforestation: Human harvest wood for making residential house or paper. So, it
produce huge gas of carbon dioxide because forest store huge amount of carbon.
Deforestation reduces biodiversity which can affect whole ecosystem and earth.
 Livestock production: Production of livestock by human also cause of climate change
in atmosphere. Forest are also used for the feeding and care of animals for food, so
these animals produces methane and greenhouse gas due to huge amount of wastage
by animals.
 Factory Farming: Factory farming can also have negative effect on global warming
by increasing carbon dioxide gas or harmful greenhouse effects in the atmosphere
(Desonie, 2009).
Problems/effects of the climate change –
Climate change and global warming gradual heating of ocean, Earth’s surface and
atmosphere due to the human activities, carbon dioxide and harmful greenhouse gases. So, it
effects on overall ecosystem because of the following reasons (Pappas and Bradford, 2017):

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1. Rise in temperature extreme and average temperatures: It is one of the most
immediate effects of climate change or global warming. According to the National
Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), the average temperature is
increased about by 1 degree over the past 100 years. Rising in production of
greenhouse and carbon dioxide gas directly impact on temperature (Fuhrer and
Gregory, 2014).
2. Extreme weather events: It is another effect of climate change or global warming.
Changing in the climate or atmosphere directly impact on the weather events. This is
the reason when some states can have sudden warm or cold. It may also cause behind
extreme weather along with hot and cold extreme such as change in the formation of
hurricane (Plumer, 2019).
3. Ice melt: It is also effect of the global warming and climate change and due to this
Arctic sea ice is reduced. The melt refer as less thick sea ice.
4. Sea level and ocean acidification: When ice melts then automatically sea level also
rise. As per the report of World Meteorological Organization, sea level rise by 0.12
inches per year on average and this is the double of average sea level in 20th century.
According to the IPCC report 2013, at least 95% believes that human activities are
reason behind warming ocean, rising sea level and continuously melting ice.
5. Plants and animals: According to the National Academy of Sciences report, global
warming or climate change also affected the plants and animals. Due to this many
animals are moving where temperatures are less affected by carbon dioxide and
harmful greenhouse gases (Hillel and Rosenzweig, 2011).
Relationship between climate change and economics in Kuwait –
Natural resources are important factor which affect economic growth of any country.
Resources which are produced by nature are two types, one is on the land and other one is
beneath the land. Resources on land include water resource, plants and landscape. Resource
on beneath the land includes natural gas, oil and minerals. These resources depend on climate
and environment. If country have good natural resource then their economic growth is also
good and if country does not have natural resource than their economic growth is not good.
So, there is adverse relationship between climate change and economics in Kuwait. Due to
climate change, Kuwait is facing various issues such as rising in sea level, change in pattern
of rainfall, reduction in biodiversity and scarcity of water (Alam and Sharif, 2013). Main

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effect of climate change in Kuwait is to rise in temperature level of country. Because of rising
in sea level, it impacts on ecosystem, agriculture areas and infrastructure system of the
country. Kuwait has lowest per capita availability of natural water. Kuwait per capita water
consumption is 450 litres per day whereas per capita availability of natural water is less than
100 litres per day (Asem, 2010). There is huge challenge for Kuwait to balancing demand
and supply of water. Fossil fuel plays an important role in Kuwait’s economy and economic-
social development. There is huge amount of burning of fossil fuel due to climate change, so
it affects the economic growth of Kuwait. These issues which are facing by Kuwait due to
climate change are effect highly on economic growth of the country. Kuwait economy’s is
highly depends on oil, environment, water and plant and the demand for fossil oil could have
effect highly on the economy of the country. Because of change in climate, it will effect
negatively on oil, water and other natural resource. Hence, growth of economy is decreasing
because of change in climate (Zafar, 2015).
Effects of climate change on Kuwait economics and human –
Effects of climate change on Kuwait economics:
Climate change is crucial factor which effect economy or gross domestic country of any
country. Due to this, there is reduction in gross domestic product of a country. Impact of
climate change is linked with climate change and it effect directly to the GDP of the country.
According to the report, if temperatures rise by only 2.5 per cent then gross domestic product
or economy of country will fall about 15 per cent and if temperatures will rise by 4 degree
then GDP will reduce by 25 per cent (Amadeo, 2019). Due to harsh climate change and poor
soils, agriculture sector is becoming worst performer in whole world. It contributes to the
economy of country is less than 1 per cent. It is expected that growth of economy will
reduced by 6 to 14 per cent by 2050. Per capita water availability is also decline during past
year because of over extraction. Increased harsh climate condition increase the formation of
dust storms and sand dunes. So, change in climate change as rise in production of carbon
dioxide and greenhouse gases will affect adversely to the economy of Kuwait.
Effect of climate change on Human:
Human health is highly affected by weather change and climate change. Climate change is
the reason behind various health problems in Kuwait such as infectious diseases and death
from extreme weather events. Due to rise in sea level, annual average of 594,500 humans is

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affected by flooding. Climate change or global warming is to increases annual temperature,
frequency and intensity of heat waves which will result in huge number of human at risk of
heat related diseases (Climate and Health Country Profile- Kuwait, 2015). Climate change
effect rise in sea level, higher temperature, water scarcity, change in environment, flooding,
fossil fuel and plants or animals and these all are negatively affected to the agriculture system
and food system.
Methods -
Secondary research and quantitative research method are used for analysing the effect of
climate change on economy and human in Kuwait. We used secondary source such as
websites, books and journals related to climate change and used both primary and secondary
quantitative research method (Walter and Andersen, 2016). Under primary quantitative
research method, we collect data by using statistical analysis method as regression analysis,
analyse the effect of climate change on Kuwait economy and under secondary quantitative
research method, we collect data through internet, government source, market research
source, various world organization, collect data from educational institutions and commercial
information sources as newspapers, journals and magazines.
Methods of analysis of the climate change (Massetti and Mendelsohn, 2018): -
1. Statistical and Diagnostic methods: This method is used for analysing the climate
change through measurement of weather, temperature and sea level.
2. Climate data processing software: Various data processing software are used to
analyse the effect of climate change.
3. EOF Analysis: EOF or Empirical Orthogonal Function is used in analysis of climate
change for understanding patterns of variability of natural resource and also measure
time of changing these resources.
4. GRIB: This is used by World’s Operational Weather Organization for weather
measurement.
5. Web based Processing and Visualization for weather and climate: Various web based
sites are also used for climate change such as NASA and NOAA (Zganjar, et al,
2009).

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Solutions for mitigation of climate change –
1. By adopting strategies towards sustainable land management, it provides reduction in
greenhouse gas about more than one third. We can manage or develop strategies by
biogeochemical, artificial intelligence and remote sensing.
2. Natural climate solutions are used to mitigate climate change or avoid greenhouse
gases or to increase storage of carbon. Natural climate solutions are improved land
management, conservation and restoration. It’s have three category:
 Frontier forests: The most important solution for natural climate is to
protecting frontier forests. It helps in storing huge amount of carbon by
ecosystem and forest. It also helps in reducing the risk of flooding, regulates
flow of water and creates biodiversity.
 Reforestation: Change in climate highly impact deforestation. So, through
reforestation, world can mitigate climate change.
 Agriculture reform: Food system or agriculture system is main contributor to
climate change and it also effect on human health (Natural Solutions to
Climate Change, 2017).
3. They implement MENA (Middle East and North Africa) Climate Action Plan for
mitigation of climate change. Aim of this plan will focus on the following:
 Food security and foster water flow
 Making sure cities are ready to accept impact of climate change
 Reduction in emissions of greenhouse gases or carbon dioxide through
investing in source of renewable energy such as wind and solar, improving
efficiency of energy, reducing air and pollution, reforestation and investing in
agro-forestry.
4. Social discount rate: The World Bank is making five rules to MENA region and its
people:
 The World Bank will increase rate of bank lending from 18 to 30 per cent
which support mitigate climate change (Yu, 2009).
 The portion of climate lending will rise from 28 per cent to adaption measures.
So, it will protect those people who lose their job due to change in climate.
 Bank will support to the policy reforms which worked for green future.
Policies include policy towards low carbon energy; encourage diversification
of economic and better improvement of natural resources.

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 Bank will also provide benefit to the people who invest in water plants and
renewable energy.
 Bank will support actions which are taken towards water management and
market integration of energy (A New Plan to Support Action on Climate
Change in the Arab World, 2016).
5. By following three steps, there is possibility of mitigation of climate change. These
steps are:
 Designing scenario of GHG emissions
 Project the climate in future
 Analysing the sectorial impacts on health, water resource, infrastructure,
electricity, ecosystem and forestry and agriculture
Regression Analysis –
Regression analysis is the method which is allows examining the relationship between
dependent or independent variable. Dependent variable is a variable which depends on the
independent variable and it is the variable which is affected during any change or experiment
or analysis and it will happened due to independent variable. Independent variables are the
variable which does not depend on the other. These variables are the inputs from that analysis
or measurement. For calculating regression analysis for analysis the climate change we
consider increase in temperature as independent variable and due to increase in temperature it
affect the wind speed, so it will consider as a dependent variable. For regression analysis, we
consider y as an independent variable and x as a dependent variable.
Dependent variable – Wind speed (x)
Independent variable – Increase in temperature (y)
Daily average meteorological data from 1993 to 2009 for Kuwait (Almedeij, 2012)
Temperature (y) Wind speed (x)
Coefficient of correlation 0.32
Mean 26.82 4.03
Standard deviation 9.68 1.86
Equation of regression analysis –

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y = a+ bx
Here, b = r * sy/Sx
a = Mean of y – b* Mean of x
r = coefficient of correlation = 0.32
So, b = 0.32 (9.68/1.86) = 1.67
a = 26.82 – 1.67(4.03)
= 20.09
Hence, y = a + bx
y = 20.09 + 1.67x
Conclusion –
Hence, Climate change refers as change in atmosphere or change in the pattern of climate.
Due to climate change or global warming, carbon dioxide and greenhouse gases are produce.
Human activities are main cause behind climate change. Human activities include burning of
fossil fuel or oil, increasing air and water pollution, industrialization, production of livestock,
more consumption than availability and lastly deforestation or lack of reforestation. There are
various problems or effects due to climate change or global warming such as rise in sea level,
huge amount of flooding, extreme temperature level, extreme weather events, lack of water
flow, melting the ice and it also effect plant, animal and ocean. There is adverse relationship
between climate change and Kuwait economy. Growth of economic is continuously decreases
because of change in climate. It is expected that reduction in economic growth by 6 to 14 per
cent by 2050. Human health is also effect due to global warming as around 595,500 people
are affected by flooding because of rising in sea level or temperatures. Primary or secondary
quantitative research method and secondary methodology are used for analysis of climate
change and its effect on Kuwait economy and growth. Statistical method, regression analysis
and climate data software are used to measuring climate change. It can be solved by mitigate
climate change such as increasing social discount rate by world bank, by various natural
resources solution such as reforestation, improving agriculture reforms and protecting frontier

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forest, by adopting strategies towards sustainable land management and by implementing
MENA Climate Action Plan.

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References -
Alam, S. and Sharif, M. (2013) Assessment of Climate Change Scenario in the Middle- East
Region. International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering, 3(6),
pp.367-372.
Almedeij, J. (2012) Modeling Pan Evaporation for Kuwait by Multiple Linear Regression.
The Scientific World Journal, 2012(2).
Amadeo, K. (2019) Climate Change Facts and Effect on the Economy [Online]. Available
from: https://www.thebalance.com/economic-impact-of-climate-change-3305682 [Accessed
09/03/2019]
Asem, S. (2010) Biodiversity and climate change in Kuwait. International Journal of Climate
Change Strategies and Management, 2(1), pp.68-83.
BBC News (2018) What is climate change? [Online]. Available from:
https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-24021772 [Accessed 09/03/2019]
Desonie, D. (2009) Climate: Causes and Effects of Climate Change. New York: Chelsen
House Publishers.
Elver, H. and Wapner, P. (2016) Reimagining Climate Change. London: Routledge.
Emanuel, K. (2018) What We Know about Climate Change: Updated with a new foreword by
Bod Inglis. London: The MIT Press.
Fuhrer, J and Gregory, P. (2014) Climate Change Impact and Adaptation in Agriculture
Systems. UK: CPI Group.
Herman, G. and HQ, W. (2018) What Is Climate Change?. New York: Penguin Books Ltd.
Hillel, D. and Rosenzweig, C. (2011) Handbook of Climate Change and Agro ecosystems:
Impacts, Adaptation, and Mitigation. London: Imperial College Press.
Kiehl, J. (2016) Facing Climate Change: An Integrated Path to the Future. New York:
Columbia University Press.

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Lober, D. (2019) 10 Human Causes of Global Warming for 2019 [Online]. Available from:
https://www.reusethisbag.com/articles/10-human-causes-of-global-warming/ [Accessed
09/03/2019]
Massetti, E. and Mendelsohn, R. (2018) Measuring Climate Adaptation: Methods and
Evidence. Review of Environmental Economics and Policy, 12(2), pp.324-341.
McNall, S. (2012) Rapid Climate Change: Causes, Consequences, and Solutions. New York:
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09/03/2019]
The World Bank (2016) A New Plan to Support Action on Climate Change in the Arab World
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Walter, M. and Andersen, C. (2016) Indigenous Statistics: A Quantitative Research
Methodology. London: Routledge.

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World Health Organization (2015) Climate And Health Country Profile- Kuwait [Online].
Available from: https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/246149/WHO-FWC-PHE-
EPE-15.24-eng.pdf;jsessionid=039A08813325B4B26262E06C5A30179D?sequence=1
[Accessed 09/03/2019]
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Climate- Change Analysis: The Climate Wizard Tool. PLoS ONE, 4(12).