Effect of schedule delays and cost overrun on construction project
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The author shall sign a declaration (below) agreeing that the dissertation be available for reading and printing the discretion of the Head of School in accordance with 3 and 4 (below). Consent Declaration I agree that this dissertation may be available for reading, printing and online use at the discretion of the Head of School in accordance with regulation 3 and 4 above.
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Dissertation Title: Effect of schedule delays and cost overrun on
construction project
Statement of Originality
With the exception of those parts in which it is stated to the contrary, this dissertation is
solely my own work, it has not been submitted (in whole or in part) for any degree at this or
any other, academic or professional institution.
Signature: Abhinav Singh Patel
Date:
Regulations Governing the Deposit and Use of Oxford Brookes University Modular
Programme Dissertations
1. The School of the Built Environment shall keep a digital copy of the dissertation
within the university database.
2. The author shall sign a declaration (below) agreeing that the dissertation be available
for reading and printing the discretion of the Head of School in accordance with 3 and 4
(below).
3. The Head of School shall safeguard the interests of the author by requiring persons
who consult the dissertation to sign a declaration acknowledging the author’s copyright.
4. Permission for anyone other than the author to reproduce or print any part of the
dissertation must be obtained from the Head of School, who will give his/her permission for
such reproduction only to an extent which he/she considers to be fair and reasonable.
Consent Declaration
I agree that this dissertation may be available for reading, printing and online use at the
discretion of the Head of School in accordance with regulation 3 and 4 above.
Signature: Abhinav Singh Patel Date:
1
construction project
Statement of Originality
With the exception of those parts in which it is stated to the contrary, this dissertation is
solely my own work, it has not been submitted (in whole or in part) for any degree at this or
any other, academic or professional institution.
Signature: Abhinav Singh Patel
Date:
Regulations Governing the Deposit and Use of Oxford Brookes University Modular
Programme Dissertations
1. The School of the Built Environment shall keep a digital copy of the dissertation
within the university database.
2. The author shall sign a declaration (below) agreeing that the dissertation be available
for reading and printing the discretion of the Head of School in accordance with 3 and 4
(below).
3. The Head of School shall safeguard the interests of the author by requiring persons
who consult the dissertation to sign a declaration acknowledging the author’s copyright.
4. Permission for anyone other than the author to reproduce or print any part of the
dissertation must be obtained from the Head of School, who will give his/her permission for
such reproduction only to an extent which he/she considers to be fair and reasonable.
Consent Declaration
I agree that this dissertation may be available for reading, printing and online use at the
discretion of the Head of School in accordance with regulation 3 and 4 above.
Signature: Abhinav Singh Patel Date:
1
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EFFECT OF SCHEDULE
DELAYS AND COST
OVERRUN ON
CONSTRUCTION PROJECT
2
DELAYS AND COST
OVERRUN ON
CONSTRUCTION PROJECT
2
ABSTRACT
Cost overrun and schedule delay highly affect the construction project. The aim of the
dissertation is to identify the relation between the cost overrun and schedule delay and
measure their impact on construction project. To understand the impact, researcher explain
the views of different author in respect to the research topic, impact of cost overrun and
schedule delay, and the various measures to resolve the issues. The quantitative and
qualitative data are selected to gather the information regarding the project and identify the
methods to resolve the issues. SPSS tool is used to explain the correlation between the cost
overrun and schedule delay. The selection of 20 contractors as sample help to understand the
interrelation of schedule delay and cost overrun in deeper sense. The study recommends
different methods to minimize the impact of cost overrun and schedule delay. It also suggests
various techniques to manage the activities and prepare proper plan to improve the
performance of the labour. It used the reliability test to explain that whether the research is
reliable or not for the further use by the researcher, scholar and constructor. The finding from
the study exposed the various factor which affect the schedule delay such as interference of
outside agencies, labour strike, limited resources, poor management, error in planning, poor
site management etc. The research explains that there are various factors which make impact
of construction project, and they are differed from country to country and one project to
another project. Conclusion and recommendation of the study explains the different factors of
schedule delay and suggest the appropriate methods to overcome their impact on construction
project.
3
Cost overrun and schedule delay highly affect the construction project. The aim of the
dissertation is to identify the relation between the cost overrun and schedule delay and
measure their impact on construction project. To understand the impact, researcher explain
the views of different author in respect to the research topic, impact of cost overrun and
schedule delay, and the various measures to resolve the issues. The quantitative and
qualitative data are selected to gather the information regarding the project and identify the
methods to resolve the issues. SPSS tool is used to explain the correlation between the cost
overrun and schedule delay. The selection of 20 contractors as sample help to understand the
interrelation of schedule delay and cost overrun in deeper sense. The study recommends
different methods to minimize the impact of cost overrun and schedule delay. It also suggests
various techniques to manage the activities and prepare proper plan to improve the
performance of the labour. It used the reliability test to explain that whether the research is
reliable or not for the further use by the researcher, scholar and constructor. The finding from
the study exposed the various factor which affect the schedule delay such as interference of
outside agencies, labour strike, limited resources, poor management, error in planning, poor
site management etc. The research explains that there are various factors which make impact
of construction project, and they are differed from country to country and one project to
another project. Conclusion and recommendation of the study explains the different factors of
schedule delay and suggest the appropriate methods to overcome their impact on construction
project.
3
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my sincere gratitude to the professor Dr. George Blumberg who help
me to select the research topic and encourage me to invest my whole time in the project to
complete it with the efficiency and effectiveness. I also thank to my friends, scholar who help
me to conduct the project effectively and collect the data by getting the consent of different
contractors. Last but not least I would like to thank my family who support me in this project
by providing the proper resources.
4
I would like to express my sincere gratitude to the professor Dr. George Blumberg who help
me to select the research topic and encourage me to invest my whole time in the project to
complete it with the efficiency and effectiveness. I also thank to my friends, scholar who help
me to conduct the project effectively and collect the data by getting the consent of different
contractors. Last but not least I would like to thank my family who support me in this project
by providing the proper resources.
4
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABSTRACT...............................................................................................................................2
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT.........................................................................................................3
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION..............................................................................................5
Background of the study....................................................................................................................5
Aims and Objectives..........................................................................................................................6
Questions...........................................................................................................................................6
Hypothesis.........................................................................................................................................7
Rationale of study..............................................................................................................................7
Scope of study...................................................................................................................................7
Significance of study..........................................................................................................................7
Structure of study..............................................................................................................................8
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW...................................................................................9
Labour strike....................................................................................................................................11
Error in plan.....................................................................................................................................13
Intervention by outside agencies.....................................................................................................14
CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY.....................................................................17
Research Type.................................................................................................................................17
Research Approach..........................................................................................................................18
Research Philosophy........................................................................................................................19
Sampling..........................................................................................................................................19
Data collection.................................................................................................................................20
Data Analysis...................................................................................................................................21
Research Limitation.........................................................................................................................21
Ethical Consideration.......................................................................................................................22
Reliability and Validity.....................................................................................................................23
CHAPTER 4: DATA ANALYSIS...........................................................................................24
Discussion........................................................................................................................................34
CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS.............................................39
Conclusion.......................................................................................................................................39
Recommendations...........................................................................................................................41
REFERENCES.........................................................................................................................42
APPENDIX..............................................................................................................................46
Questionnaire..................................................................................................................................46
5
ABSTRACT...............................................................................................................................2
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT.........................................................................................................3
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION..............................................................................................5
Background of the study....................................................................................................................5
Aims and Objectives..........................................................................................................................6
Questions...........................................................................................................................................6
Hypothesis.........................................................................................................................................7
Rationale of study..............................................................................................................................7
Scope of study...................................................................................................................................7
Significance of study..........................................................................................................................7
Structure of study..............................................................................................................................8
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW...................................................................................9
Labour strike....................................................................................................................................11
Error in plan.....................................................................................................................................13
Intervention by outside agencies.....................................................................................................14
CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY.....................................................................17
Research Type.................................................................................................................................17
Research Approach..........................................................................................................................18
Research Philosophy........................................................................................................................19
Sampling..........................................................................................................................................19
Data collection.................................................................................................................................20
Data Analysis...................................................................................................................................21
Research Limitation.........................................................................................................................21
Ethical Consideration.......................................................................................................................22
Reliability and Validity.....................................................................................................................23
CHAPTER 4: DATA ANALYSIS...........................................................................................24
Discussion........................................................................................................................................34
CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS.............................................39
Conclusion.......................................................................................................................................39
Recommendations...........................................................................................................................41
REFERENCES.........................................................................................................................42
APPENDIX..............................................................................................................................46
Questionnaire..................................................................................................................................46
5
Dissertation Topic: Effect of schedule delays and cost overrun on
construction project
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
Background of the study
Project denotes series of related task which reflects sequence and series of activities on the
basis of time. Construction project is referred to organised process of constructing,
refurbishing, renovating infrastructure and structure of building. A standard construction
project has five life cycle phases which comprise initiation, planning, execution, monitoring
and performance and closure. Schedule delay in construction project is the main area of
concern as it is related to time, cost, labour management (Dinakar, 2014). Delays in
construction delay impact synch of project specifically with reference to cost but also
reputation of company involved in certain project.
The major causes of delay in schedule of project are due to changes in design, poor labour
productivity, shortages of resources, inadequate planning. Apart from this major cause
schedule delay in construction are because of changes in user, uncertain whether condition,
condition of site, increase in quality, economic conditions, plan of designer and late
deliveries. There are different types of schedule delay like Non- Excusable days which
includes strike for work, uncertain events like, surges, quakes and flames (Amusan, Dosunmu
and Joshua, 2017). These are controlled event in construction project and therefore knowns as
forgivable deferrals. This type of delay is also caused due to changes initiated by proprietor
and blunders in design plans, structure of details and documents. Further, it can be said that
compliance with legislative requirement also play essential role in minimizing delay in
schedule of project because it is the aspect which restrict execution of project activities.
Apart from this, there are non-excusable type of delays which are known as non\reasonable
deferrals. For example, delay in assessment and accommodation of sub-materials of
construction (Owolabi and et.al., 2014). Moreover, non-reasonable deferrals in project are
because of poor coordination, late execution of providers and subcontractors and because of
reluctance.
Apparently, delay in project are because of time which is part of basic delay arise due
to inappropriate time management or due to undertaking of conveyance date. Compensable
and simultaneous delay are other concerns of incurring risk in construction projects like,
additional expenses or due to cost, calendar delay and excessive time consumption in
specialized investigation (Larsen and et.al., 2015). The major incurring factor because of
project delay in construction project is cost. Incurring cost of project due to delay impacts
interrelationship and management between clients and companies.
Cost overrun is increase in cos because of unexpected changes in project. Cost
overrun in construction project mainly arise due to improper planning of contractors, poor
site management, inadequate experience and financial resources. Changes in budget o project
is the critical factor which impacts reputation and project planning and resources of both
6
construction project
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
Background of the study
Project denotes series of related task which reflects sequence and series of activities on the
basis of time. Construction project is referred to organised process of constructing,
refurbishing, renovating infrastructure and structure of building. A standard construction
project has five life cycle phases which comprise initiation, planning, execution, monitoring
and performance and closure. Schedule delay in construction project is the main area of
concern as it is related to time, cost, labour management (Dinakar, 2014). Delays in
construction delay impact synch of project specifically with reference to cost but also
reputation of company involved in certain project.
The major causes of delay in schedule of project are due to changes in design, poor labour
productivity, shortages of resources, inadequate planning. Apart from this major cause
schedule delay in construction are because of changes in user, uncertain whether condition,
condition of site, increase in quality, economic conditions, plan of designer and late
deliveries. There are different types of schedule delay like Non- Excusable days which
includes strike for work, uncertain events like, surges, quakes and flames (Amusan, Dosunmu
and Joshua, 2017). These are controlled event in construction project and therefore knowns as
forgivable deferrals. This type of delay is also caused due to changes initiated by proprietor
and blunders in design plans, structure of details and documents. Further, it can be said that
compliance with legislative requirement also play essential role in minimizing delay in
schedule of project because it is the aspect which restrict execution of project activities.
Apart from this, there are non-excusable type of delays which are known as non\reasonable
deferrals. For example, delay in assessment and accommodation of sub-materials of
construction (Owolabi and et.al., 2014). Moreover, non-reasonable deferrals in project are
because of poor coordination, late execution of providers and subcontractors and because of
reluctance.
Apparently, delay in project are because of time which is part of basic delay arise due
to inappropriate time management or due to undertaking of conveyance date. Compensable
and simultaneous delay are other concerns of incurring risk in construction projects like,
additional expenses or due to cost, calendar delay and excessive time consumption in
specialized investigation (Larsen and et.al., 2015). The major incurring factor because of
project delay in construction project is cost. Incurring cost of project due to delay impacts
interrelationship and management between clients and companies.
Cost overrun is increase in cos because of unexpected changes in project. Cost
overrun in construction project mainly arise due to improper planning of contractors, poor
site management, inadequate experience and financial resources. Changes in budget o project
is the critical factor which impacts reputation and project planning and resources of both
6
contractor and client. Cost overrun effects stakeholders of project that is client, contractor,
employees, etc. Further, it leads to less return on investment and also impact confidence of
client. Also, incurring cost of project reflects loss of profit to contractor because it directly
increases cost and time of every scheduled activity. On the other hand, it is identified cost
over of construction project effects supplementary agreement, budget shortfall, reputation of
consultant increase labour cost, poor coordination, delay in time inadequacy of funds and
delay in construction. Thus, the present research will help in outlining effects of delay in
schedule and cost overrun of construction project. Also, the study will be focused on deriving
interrelationship of delay in schedule and increase in cost.
Aims and Objectives
Aim
“To analyse the effect of schedule delays and cost overrun on a construction project and their
interrelationship”.
Objectives
• To identify impact of labour strike on project cost.
• To identify impact of intervention of outside agency on project schedule delay and
cost.
• To identify impact of changes initiated by project owner on project cost.
Questions
• What is the impact of labour strike on project cost?
• What is the impact of intervention of outside agency on project schedule delay
and cost?
• What is the impact of changes initiated by project owner on project cost?
Hypothesis
H0: Schedule delay and cost overrun are directly proportional
H1: The more the delay takes place, the cost associated with the project will become more
Rationale of study
7
employees, etc. Further, it leads to less return on investment and also impact confidence of
client. Also, incurring cost of project reflects loss of profit to contractor because it directly
increases cost and time of every scheduled activity. On the other hand, it is identified cost
over of construction project effects supplementary agreement, budget shortfall, reputation of
consultant increase labour cost, poor coordination, delay in time inadequacy of funds and
delay in construction. Thus, the present research will help in outlining effects of delay in
schedule and cost overrun of construction project. Also, the study will be focused on deriving
interrelationship of delay in schedule and increase in cost.
Aims and Objectives
Aim
“To analyse the effect of schedule delays and cost overrun on a construction project and their
interrelationship”.
Objectives
• To identify impact of labour strike on project cost.
• To identify impact of intervention of outside agency on project schedule delay and
cost.
• To identify impact of changes initiated by project owner on project cost.
Questions
• What is the impact of labour strike on project cost?
• What is the impact of intervention of outside agency on project schedule delay
and cost?
• What is the impact of changes initiated by project owner on project cost?
Hypothesis
H0: Schedule delay and cost overrun are directly proportional
H1: The more the delay takes place, the cost associated with the project will become more
Rationale of study
7
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The motive behind conducting this study is to outline cost estimation and execution of
planning of people involved in particular construction project. The study will help in deriving
reasons and frequency of delay in schedule of construction project which is necessary to gain
insight over impact of delay. The study is for academic and personal interest and therefore the
information will be based on academic articles and statistical analysis. Further, the rationale
behind choosing this topic of research is to outline significant impact of cost overrun on
profitability of project. In accordance with different researches, it is been identified that over
construction proved to be delay and show upward increase in cost contribution (Henjewele,
Sun and Fewings, 2014). However, the delay in project activities a is not planned and
therefore the research will helpful in finding out schedule delay with regard to work and
increase in cost with regard to planned budget.
Scope of study
Scope of research is based on two aspects that is delay in schedule and cost overrun for
construction project. The keywords of research will be budget, contractor, client, cost plan,
labour cost, calendar delay, time consumption, additional expenses, etc. Scope of study is
limited to construction project and in current of cost which can be also because of delay. In
accordance with research it stated that most of the construction projects of country undergo
cost and time overruns (Liu and et.al., 2017). Further, the study will also help in developing
statistical analysis over responsible factors and interventions for schedule delay.
Significance of study
The research topic is important with respect to knowledge management over the factors
which leads to delay in schedule and incur cost in construction projects. Further, it will help
in finding out relationship between cost overrun and schedule delays. The study will help in
gaining appropriate understanding over topic because it is specific to only two variables and
their possible impact in projects. The research is important as it will promote knowledge over
different elements which causes delay in schedule of project and causes budget overrun and
impacts consistency and planning of construction project (Safapour, Kermanshachi and
Ramaji, 2018).
Structure of study
Chapter 1 Introduction: The chapter provides brief over aspects of research that is aim,
objectives, question and hypothesis. The aim of present research to outline effect and
interrelationship of schedule deal and cost over run on construction project. In accordance
with outline of this chapter it can be said that null hypothesis of study states that schedule
delay and cost overrun of project are directly proportional. However, alternative hypothesis
of study states that more the delay takes place, the cost associated with the project will
8
planning of people involved in particular construction project. The study will help in deriving
reasons and frequency of delay in schedule of construction project which is necessary to gain
insight over impact of delay. The study is for academic and personal interest and therefore the
information will be based on academic articles and statistical analysis. Further, the rationale
behind choosing this topic of research is to outline significant impact of cost overrun on
profitability of project. In accordance with different researches, it is been identified that over
construction proved to be delay and show upward increase in cost contribution (Henjewele,
Sun and Fewings, 2014). However, the delay in project activities a is not planned and
therefore the research will helpful in finding out schedule delay with regard to work and
increase in cost with regard to planned budget.
Scope of study
Scope of research is based on two aspects that is delay in schedule and cost overrun for
construction project. The keywords of research will be budget, contractor, client, cost plan,
labour cost, calendar delay, time consumption, additional expenses, etc. Scope of study is
limited to construction project and in current of cost which can be also because of delay. In
accordance with research it stated that most of the construction projects of country undergo
cost and time overruns (Liu and et.al., 2017). Further, the study will also help in developing
statistical analysis over responsible factors and interventions for schedule delay.
Significance of study
The research topic is important with respect to knowledge management over the factors
which leads to delay in schedule and incur cost in construction projects. Further, it will help
in finding out relationship between cost overrun and schedule delays. The study will help in
gaining appropriate understanding over topic because it is specific to only two variables and
their possible impact in projects. The research is important as it will promote knowledge over
different elements which causes delay in schedule of project and causes budget overrun and
impacts consistency and planning of construction project (Safapour, Kermanshachi and
Ramaji, 2018).
Structure of study
Chapter 1 Introduction: The chapter provides brief over aspects of research that is aim,
objectives, question and hypothesis. The aim of present research to outline effect and
interrelationship of schedule deal and cost over run on construction project. In accordance
with outline of this chapter it can be said that null hypothesis of study states that schedule
delay and cost overrun of project are directly proportional. However, alternative hypothesis
of study states that more the delay takes place, the cost associated with the project will
8
become more. This section of research helped in gaining understanding over different
perspective which needs to be researched for drawing appropriate findings.
Chapter 2 Literature review: The chapter is completely based on secondary facts and
findings outline din different articles, journals, online blogs, governmental publications,
books, newspaper, etc. The accumulation of information helps in gaining knowledge over
wide range of terms related to topic. The chapter encourages critical thinking over different
elements related to research objectives and questions like, errors in labour, increase in labour
cost, time management, budget overrun, poor management of consumer sites, poor
productivity of labour, etc. Thus, the secondary information in this chapter will be focused on
deriving impact of delays in schedule and cost overrun on a construction project and
relationship between schedule delays and cost overrun.
Chapter 3 Research methodology: This provide sequential plan and procedure for
conducting systematic research. The chapter derives use of methodological tools and
techniques in general and specific to research. The present research is about proving
hypothesis and therefore is of quantitative type. The collected information will be analysed
by statistically with the helps of SPSS that is Statistical package for social science. In
accordance with this tool the research philosophy will be positivism and approach ill be
deductive. However, the analysis will be done on the basis of correlation and regression.
Chapter 4 Data Analysis and Results: The chapter outlines interpretation of perform
statistical analysis. This helps in developing understanding over findings of study which is
interpreted on the basis of accumulated data. The analysis will be done the basis of themes of
questionnaire in qualitative form that is on the basis of figures. This is in form of critical
analysis which promotes discussion on findings. This, will aid in outlining similarities and
gap in findings on the basis of research objectives and questions.
Chapter 5: Conclusion and recommendation: This is the last chapter which provides
summary of accumulated and analysed information in study. This enables understanding over
tools and analysis done in study. Thus, it can be said that this final chapter derives link
between research question and objectives and analyses gap. Hence, on the basis of gap
recommendation for entire research are outlined.
9
perspective which needs to be researched for drawing appropriate findings.
Chapter 2 Literature review: The chapter is completely based on secondary facts and
findings outline din different articles, journals, online blogs, governmental publications,
books, newspaper, etc. The accumulation of information helps in gaining knowledge over
wide range of terms related to topic. The chapter encourages critical thinking over different
elements related to research objectives and questions like, errors in labour, increase in labour
cost, time management, budget overrun, poor management of consumer sites, poor
productivity of labour, etc. Thus, the secondary information in this chapter will be focused on
deriving impact of delays in schedule and cost overrun on a construction project and
relationship between schedule delays and cost overrun.
Chapter 3 Research methodology: This provide sequential plan and procedure for
conducting systematic research. The chapter derives use of methodological tools and
techniques in general and specific to research. The present research is about proving
hypothesis and therefore is of quantitative type. The collected information will be analysed
by statistically with the helps of SPSS that is Statistical package for social science. In
accordance with this tool the research philosophy will be positivism and approach ill be
deductive. However, the analysis will be done on the basis of correlation and regression.
Chapter 4 Data Analysis and Results: The chapter outlines interpretation of perform
statistical analysis. This helps in developing understanding over findings of study which is
interpreted on the basis of accumulated data. The analysis will be done the basis of themes of
questionnaire in qualitative form that is on the basis of figures. This is in form of critical
analysis which promotes discussion on findings. This, will aid in outlining similarities and
gap in findings on the basis of research objectives and questions.
Chapter 5: Conclusion and recommendation: This is the last chapter which provides
summary of accumulated and analysed information in study. This enables understanding over
tools and analysis done in study. Thus, it can be said that this final chapter derives link
between research question and objectives and analyses gap. Hence, on the basis of gap
recommendation for entire research are outlined.
9
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW
It is been referred as the comprehensive summary that is been prepared from the previous
research topic. The survey of literature review is been made from the scholarly articles, other
sources and books that are considered as relevant to the area in within the research has to be
conducted. Literature review is the most important aspect that is to be taken into account
while going through the research process. It conveys the entire issues and the detailed
analysis in relation to the topic to the readers and provides from the knowledge and the ideas
that has been developed on the specific research topic. In accordance with this research study,
literature review highlights all the issues that are commonly faced by the construction
manager in the process of construction such as schedule delay, labour strike, project cost,
intervention by the other agencies etc.
According to the Larsen and et.al., (2015) schedule delay is quite common in construction
process. It can be done because of the various reason such as financial issues, resource
allocation, natural calamities, lack of experience, government, suppliers delay etc. There are
different types of schedule delay in construction such as excusable and non – excusable
delay, critical delay, concurrent delay, compensable delay etc. Construction schedule delay
refers to time lag in completing the project or activities from the given or specified time as
per the contract. It increases the risk for the project to increase the cost unnecessarily but by
identifying, measuring and analysing the schedule delay in systematic manner they can
manage the risk. Author found that delay of project is interrelated to the weather, design,
material, human resource and demographic location.
Author Durdyev, Omarov and Ismail, (2017) argued that some internal factor also increases
the schedule delay such as labour strike, changes by the owner in construction plan etc.
Sometime labour feels that they receive the unfair wages from the contractor or the contractor
does not use appropriate safety measures construction sites which generate the situation of
strike. Sometimes owner change the plan like add the additional features or change the outlet
or design etc. It also increases the schedule delay in construction. Author found that this kind
of delay are out of the control of contractor and comes under the excusable schedule delay.
As per the author Bagaya and Song (2016) schedule delay make a huge impact on the overall
construction process. It increases the cost of the project as well as create mistrust and dispute
among the suppliers and contractors because of the delay in payments. Construction delay
also affect the image of contractor and its business. As per the author the reason behind the
construction delay are cost overrun and time overrun. Cost overrun refers to exceed the cost
10
It is been referred as the comprehensive summary that is been prepared from the previous
research topic. The survey of literature review is been made from the scholarly articles, other
sources and books that are considered as relevant to the area in within the research has to be
conducted. Literature review is the most important aspect that is to be taken into account
while going through the research process. It conveys the entire issues and the detailed
analysis in relation to the topic to the readers and provides from the knowledge and the ideas
that has been developed on the specific research topic. In accordance with this research study,
literature review highlights all the issues that are commonly faced by the construction
manager in the process of construction such as schedule delay, labour strike, project cost,
intervention by the other agencies etc.
According to the Larsen and et.al., (2015) schedule delay is quite common in construction
process. It can be done because of the various reason such as financial issues, resource
allocation, natural calamities, lack of experience, government, suppliers delay etc. There are
different types of schedule delay in construction such as excusable and non – excusable
delay, critical delay, concurrent delay, compensable delay etc. Construction schedule delay
refers to time lag in completing the project or activities from the given or specified time as
per the contract. It increases the risk for the project to increase the cost unnecessarily but by
identifying, measuring and analysing the schedule delay in systematic manner they can
manage the risk. Author found that delay of project is interrelated to the weather, design,
material, human resource and demographic location.
Author Durdyev, Omarov and Ismail, (2017) argued that some internal factor also increases
the schedule delay such as labour strike, changes by the owner in construction plan etc.
Sometime labour feels that they receive the unfair wages from the contractor or the contractor
does not use appropriate safety measures construction sites which generate the situation of
strike. Sometimes owner change the plan like add the additional features or change the outlet
or design etc. It also increases the schedule delay in construction. Author found that this kind
of delay are out of the control of contractor and comes under the excusable schedule delay.
As per the author Bagaya and Song (2016) schedule delay make a huge impact on the overall
construction process. It increases the cost of the project as well as create mistrust and dispute
among the suppliers and contractors because of the delay in payments. Construction delay
also affect the image of contractor and its business. As per the author the reason behind the
construction delay are cost overrun and time overrun. Cost overrun refers to exceed the cost
10
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from the available budget while time overrun refers to exceed the time with from the given
time limit for completed the building or project.
But as per the views of Aziz and Abdel-Hakam (2016) it has been criticized that schedule
delay increases the cost of the project and create negative impact in the mind of clients,
customer, contractor, consultants etc. It also affects the relationship with the different
suppliers and create mistrust, arbitration and cash flow problems. Schedule delay affect the
overall construction and also the related business. For example, a contractor wants to rent his
building to the foreign student but due to the schedule delay the construction work is not
completed. So, it also affects its profit generated by the rent.
Al-Hazim, Salem and Ahmad (2017) also found that cause and effect of delay is also differed
from project to the project. For example: For the construction of building the cause of delay
are different from the delay in construction of road. As well as it also varies from one country
to the other country due the climate and economic changes. It differs because different
country chooses different equipment for the construction like developed countries choose the
advanced techniques and equipment in construction site while the under developed countries
still use the traditional method and techniques on the construction sites.
As per the author Sambasivan and et.al., (2017) views cost overrun in construction project is
because of the improper plan, inaccurate estimation of project, design error, administration
error, poor site or location management, poor change management and inefficient labour and
engineers. This factor increases the cost of the construction project above to the given budget.
The proper planning of the project helps the contractor to minimize the cost overrun and
complete the project within the given time and cost. Author explains that cost overrun can be
result of improper planning and communication error on the sites. Sometime communication
barriers between the constructor and its labours generate the over utilization of resources
which increases the cost of the project. Constructor need to control the activities and monitor
the performance of labour to improve their relationship with the labour. It also helps them to
reduce the cost of the project.
But according to the Wang and Yuan (2016) there are also the other factor which create cost
overrun such as financial factor, environment factor, management factor and construction
item factor. Author collect data from the different contractors, sites, clients, architecture,
engineers etc. and concluded that shortage of finance, price fluctuation, environment change,
and inadequate project planning are the more reason behind the cost overrun. As per the
author contractors has to collect finance from the different sources to accomplish the
construction project but it is not an easy task. They have to face many problems while
collecting the fund for accomplish project, pay wages to labour, rental or purchase the
equipment and machinery etc. While the other author Faghihi and et.al., (2015) consider that
poor budget planning, high rental fee and material inflation are the common reason of cost
overrun. According to them the high rent of machinery and equipment increases the cost of
the project and due to the wide competition, the rental house charge high rent on the usage of
machinery. This also increases the cost of the project because the machinery and equipment
are useful part of the construction project.
As per the views of author Brookes and Locatelli (2015) cost overrun and schedule delay are
interrelated. That is schedule delay increases the cost overrun in construction project. They
explain in their study that there is positive relation between the cost overrun and schedule
11
time limit for completed the building or project.
But as per the views of Aziz and Abdel-Hakam (2016) it has been criticized that schedule
delay increases the cost of the project and create negative impact in the mind of clients,
customer, contractor, consultants etc. It also affects the relationship with the different
suppliers and create mistrust, arbitration and cash flow problems. Schedule delay affect the
overall construction and also the related business. For example, a contractor wants to rent his
building to the foreign student but due to the schedule delay the construction work is not
completed. So, it also affects its profit generated by the rent.
Al-Hazim, Salem and Ahmad (2017) also found that cause and effect of delay is also differed
from project to the project. For example: For the construction of building the cause of delay
are different from the delay in construction of road. As well as it also varies from one country
to the other country due the climate and economic changes. It differs because different
country chooses different equipment for the construction like developed countries choose the
advanced techniques and equipment in construction site while the under developed countries
still use the traditional method and techniques on the construction sites.
As per the author Sambasivan and et.al., (2017) views cost overrun in construction project is
because of the improper plan, inaccurate estimation of project, design error, administration
error, poor site or location management, poor change management and inefficient labour and
engineers. This factor increases the cost of the construction project above to the given budget.
The proper planning of the project helps the contractor to minimize the cost overrun and
complete the project within the given time and cost. Author explains that cost overrun can be
result of improper planning and communication error on the sites. Sometime communication
barriers between the constructor and its labours generate the over utilization of resources
which increases the cost of the project. Constructor need to control the activities and monitor
the performance of labour to improve their relationship with the labour. It also helps them to
reduce the cost of the project.
But according to the Wang and Yuan (2016) there are also the other factor which create cost
overrun such as financial factor, environment factor, management factor and construction
item factor. Author collect data from the different contractors, sites, clients, architecture,
engineers etc. and concluded that shortage of finance, price fluctuation, environment change,
and inadequate project planning are the more reason behind the cost overrun. As per the
author contractors has to collect finance from the different sources to accomplish the
construction project but it is not an easy task. They have to face many problems while
collecting the fund for accomplish project, pay wages to labour, rental or purchase the
equipment and machinery etc. While the other author Faghihi and et.al., (2015) consider that
poor budget planning, high rental fee and material inflation are the common reason of cost
overrun. According to them the high rent of machinery and equipment increases the cost of
the project and due to the wide competition, the rental house charge high rent on the usage of
machinery. This also increases the cost of the project because the machinery and equipment
are useful part of the construction project.
As per the views of author Brookes and Locatelli (2015) cost overrun and schedule delay are
interrelated. That is schedule delay increases the cost overrun in construction project. They
explain in their study that there is positive relation between the cost overrun and schedule
11
delay. Increase in schedule delay also results to increase in overrun cost of the project. For
example, Poor management, improper planning and resources etc. are the result of schedule
delay. It directly affects the cost of the project i.e. to complete the project within the time
contractor require more physical and human resources which increases the cost of the project.
Furthermore, a study conducted by the author Lessing, Thurnell and Durdyev (2017) suggest
that increase in the cost of the project also results to schedule delay. They explain that cost
overrun requires more fund to accomplish the task or project on time. Contractor need to
collect the fund from the different sources such as private institutions, banks, savings,
government etc. which takes huge time and process. So ultimately it delays the construction
project. Collect fund from the different sources consumes huge time because it requires
proper planning to propose the proposal to the investors and attract them to invest in the
project. The interrelation of cost overrun and schedule delay is positive. The increase in one
factor result to increase in another factor and also the vice versa. Author suggest in their
study that to minimize the impact of cost overrun and schedule delay they have to manage
their activities and regulate the project by setting standard and compare their activities to the
given standard. It helps them to analyse the error and rectify them within the given time.
As per the author Hwang, Zhao and Tan (2015) there are different ways to minimize the
impact of cost overrun and schedule delay on construction project. They explain in their
study that by efficient management of resource and proper planning contractor can resolve
the financial issues. As per their study contractor has to set the meetings and prepare a proper
construction plan with the availability of technical and physical resources. A proper
management of resources help the contractor to assign the cost and time according to the
available resource which indirectly reduces the risk of schedule delay and cost overrun. They
also suggest that allocation of resources and job role according the skills and experience of
worker also help the contractor to minimize the impact of cost overrun and schedule delay on
construction project. The experience of the worker helps to handle the critical situation on
construction site such as limited resources and time, usage of machinery and proposing
alternative plan and their implementation etc. It ultimately helps to complete the project
within the given time and cost. Experience of work force lead to manage the activity and
suggest different alternatives to control the cost of the project.
Labour strike
In the views of Turner, Clack and Roberts, (2017), strike refers to as a system wherein all the
workers or the employees of the company stops their work. This is done in order to solve the
problems and grievances of the employees. In today's modern era, many trade unions and
labour committees have been established in order to help and safeguard the rights of the
employees and mostly the worker class of employees. In accordance with the opinion of
Schmalz, Sommer and Xu, (2017), the worker class involves those type of labour and worker
which works at either factories or at construction sites. This factor is responsible for the
delaying in the work and also in overrunning of the cost. This is a major reason for the delay
in the work within the construction business. It is so because of the reason the if the workers
will not work at the construction site then there will be no work completed. Therefore, this
will stop the work at the construction site and the project will not be accomplished on time.
12
example, Poor management, improper planning and resources etc. are the result of schedule
delay. It directly affects the cost of the project i.e. to complete the project within the time
contractor require more physical and human resources which increases the cost of the project.
Furthermore, a study conducted by the author Lessing, Thurnell and Durdyev (2017) suggest
that increase in the cost of the project also results to schedule delay. They explain that cost
overrun requires more fund to accomplish the task or project on time. Contractor need to
collect the fund from the different sources such as private institutions, banks, savings,
government etc. which takes huge time and process. So ultimately it delays the construction
project. Collect fund from the different sources consumes huge time because it requires
proper planning to propose the proposal to the investors and attract them to invest in the
project. The interrelation of cost overrun and schedule delay is positive. The increase in one
factor result to increase in another factor and also the vice versa. Author suggest in their
study that to minimize the impact of cost overrun and schedule delay they have to manage
their activities and regulate the project by setting standard and compare their activities to the
given standard. It helps them to analyse the error and rectify them within the given time.
As per the author Hwang, Zhao and Tan (2015) there are different ways to minimize the
impact of cost overrun and schedule delay on construction project. They explain in their
study that by efficient management of resource and proper planning contractor can resolve
the financial issues. As per their study contractor has to set the meetings and prepare a proper
construction plan with the availability of technical and physical resources. A proper
management of resources help the contractor to assign the cost and time according to the
available resource which indirectly reduces the risk of schedule delay and cost overrun. They
also suggest that allocation of resources and job role according the skills and experience of
worker also help the contractor to minimize the impact of cost overrun and schedule delay on
construction project. The experience of the worker helps to handle the critical situation on
construction site such as limited resources and time, usage of machinery and proposing
alternative plan and their implementation etc. It ultimately helps to complete the project
within the given time and cost. Experience of work force lead to manage the activity and
suggest different alternatives to control the cost of the project.
Labour strike
In the views of Turner, Clack and Roberts, (2017), strike refers to as a system wherein all the
workers or the employees of the company stops their work. This is done in order to solve the
problems and grievances of the employees. In today's modern era, many trade unions and
labour committees have been established in order to help and safeguard the rights of the
employees and mostly the worker class of employees. In accordance with the opinion of
Schmalz, Sommer and Xu, (2017), the worker class involves those type of labour and worker
which works at either factories or at construction sites. This factor is responsible for the
delaying in the work and also in overrunning of the cost. This is a major reason for the delay
in the work within the construction business. It is so because of the reason the if the workers
will not work at the construction site then there will be no work completed. Therefore, this
will stop the work at the construction site and the project will not be accomplished on time.
12
In the view point of the Joukar, Nahmens and Harvey, (2017), labour strike is caused by the
workforce of a company if their needs and wants are not met with. It generally takes place in
response to employee grievances and problems faced by them.
He also states that labour strikes have an adverse effect on the working of the company, it
affects their productivity and hampers their efficiency as well as effectiveness. Therefore, it is
important to avoid labour strikes by fulfilling workers' needs and wants. It will not only help
in smooth functioning of the construction project but would also lead to increased motivation
and productivity of the workers, this will be beneficial for them in the long run.
Larsen, Shen, Lindhard, and Brunoe, (2015) has mentioned that in order to avoid labour
strikes, the management of the company must bridge the gap between workers and top-level
management by providing adequate communication within them. In this way, the top-level
management can directly pass instructions and important information to their workforce and
in return the workforce can share their grievances and problems with them.
But Mahamid, Al - Ghonamy and Aichouni, (2015), states that construction is the major
sector within the economy, and it is of utmost importance that the business runs successfully
so that the construction is being done on a continuous basis. If the labour will not be there,
then how the work of construction will be carried on. In accordance with the Ballesteros -
Pérez and et.al., (2015), if the work will not be done then there will be delay in the work. If
there will be delay, then it will result in cost going over. It is due to the reason that if the
workers will not work then the machines at the construction site will be unused and all the
electricity will be running without any reason.
According to the views of Choi and Cho, (2017) labour strike arise because of the improper
communication within the workplace. It increases the communication gap between the
workers and contractor which result to increases conflict and finally create the situation of
labour strike. When the needs and demand are not fulfilled by the contractor or the labour are
dissatisfied with their job role than it generates the situation of strike to aware the contractor
about the labour situation. According to the author strike increase the cost of the project
because labour are refused to work on the project which delay the project and ultimately
increases the cost. The labour strike also generates the variety of needs and demand of
workers which also increases the cost of construction project. The labour strike result to hire
additional worker to complete the project when existing worker refuse to work with the
existing environment. It increases the cost of the contractor because they also have to pay the
additional work force to run the project.
As per the thinking of Alford, Barrientos and Visser, (2017), the labour strike will lead to
delay in the work because of the reason that if the work is stopped at time of project initiation
then it is evident that the project will not be taken further and the project will stop at initiation
phase only till the strike is over. But Perera, Sutrisna and Yiu, (2016), articulates that it
increases the cost because of the reason that many a time advance payment are being done as
the construction project involves huge investments. Therefore, because of delay in work the
cost of early payments is high.
Further the Bierman, M., Marnewick, A. and Pretorius, J. H. C., (2016), states that due to
labour strike project is not completed on time and contractor need to take extension to
complete the project which decreases the reputation of the contractor. If labour is forced to
13
workforce of a company if their needs and wants are not met with. It generally takes place in
response to employee grievances and problems faced by them.
He also states that labour strikes have an adverse effect on the working of the company, it
affects their productivity and hampers their efficiency as well as effectiveness. Therefore, it is
important to avoid labour strikes by fulfilling workers' needs and wants. It will not only help
in smooth functioning of the construction project but would also lead to increased motivation
and productivity of the workers, this will be beneficial for them in the long run.
Larsen, Shen, Lindhard, and Brunoe, (2015) has mentioned that in order to avoid labour
strikes, the management of the company must bridge the gap between workers and top-level
management by providing adequate communication within them. In this way, the top-level
management can directly pass instructions and important information to their workforce and
in return the workforce can share their grievances and problems with them.
But Mahamid, Al - Ghonamy and Aichouni, (2015), states that construction is the major
sector within the economy, and it is of utmost importance that the business runs successfully
so that the construction is being done on a continuous basis. If the labour will not be there,
then how the work of construction will be carried on. In accordance with the Ballesteros -
Pérez and et.al., (2015), if the work will not be done then there will be delay in the work. If
there will be delay, then it will result in cost going over. It is due to the reason that if the
workers will not work then the machines at the construction site will be unused and all the
electricity will be running without any reason.
According to the views of Choi and Cho, (2017) labour strike arise because of the improper
communication within the workplace. It increases the communication gap between the
workers and contractor which result to increases conflict and finally create the situation of
labour strike. When the needs and demand are not fulfilled by the contractor or the labour are
dissatisfied with their job role than it generates the situation of strike to aware the contractor
about the labour situation. According to the author strike increase the cost of the project
because labour are refused to work on the project which delay the project and ultimately
increases the cost. The labour strike also generates the variety of needs and demand of
workers which also increases the cost of construction project. The labour strike result to hire
additional worker to complete the project when existing worker refuse to work with the
existing environment. It increases the cost of the contractor because they also have to pay the
additional work force to run the project.
As per the thinking of Alford, Barrientos and Visser, (2017), the labour strike will lead to
delay in the work because of the reason that if the work is stopped at time of project initiation
then it is evident that the project will not be taken further and the project will stop at initiation
phase only till the strike is over. But Perera, Sutrisna and Yiu, (2016), articulates that it
increases the cost because of the reason that many a time advance payment are being done as
the construction project involves huge investments. Therefore, because of delay in work the
cost of early payments is high.
Further the Bierman, M., Marnewick, A. and Pretorius, J. H. C., (2016), states that due to
labour strike project is not completed on time and contractor need to take extension to
complete the project which decreases the reputation of the contractor. If labour is forced to
13
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work under some circumstances than they do not give their best in constructing a project,
they reduce their quality of work and they will reduce the productivity. The project is not
completed on time and sometimes labour want increase in their pay which lead in incurring
huge cost in completing the project. However, Crossan, J. M. and et.al., (2016), commented
that efficient planning need to be done before starting an project such as the wages given to
labour need to be decided, budget need to be made and time span also need to made to
complete the project successfully. Labours play a main role in completing a project and if
they go a strike then the schedule get delayed and project is left in between.
Error in plan
It is yet another factor which is the reason behind the increase in cost or delay in the
construction project. Ciribini, Ventura and Paneroni, (2016), states that the planning is the
basis of whole plan made for the construction project. It is because of the reason that if there
is an error in the plan itself then it will pose a problem in the future when the project will
come to the stage where the error is in the plan. An inadequate planning of the constructor
result to increase the cost and time of the project. Constructor has to plan and monitor all the
activities of the project to manage the human and material resources. Improper plan lead to
increase the unnecessarily usage of resources in construction process which ultimately
increases the cost because now they require more material in completing the project. The
proper planning of the project requires long time and efficient personnel to plan the activity
to achieve their target.
The whole project is based on the plan made earlier and the whole construction project is
executed on the basis of the plan itself. In the views of Durdyev, Omarov and Ismail, (2017),
if the error in the plan is at the last stages of the project then it will all be wrong as there was
mistake in the plan so the whole project will also be wrong. This will lead to delay because of
the reason that if at the later stage it will be outlined that there was an error in the project then
it will have to be rechecked and rectified according to the corrections within the project. So it
will take a lot of time to rectify since the project will be reviewed since the starting.
Therefore, this will consume a lot of time.
In the view point of Al - Hazim, Salem and Ahmad, (2017), error in plan is a major blunder
and can hamper the productivity of the company. It can increase production delays, leads to
overlapping of work and also cause poor utilization of resources. This will further increase
the overall cost of the project.
Moreover, the Amusan, L. M. and et.al., (2018), has stated that the main reason behind
inadequate planning is lack of communication, lack of resources and skills and poor
estimation of time and overall budget.
`If the company wishes to make the project successful then it is mandatory for them to recruit
skilled employees and also the project must be monitored and controlled by experienced
individuals. This will help them in taking corrective actions as soon as the project diverts
from the standard plan.
On the other hand, Parvan, Rahmandad and Haghani, (2015), articulates that it will also
increase the cost involved in the completion of the project. It is because of the reason that
firstly the project manager has to review all the steps in the plan of the whole project. Then
14
they reduce their quality of work and they will reduce the productivity. The project is not
completed on time and sometimes labour want increase in their pay which lead in incurring
huge cost in completing the project. However, Crossan, J. M. and et.al., (2016), commented
that efficient planning need to be done before starting an project such as the wages given to
labour need to be decided, budget need to be made and time span also need to made to
complete the project successfully. Labours play a main role in completing a project and if
they go a strike then the schedule get delayed and project is left in between.
Error in plan
It is yet another factor which is the reason behind the increase in cost or delay in the
construction project. Ciribini, Ventura and Paneroni, (2016), states that the planning is the
basis of whole plan made for the construction project. It is because of the reason that if there
is an error in the plan itself then it will pose a problem in the future when the project will
come to the stage where the error is in the plan. An inadequate planning of the constructor
result to increase the cost and time of the project. Constructor has to plan and monitor all the
activities of the project to manage the human and material resources. Improper plan lead to
increase the unnecessarily usage of resources in construction process which ultimately
increases the cost because now they require more material in completing the project. The
proper planning of the project requires long time and efficient personnel to plan the activity
to achieve their target.
The whole project is based on the plan made earlier and the whole construction project is
executed on the basis of the plan itself. In the views of Durdyev, Omarov and Ismail, (2017),
if the error in the plan is at the last stages of the project then it will all be wrong as there was
mistake in the plan so the whole project will also be wrong. This will lead to delay because of
the reason that if at the later stage it will be outlined that there was an error in the project then
it will have to be rechecked and rectified according to the corrections within the project. So it
will take a lot of time to rectify since the project will be reviewed since the starting.
Therefore, this will consume a lot of time.
In the view point of Al - Hazim, Salem and Ahmad, (2017), error in plan is a major blunder
and can hamper the productivity of the company. It can increase production delays, leads to
overlapping of work and also cause poor utilization of resources. This will further increase
the overall cost of the project.
Moreover, the Amusan, L. M. and et.al., (2018), has stated that the main reason behind
inadequate planning is lack of communication, lack of resources and skills and poor
estimation of time and overall budget.
`If the company wishes to make the project successful then it is mandatory for them to recruit
skilled employees and also the project must be monitored and controlled by experienced
individuals. This will help them in taking corrective actions as soon as the project diverts
from the standard plan.
On the other hand, Parvan, Rahmandad and Haghani, (2015), articulates that it will also
increase the cost involved in the completion of the project. It is because of the reason that
firstly the project manager has to review all the steps in the plan of the whole project. Then
14
also there might be possibility that the manager has to hire some expert or professional to
review the whole project and detect the errors within the whole plan. On the other hand,
Halpin, Lucko and Senior, (2017), argues that the cost of the project due to error in plans
increases because of the reason that now the company has to again make changes in the
construction according to the errors which occurred earlier. Therefore, the factor error within
the plans leads to both increase in the cost of the company and also delay in the completion of
the project.
According to the view of Amusan, L. M. and et.al., (2018), error in plan may happen through
lack of communication, poor planning, poor coordination, insufficient resources and
insufficient funds etc. these all are the factors which make delay in construction project.
Improper distribution of resources will reduce the quality of work, it will decrease the
productivity which will lead to delay in project schedule. Lack of funds is an important
element through which project gets delayed, it is difficult to manage funds at difficult times
sue to this contractor face many challenges because they also need to give wages to labour.
Poor planning also leads to delay in project as the budget made to complete the project is not
sufficient and resources are not distributed properly will impact the project schedule.
However, Ansah, R.H., Sorooshian, S. and Mustafa, S.B., (2016), stated that mismanagement
and poor leadership skills also lead to delay in construction project. Poor leadership skills
will lead to conflicts, communication issue, resistance to change, low motivation and low
morale of employees. Doing work in such environment demotivate labour and they do not
accept changes quickly (technological change) which increases the time of project.
Intervention by outside agencies
This is also an important factor which may lead to delay in the project completion or the
overrunning of the cost for the company. In accordance with the viewpoints of Arditi, Nayak
and Damci, (2017), it is due to the fact that if there is any change coming in the business
environment relating to the construction industry then it will have to make relevant and
related changes within their project as well. Some agencies interfere in the process of
construction such as try to change the design, layout of the building, add some extra material
etc. which lead to delay in scheduling and cost overrun. As per the author the impact of
outsider on the project increases the cost of the project.
In the view point of Xu, Li, and Lv, (2015) the government intervention is sometimes
subjected to illegal activities performed by the company. Illegal activities may include use of
lower quality raw materials, child labour, illegal construction and other such activities. This
may also lead to shelving or postponement of project which can be a huge loss for the
company. Hence, it is advisable for any organization to perform legal as well as ethical
activities to ensure minimum government intervention and smooth working in the long run.
Like for instance, the government of the country all of sudden increases the taxes which the
construction company has to pay to the government. Then this situation will lead to both
delay in the project and increase in the cost. It is evident that if the tax rate for the company
will increase then the company definitely has to pay more taxes which will automatically
increase the cost for the company. They also explain the government change the policy of
import and export of the material which increases the cost of the material and machinery used
15
review the whole project and detect the errors within the whole plan. On the other hand,
Halpin, Lucko and Senior, (2017), argues that the cost of the project due to error in plans
increases because of the reason that now the company has to again make changes in the
construction according to the errors which occurred earlier. Therefore, the factor error within
the plans leads to both increase in the cost of the company and also delay in the completion of
the project.
According to the view of Amusan, L. M. and et.al., (2018), error in plan may happen through
lack of communication, poor planning, poor coordination, insufficient resources and
insufficient funds etc. these all are the factors which make delay in construction project.
Improper distribution of resources will reduce the quality of work, it will decrease the
productivity which will lead to delay in project schedule. Lack of funds is an important
element through which project gets delayed, it is difficult to manage funds at difficult times
sue to this contractor face many challenges because they also need to give wages to labour.
Poor planning also leads to delay in project as the budget made to complete the project is not
sufficient and resources are not distributed properly will impact the project schedule.
However, Ansah, R.H., Sorooshian, S. and Mustafa, S.B., (2016), stated that mismanagement
and poor leadership skills also lead to delay in construction project. Poor leadership skills
will lead to conflicts, communication issue, resistance to change, low motivation and low
morale of employees. Doing work in such environment demotivate labour and they do not
accept changes quickly (technological change) which increases the time of project.
Intervention by outside agencies
This is also an important factor which may lead to delay in the project completion or the
overrunning of the cost for the company. In accordance with the viewpoints of Arditi, Nayak
and Damci, (2017), it is due to the fact that if there is any change coming in the business
environment relating to the construction industry then it will have to make relevant and
related changes within their project as well. Some agencies interfere in the process of
construction such as try to change the design, layout of the building, add some extra material
etc. which lead to delay in scheduling and cost overrun. As per the author the impact of
outsider on the project increases the cost of the project.
In the view point of Xu, Li, and Lv, (2015) the government intervention is sometimes
subjected to illegal activities performed by the company. Illegal activities may include use of
lower quality raw materials, child labour, illegal construction and other such activities. This
may also lead to shelving or postponement of project which can be a huge loss for the
company. Hence, it is advisable for any organization to perform legal as well as ethical
activities to ensure minimum government intervention and smooth working in the long run.
Like for instance, the government of the country all of sudden increases the taxes which the
construction company has to pay to the government. Then this situation will lead to both
delay in the project and increase in the cost. It is evident that if the tax rate for the company
will increase then the company definitely has to pay more taxes which will automatically
increase the cost for the company. They also explain the government change the policy of
import and export of the material which increases the cost of the material and machinery used
15
by contractor in the project. Some time it also consumes huge time to deliver the material to
the contractor and ultimately delay the project and increases time to complete the
construction work.
In contrast to this Al - Hazim, Salem and Ahmad, (2017), states that the planning for the
whole project is done on the basis of the earlier tax rate and now if the tax rate is increased
then all the other calculations will also have to be redone. This reviewing of the whole project
will take up a lot of time and this may lead to delay in the project completion. The
measurement and evaluation of inflation rate provide an estimation to the contractor
regarding the increasing cost of the material and help them to prepare the proper plan
according to the inflation rate, so they can change their scheduling to meet the objective of
the construction project.
Also, for example another incidence can be like the labour involved within the whole project
increases their wage rate then it will be a situation wherein the cost of the company increases
because now it has to pay more wages for the same amount of work which was paid less in
earlier time. Also, this situation can lead to delay in the project because if the wages of the
workers will not be increased on time then there is possibility that the workers might not
work till their demands are fulfilled. Therefore, this may lead to delay in the project
completion. It increases the chances of labour strike which also result to increase the time to
complete the construction. The intervention of outside agency affects the performance of the
construction project because it delays the activities and consume more time to implement the
changes done by the investor. Thus, it needs to reschedule the activity and take the measure
according to the new plan.
Oseghale, Abiola - Falemu and Oseghale, (2015), states that also the competitors of the
company can intervene in the process of construction. This might be because of the reason
that the competitor wishes to remove its competition out of the market. For this the
competitors can take any measure to remove its competition. For instance, the competitor can
bribe the workers of the company and encourage them not to work for the company or to do
the work in an unethical way. So, this might influence the workers of the company and they
may work in totally wrong way. Therefore, if the workers will work in wrongful manner then
the company has to again do its work. Thus, this will increase the cost of redoing the work.
And as the work will be redone then it will take a lot of time hence it will lead to delay in the
completion of the project.
Fernandes, S., (2017), states that change in the regulation and policies of construction also
delay the schedule of project, new policies and regulations need to be followed by the
company in order to protect the right of labour. There are some policies and acts made my
government to protect rights of labour, every company need to implement these laws and
acts. If these are not implemented by the company, then government will ban their project.
However, Forbes, I. and Hoffman, M. eds., (2016), stated that before starting a project there
is a need to take permission from government and complete all the documents. If permission
is not taken or all the documents are not registered, then government has right to stop the
project. This will make delay in completing the project as contractor first need to take
permission and register all the documents and then after project will be continued.
Apart from this Simmons, B. and Watson, D., (2015) highlighted that if there is an
intervention or conflicts between the investors and contractor then project may be delayed as
16
the contractor and ultimately delay the project and increases time to complete the
construction work.
In contrast to this Al - Hazim, Salem and Ahmad, (2017), states that the planning for the
whole project is done on the basis of the earlier tax rate and now if the tax rate is increased
then all the other calculations will also have to be redone. This reviewing of the whole project
will take up a lot of time and this may lead to delay in the project completion. The
measurement and evaluation of inflation rate provide an estimation to the contractor
regarding the increasing cost of the material and help them to prepare the proper plan
according to the inflation rate, so they can change their scheduling to meet the objective of
the construction project.
Also, for example another incidence can be like the labour involved within the whole project
increases their wage rate then it will be a situation wherein the cost of the company increases
because now it has to pay more wages for the same amount of work which was paid less in
earlier time. Also, this situation can lead to delay in the project because if the wages of the
workers will not be increased on time then there is possibility that the workers might not
work till their demands are fulfilled. Therefore, this may lead to delay in the project
completion. It increases the chances of labour strike which also result to increase the time to
complete the construction. The intervention of outside agency affects the performance of the
construction project because it delays the activities and consume more time to implement the
changes done by the investor. Thus, it needs to reschedule the activity and take the measure
according to the new plan.
Oseghale, Abiola - Falemu and Oseghale, (2015), states that also the competitors of the
company can intervene in the process of construction. This might be because of the reason
that the competitor wishes to remove its competition out of the market. For this the
competitors can take any measure to remove its competition. For instance, the competitor can
bribe the workers of the company and encourage them not to work for the company or to do
the work in an unethical way. So, this might influence the workers of the company and they
may work in totally wrong way. Therefore, if the workers will work in wrongful manner then
the company has to again do its work. Thus, this will increase the cost of redoing the work.
And as the work will be redone then it will take a lot of time hence it will lead to delay in the
completion of the project.
Fernandes, S., (2017), states that change in the regulation and policies of construction also
delay the schedule of project, new policies and regulations need to be followed by the
company in order to protect the right of labour. There are some policies and acts made my
government to protect rights of labour, every company need to implement these laws and
acts. If these are not implemented by the company, then government will ban their project.
However, Forbes, I. and Hoffman, M. eds., (2016), stated that before starting a project there
is a need to take permission from government and complete all the documents. If permission
is not taken or all the documents are not registered, then government has right to stop the
project. This will make delay in completing the project as contractor first need to take
permission and register all the documents and then after project will be continued.
Apart from this Simmons, B. and Watson, D., (2015) highlighted that if there is an
intervention or conflicts between the investors and contractor then project may be delayed as
16
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there will be no sufficient funds. Investors are the main payers who provide funds to
complete the project. If there is any misunderstanding or conflicts arises then there is a
challenge in completing the project on time. Investors may back off in providing funds as
there is lack of personal interest in the project. Project will be stop due to unavailability of
funds, contractor will not be able to pay wages to labours. Thus, contractor need to maintain
relation with the investors so that project is completed on time without any disturbance.
According to the Pallesen and Jenle, (2018) outsider agencies such as investor, invest in the
project for the self-interest or earning higher income or profit from the project. They also
affect the construction by forcing the constructor to use the low quality material and complete
the project in earlier time, so they can earn the higher profit from the project by selling or
rented it to other party. The influence and intervention of outsider agencies increases the cost
of the project by mismanaging the planning and scheduling process. The force of investor on
the project increases the cost which lead to schedule delay. They explain in their study that
there are various outsider agencies which lead to increase the cost of the project by their
performance and activities.
Malejacq, (2016) argued that outsider agencies not only increased the cost of the project but
also increases the time of the project. They force the contractor to reschedule their activity to
complete the project according to the investor requirement which take additional time. The
rescheduling of activities needs to monitor and control all the activity to again assign the cost
and time to each activity. As per the author view interfere of outsider in construction project
also increases the time of completion of project. There are different ways to overcome the
outsider intervention such as monitor the market, government policy, investor activities and
movement, etc.
17
complete the project. If there is any misunderstanding or conflicts arises then there is a
challenge in completing the project on time. Investors may back off in providing funds as
there is lack of personal interest in the project. Project will be stop due to unavailability of
funds, contractor will not be able to pay wages to labours. Thus, contractor need to maintain
relation with the investors so that project is completed on time without any disturbance.
According to the Pallesen and Jenle, (2018) outsider agencies such as investor, invest in the
project for the self-interest or earning higher income or profit from the project. They also
affect the construction by forcing the constructor to use the low quality material and complete
the project in earlier time, so they can earn the higher profit from the project by selling or
rented it to other party. The influence and intervention of outsider agencies increases the cost
of the project by mismanaging the planning and scheduling process. The force of investor on
the project increases the cost which lead to schedule delay. They explain in their study that
there are various outsider agencies which lead to increase the cost of the project by their
performance and activities.
Malejacq, (2016) argued that outsider agencies not only increased the cost of the project but
also increases the time of the project. They force the contractor to reschedule their activity to
complete the project according to the investor requirement which take additional time. The
rescheduling of activities needs to monitor and control all the activity to again assign the cost
and time to each activity. As per the author view interfere of outsider in construction project
also increases the time of completion of project. There are different ways to overcome the
outsider intervention such as monitor the market, government policy, investor activities and
movement, etc.
17
CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
It is defined as a systematic process which is having its focus on making in depth analysis of
all the procedures, methods, steps which are essential to be followed while making research
study of a particular subject matter (Flick, 2015). It helps in making identification of
appropriate as well as relevant research methods for successful completion of the whole
research project. Research Methodology encompasses of different steps, procedures which
are required to be followed while undertaking of research activities. Furthermore, the data is
been collected through the use of both primary and the secondary sources that is by preparing
the questionnaire and through the published articles, online websites etc. Appropriate tools is
been applied for making enhancing or improving the research methodology so that better
understanding could be created regarding the study by an investigator and helps in gaining
more and more reliability and validity of the study as proper application of the techniques
increases the effectiveness of study.
Research Type
Research is considered as a process of making systematic investigation about a particular
research subject matter with the aim of making some important conclusion as well as
interpretation of data gathered. With the help of research process, researcher can identify
different solutions of a specific problem in very organised manner. Research can be
conducted in 2 types i.e. Quantitative and Qualitative. The Quantitative research type is
basically related with the data of numerical, mathematical, statistical as well as of non-
descriptive nature (Hartas, 2015). In such research type, interpretation can be made of data
collected with the help of tables, charts, graphs, excels etc. On other hand, another research
type is Qualitative one. In case of qualitative research type focus is made on both the
descriptive as well as non-numerical data related to the subject matter. Such type of research
is explanatory in nature with its main emphasis on ascertaining the core meaning, emotions,
feelings and importance of the research subject matter.
Researcher has been using Quantitative research type for completing the project with
important findings and conclusive statements. It is based on natural as well as social aspects
18
It is defined as a systematic process which is having its focus on making in depth analysis of
all the procedures, methods, steps which are essential to be followed while making research
study of a particular subject matter (Flick, 2015). It helps in making identification of
appropriate as well as relevant research methods for successful completion of the whole
research project. Research Methodology encompasses of different steps, procedures which
are required to be followed while undertaking of research activities. Furthermore, the data is
been collected through the use of both primary and the secondary sources that is by preparing
the questionnaire and through the published articles, online websites etc. Appropriate tools is
been applied for making enhancing or improving the research methodology so that better
understanding could be created regarding the study by an investigator and helps in gaining
more and more reliability and validity of the study as proper application of the techniques
increases the effectiveness of study.
Research Type
Research is considered as a process of making systematic investigation about a particular
research subject matter with the aim of making some important conclusion as well as
interpretation of data gathered. With the help of research process, researcher can identify
different solutions of a specific problem in very organised manner. Research can be
conducted in 2 types i.e. Quantitative and Qualitative. The Quantitative research type is
basically related with the data of numerical, mathematical, statistical as well as of non-
descriptive nature (Hartas, 2015). In such research type, interpretation can be made of data
collected with the help of tables, charts, graphs, excels etc. On other hand, another research
type is Qualitative one. In case of qualitative research type focus is made on both the
descriptive as well as non-numerical data related to the subject matter. Such type of research
is explanatory in nature with its main emphasis on ascertaining the core meaning, emotions,
feelings and importance of the research subject matter.
Researcher has been using Quantitative research type for completing the project with
important findings and conclusive statements. It is based on natural as well as social aspects
18
with its main study on phenomena of statistical, numerical as well as mathematical aspects.
Data relevant to the research topic is gathered as per the requirements of research project.
With the help of this research type, researcher has been able to develop different types of
theories, models, hypothesis in line with the subject matter of research. With the help of
statistical tools and data analysis methods, researcher has been able to make proper analysis
of data collected (Long, 2016). By making use of quantitative methods, hypothesis formed
can be verified for ascertaining its worthiness. Researcher with the help of quantitative
research has been able to establish connection in between empirical observation, numerical
data as well as mathematical expression having quantitative relationship in between them.
Research Approach
With the help of research approach, researcher can evaluate which procedure should be
adopted for completing the whole research project. Approach is considered as a plan, process
which is comprising of number of different steps defining assumptions that are required to be
made while undertaking research study (Ledford and Gast, 2018). Assumptions are required
to be made in line with the manner in which the researcher has been able to collect as well as
gather all the relevant and appropriate data as per the subject matter. After data collected, the
next step which the researcher has been following is related to its analysis along with
accurate interpretation done. By making proper interpretation of data, it can assist other
scholars as well as researchers in completing their research study successfully. Research
approach consist of different type viz. Inductive research approach and Deductive research
approach type.
Deductive approach of research is related with the different types of assumptions thereby
ensures validity and reliability of such assumptions made. With such research approach,
researcher has been able to examine, and test validity related to whether all the theories,
assumptions as well as hypotheses made are of better use or not. Researcher in such type of
research approach is required to design set of hypotheses which is further required to be
observed with the aim of either making confirmation or rejection of such hypotheses framed.
Inductive approach on the other hand basically deals with formulation of research aims,
objectives in line with the research subject matter. After aims and objectives of research topic
has been made, it is required on the part of researcher to design research questions which are
required to be focused on while conducting of the whole research project. All the objectives
made and questions prepared are need to considered during research process.
Deductive Research approach has been used by researcher while making of such project as it
helps in making hypotheses and determining effects of such hypotheses developed in line
with the research topic (Kumar, 2019). Also, it lays emphasis on monitoring validity of all
the relevant theories, assumptions as well as hypothesis made with the aim of evaluating
whether data gathered is of reliable nature and can be used further or not.
Research Philosophy
19
Data relevant to the research topic is gathered as per the requirements of research project.
With the help of this research type, researcher has been able to develop different types of
theories, models, hypothesis in line with the subject matter of research. With the help of
statistical tools and data analysis methods, researcher has been able to make proper analysis
of data collected (Long, 2016). By making use of quantitative methods, hypothesis formed
can be verified for ascertaining its worthiness. Researcher with the help of quantitative
research has been able to establish connection in between empirical observation, numerical
data as well as mathematical expression having quantitative relationship in between them.
Research Approach
With the help of research approach, researcher can evaluate which procedure should be
adopted for completing the whole research project. Approach is considered as a plan, process
which is comprising of number of different steps defining assumptions that are required to be
made while undertaking research study (Ledford and Gast, 2018). Assumptions are required
to be made in line with the manner in which the researcher has been able to collect as well as
gather all the relevant and appropriate data as per the subject matter. After data collected, the
next step which the researcher has been following is related to its analysis along with
accurate interpretation done. By making proper interpretation of data, it can assist other
scholars as well as researchers in completing their research study successfully. Research
approach consist of different type viz. Inductive research approach and Deductive research
approach type.
Deductive approach of research is related with the different types of assumptions thereby
ensures validity and reliability of such assumptions made. With such research approach,
researcher has been able to examine, and test validity related to whether all the theories,
assumptions as well as hypotheses made are of better use or not. Researcher in such type of
research approach is required to design set of hypotheses which is further required to be
observed with the aim of either making confirmation or rejection of such hypotheses framed.
Inductive approach on the other hand basically deals with formulation of research aims,
objectives in line with the research subject matter. After aims and objectives of research topic
has been made, it is required on the part of researcher to design research questions which are
required to be focused on while conducting of the whole research project. All the objectives
made and questions prepared are need to considered during research process.
Deductive Research approach has been used by researcher while making of such project as it
helps in making hypotheses and determining effects of such hypotheses developed in line
with the research topic (Kumar, 2019). Also, it lays emphasis on monitoring validity of all
the relevant theories, assumptions as well as hypothesis made with the aim of evaluating
whether data gathered is of reliable nature and can be used further or not.
Research Philosophy
19
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Research philosophy is a belief or a way through which data should be gathered and
analysed. It is a development of knowledge which helps in collecting the data from valid
sources. This method helps in formulation of beliefs and assumptions which in turn helps in
carrying out the research in a systematic and timely manner (Hughes and Sharrock, 2016).
This research methodology is further classified into pragmatism, Interpretivism, realism and
positivism research philosophy. Pragmatism approach helps in recognizing different ways of
interpreting the research topic. This method states that, a single point of view cannot give
entire picture. The researcher needs to look at multiple points in order to grasp true view on
the particular research topic. Positivism research philosophy adheres to the factual knowledge
which is gained through observation. This type of research finding is quantifiable and is
based on observations. Positivism approach takes into consideration statistical analysis in
order to gain in- depth knowledge on the particular subject matter. Positivism method is
based on fact and figures to attain set goals and objectives of the research. This method helps
in predicting the data with the help of development of hypothesis statement (Antwi and
Hamza, 2015). Realism method is based on the idea of reality. This helps in portraying the
facts and information with the help of personal human sense. This method is based on basic
assumptions for the development of knowledge. Interpretivism approach helps researcher in
interpreting the various elements of the study. This method takes into consideration human
interest into the study (Eriksson and Kovalainen, 2015). This method takes into consideration
qualitative data in order to gain wider aspect on the particular area of study.
The researcher of this study has opted of positivism research philosophy where it will help
researcher in analysing the effect of schedule delays and cost overrun on a construction
project and their interrelationship. This helps researcher in gaining quantitative aspect of the
research for better insights on the particular area of study.
Sampling
It refers to the method within which only those items are been considered that are involved in
sample. Thereafter, the sample is been observed for drawing conclusions about population
from which the sample is been drawn. Mainly there are two types of sampling techniques that
includes probabilistic sampling and non-probabilistic sampling.
Non-probabilistic sampling refers to the technique where the researcher chooses the samples
on the basis of the subjective judgement of the scholar instead of random selection. Under
this all the member within the population does not get equal chance of being selected in the
study. It is said as the most useful tool for making exploratory studies such as pilot survey
and it is most suitable in the situation where probability of drawing random sampling cannot
be done because of time and the cost considerations.
Probability sampling is the sampling tool under which the sample is been an equal chance of
getting selected from the larger population by making use of probability theory. Under
probability sampling, statistical theory is used for selecting the sample randomly. Probability
sampling eliminates errors and the sampling bias with high level of the reliability in the
research findings and also helps in increasing the accuracy in estimation of the sampling
error. Under this method there are possibility of making the inferences relating to the
20
analysed. It is a development of knowledge which helps in collecting the data from valid
sources. This method helps in formulation of beliefs and assumptions which in turn helps in
carrying out the research in a systematic and timely manner (Hughes and Sharrock, 2016).
This research methodology is further classified into pragmatism, Interpretivism, realism and
positivism research philosophy. Pragmatism approach helps in recognizing different ways of
interpreting the research topic. This method states that, a single point of view cannot give
entire picture. The researcher needs to look at multiple points in order to grasp true view on
the particular research topic. Positivism research philosophy adheres to the factual knowledge
which is gained through observation. This type of research finding is quantifiable and is
based on observations. Positivism approach takes into consideration statistical analysis in
order to gain in- depth knowledge on the particular subject matter. Positivism method is
based on fact and figures to attain set goals and objectives of the research. This method helps
in predicting the data with the help of development of hypothesis statement (Antwi and
Hamza, 2015). Realism method is based on the idea of reality. This helps in portraying the
facts and information with the help of personal human sense. This method is based on basic
assumptions for the development of knowledge. Interpretivism approach helps researcher in
interpreting the various elements of the study. This method takes into consideration human
interest into the study (Eriksson and Kovalainen, 2015). This method takes into consideration
qualitative data in order to gain wider aspect on the particular area of study.
The researcher of this study has opted of positivism research philosophy where it will help
researcher in analysing the effect of schedule delays and cost overrun on a construction
project and their interrelationship. This helps researcher in gaining quantitative aspect of the
research for better insights on the particular area of study.
Sampling
It refers to the method within which only those items are been considered that are involved in
sample. Thereafter, the sample is been observed for drawing conclusions about population
from which the sample is been drawn. Mainly there are two types of sampling techniques that
includes probabilistic sampling and non-probabilistic sampling.
Non-probabilistic sampling refers to the technique where the researcher chooses the samples
on the basis of the subjective judgement of the scholar instead of random selection. Under
this all the member within the population does not get equal chance of being selected in the
study. It is said as the most useful tool for making exploratory studies such as pilot survey
and it is most suitable in the situation where probability of drawing random sampling cannot
be done because of time and the cost considerations.
Probability sampling is the sampling tool under which the sample is been an equal chance of
getting selected from the larger population by making use of probability theory. Under
probability sampling, statistical theory is used for selecting the sample randomly. Probability
sampling eliminates errors and the sampling bias with high level of the reliability in the
research findings and also helps in increasing the accuracy in estimation of the sampling
error. Under this method there are possibility of making the inferences relating to the
20
population and does not involves for long and the complex process. The main purpose of the
probability sampling is to anticipate distribution of opinion and the attitude within the overall
population in consideration with the statistical confidence and has facilitated for the
foundation of the survey research and the political polling.
In this study, purposive sampling has been used which is been stated as non-probabilistic
sampling as it is helps in generating the accurate results and the reliable findings. This means
that sample has been drawn based on the subjective evaluation by taking a sample of 20
contractors.
Data collection
It is counted as the systematic approach of measuring and gathering the information from the
wider sources in order to get the complete and accurate picture of an interest area. It enables
the researcher in making its study more meaningful and reliable with the getting appropriate
answers to the questions from the respondent, in evaluating the outcomes and in making the
predictions about the future trends and the probabilities. Specifically, there are two major
sources through which the data could be collected that are primary and secondary sources.
Primary sources facilitate direct evidence to the scholar relating to an event, work, person and
art. It includes the historical and the legal documents, statistical data, experiments and
creative writings. There are several ways through which primary data can be gathered that
includes surveys, field observation, interviews, experiments and structuring questionnaire
(Antwi and Hamza, 2015). On the other hand, secondary sources of data refers to the method
where an investigator gathers the data from published sources such as journals, articles,
internet, books etc. The most common sources through which secondary data is collected
includes census, organizational records, information gathered by government department and
the data that has originally been collected for the other purposes of the research.
With reference to this research report, data has been collected by using primary as well as the
secondary sources through structuring of the questionnaire which is been filled by 20
contractors as the respondent so that the study could be made more useful without any the
bias and also error free. By taking the information from the secondary sources, researcher has
incurred very low cost and has gain easy accessibility of the data within very little time. In
this research report, both the sources are used to gathered for determining more accurate
information which helps in analysing various facts and figure to make the research work
authentic. As the data to be more verified through adapting the secondary sources. By
choosing secondary sources, different authors had already gathered the information which is
relevant to the topic and thus, finding is to be interpreted through the data collected. In this
research topic, researcher chooses both the method which helps in making the research work
unique and different from others. By choosing the 20 contractors through which question is
raised and also the judgement and decision which is given on particular queries helps them to
take effective decision.
21
probability sampling is to anticipate distribution of opinion and the attitude within the overall
population in consideration with the statistical confidence and has facilitated for the
foundation of the survey research and the political polling.
In this study, purposive sampling has been used which is been stated as non-probabilistic
sampling as it is helps in generating the accurate results and the reliable findings. This means
that sample has been drawn based on the subjective evaluation by taking a sample of 20
contractors.
Data collection
It is counted as the systematic approach of measuring and gathering the information from the
wider sources in order to get the complete and accurate picture of an interest area. It enables
the researcher in making its study more meaningful and reliable with the getting appropriate
answers to the questions from the respondent, in evaluating the outcomes and in making the
predictions about the future trends and the probabilities. Specifically, there are two major
sources through which the data could be collected that are primary and secondary sources.
Primary sources facilitate direct evidence to the scholar relating to an event, work, person and
art. It includes the historical and the legal documents, statistical data, experiments and
creative writings. There are several ways through which primary data can be gathered that
includes surveys, field observation, interviews, experiments and structuring questionnaire
(Antwi and Hamza, 2015). On the other hand, secondary sources of data refers to the method
where an investigator gathers the data from published sources such as journals, articles,
internet, books etc. The most common sources through which secondary data is collected
includes census, organizational records, information gathered by government department and
the data that has originally been collected for the other purposes of the research.
With reference to this research report, data has been collected by using primary as well as the
secondary sources through structuring of the questionnaire which is been filled by 20
contractors as the respondent so that the study could be made more useful without any the
bias and also error free. By taking the information from the secondary sources, researcher has
incurred very low cost and has gain easy accessibility of the data within very little time. In
this research report, both the sources are used to gathered for determining more accurate
information which helps in analysing various facts and figure to make the research work
authentic. As the data to be more verified through adapting the secondary sources. By
choosing secondary sources, different authors had already gathered the information which is
relevant to the topic and thus, finding is to be interpreted through the data collected. In this
research topic, researcher chooses both the method which helps in making the research work
unique and different from others. By choosing the 20 contractors through which question is
raised and also the judgement and decision which is given on particular queries helps them to
take effective decision.
21
Data Analysis
Data analysis is an effective process of interpreting and evaluating the data which is collected
for gaining new insight on a particular research topic. This helps in gaining effective results
from valid and reliable sources. Data analysis is an effective process which helps researcher
in cleansing, transforming and modifying the relevant information for strategic decision-
making. This helps researcher in analysing the patterns of data through observation. This
methodology helps in bridging the gaps and gaining in- depth knowledge on the particular
area of study. Thus, it is such a process which helps in modifying and transforming the data
to get productive results. In such cases data is to be analysed after identifying, inspecting,
examining and evaluating the available results which is collected from various sources. The
information which is collected through analysing the data helps the researcher to take
effective decision.
This help researcher in generalizing the entire data by answering various research questions.
It help researcher in structuring the data and make valuable decision accordingly. Data
analysis can be categorized into Statistical package for the social science (SPSS tool) and
Thematic analysis. SPSS tool is used to carry out quantitative research. SPSS tool is used to
carry out quantitative research and analysis of complex statistical data (Ledford and Gast,
2018). This can be done by effectively analysing the statistical data in an accurate manner for
strategic decision making. SPSS tool is used for interpreting highly complex data in an
effective, accurate and reliable manner. Thematic analysis is carried out at the time of
qualitative research. This approach helps in attaining aims and objectives of the research. The
data is analysed on the basis of specific theme (Mackey and Gass, 2015). This method helps
in effectively addressing the data by answering relevant research questions.
The researcher of this study has carried out quantitative research where statistical, numerical
as well as mathematical aspects are taken into consideration. The researcher of this study has
used SPSS tool in order to gain insight on the effects of schedule delays and cost overrun on a
construction project and their interrelationship. In this mathematical factor are to be
undertaken which also helps researcher to get more accurate results. As question are to be
raised and the judgement is to be given on the bases of SPSS procedure. Thus, to determine
the various aspects in relation to examining the cost overrun in construction project these
methods results in providing more productive results.
Research Limitation
This methodology helps in defining the factors which influences the results and outcomes of
the research study. Selection of the right sample size and the participants not giving accurate
results is a major limitation for this research. The researcher of this study should focus on
resolving the limitation which in turn results in better results and outcomes. The researcher of
this study faced various limitation such as time constraints. In order to overcome this
limitation the researcher focused on preparing a Gantt chart and a time frame in order to carry
out all the activities within a stipulated time (Greener, 2018). Another major limitation faced
by the researcher is lack of financial resources. There are various expenses in the research
22
Data analysis is an effective process of interpreting and evaluating the data which is collected
for gaining new insight on a particular research topic. This helps in gaining effective results
from valid and reliable sources. Data analysis is an effective process which helps researcher
in cleansing, transforming and modifying the relevant information for strategic decision-
making. This helps researcher in analysing the patterns of data through observation. This
methodology helps in bridging the gaps and gaining in- depth knowledge on the particular
area of study. Thus, it is such a process which helps in modifying and transforming the data
to get productive results. In such cases data is to be analysed after identifying, inspecting,
examining and evaluating the available results which is collected from various sources. The
information which is collected through analysing the data helps the researcher to take
effective decision.
This help researcher in generalizing the entire data by answering various research questions.
It help researcher in structuring the data and make valuable decision accordingly. Data
analysis can be categorized into Statistical package for the social science (SPSS tool) and
Thematic analysis. SPSS tool is used to carry out quantitative research. SPSS tool is used to
carry out quantitative research and analysis of complex statistical data (Ledford and Gast,
2018). This can be done by effectively analysing the statistical data in an accurate manner for
strategic decision making. SPSS tool is used for interpreting highly complex data in an
effective, accurate and reliable manner. Thematic analysis is carried out at the time of
qualitative research. This approach helps in attaining aims and objectives of the research. The
data is analysed on the basis of specific theme (Mackey and Gass, 2015). This method helps
in effectively addressing the data by answering relevant research questions.
The researcher of this study has carried out quantitative research where statistical, numerical
as well as mathematical aspects are taken into consideration. The researcher of this study has
used SPSS tool in order to gain insight on the effects of schedule delays and cost overrun on a
construction project and their interrelationship. In this mathematical factor are to be
undertaken which also helps researcher to get more accurate results. As question are to be
raised and the judgement is to be given on the bases of SPSS procedure. Thus, to determine
the various aspects in relation to examining the cost overrun in construction project these
methods results in providing more productive results.
Research Limitation
This methodology helps in defining the factors which influences the results and outcomes of
the research study. Selection of the right sample size and the participants not giving accurate
results is a major limitation for this research. The researcher of this study should focus on
resolving the limitation which in turn results in better results and outcomes. The researcher of
this study faced various limitation such as time constraints. In order to overcome this
limitation the researcher focused on preparing a Gantt chart and a time frame in order to carry
out all the activities within a stipulated time (Greener, 2018). Another major limitation faced
by the researcher is lack of financial resources. There are various expenses in the research
22
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such as transportation, data collection, accessories, etc. helps in carrying out the research
smoothly. Researcher needs funds to carry out the research and collect authentic and reliable
data from valid sources. The researcher of this study did not let these limitations hamper the
quality and reliability of the data collected from various sources.
At the time of conducting the research, the major limitation which is faced in respective of
collecting information is the cost factors. As the research work is bound by certain budgets
which is not to be exceed at any perspective. Thus, it results in restricting to gather
information from such areas where there are more chances of getting the accurate results.
Cost are to be prepared by the researcher before starting the project but sometimes due to not
managing the time properly it results in facing huge expenses (Quinlan and et.al., 2019). It is
also examined that research sometimes executed through the proper guidance given by
supervisor which helps in gathering information from various sources. But in this the
limitation is also faced due to not coordinating with supervisor at every step. As by not taking
proper feedback regarding the data gathered or not communicating with supervisor regarding
the information collected. It brings lot of consequences in respect of selecting the right and
useful information. This is also one of the major limitations which is identified at the time of
preparing the research report.
Ethical Consideration
While undertaking research study there are number of standards, rules and concepts which
are required to be complied with by the researcher. For successful completion of the research
project all the ethical norms and standards as laid down has been followed by the researcher
(Mackey and Gass, 2015). Data requisite to the subject matter of research topic has been
collected from number of different sources which are providing both the reliable as well as
accurate data. Furthermore, different websites have been used by the researcher from the
perspective of collecting and gathering of relevant as well as appropriate data pertaining to
the subject matter.
Further, data gathered by the researcher has been analysed properly and interpretation has
been made for its use by other scholars as well as researchers in their study. No data has been
used as it is for conducting of the whole research study. All the information and data gathered
has been used by the researcher after making its rephrasing has been done on totally basis. As
per the ethical norms and standards as laid down for successful completion of research study,
it has been considered essential on the part of researcher to make changes in the data as
gathered before using it in the study.
Also, approval has been obtained from different websites for using data as provided by them.
For mitigating the complication as faced by the researcher during undertaking of the whole
research project, many keywords have been used in by the researcher. By making use of
words such as Schedule delays, Cost Overrun, Globalisation etc. in relation with the subject
matter for completing it and delivering quality project. All the data gathered for research
purpose has been done with the help of primary sources (Quinlan and et.al., 2019).
Respondents viz. 20 contractors taking part in questionnaire has given their written consent
by filling in the participation form. Questionnaire prepared has been circulated among
23
smoothly. Researcher needs funds to carry out the research and collect authentic and reliable
data from valid sources. The researcher of this study did not let these limitations hamper the
quality and reliability of the data collected from various sources.
At the time of conducting the research, the major limitation which is faced in respective of
collecting information is the cost factors. As the research work is bound by certain budgets
which is not to be exceed at any perspective. Thus, it results in restricting to gather
information from such areas where there are more chances of getting the accurate results.
Cost are to be prepared by the researcher before starting the project but sometimes due to not
managing the time properly it results in facing huge expenses (Quinlan and et.al., 2019). It is
also examined that research sometimes executed through the proper guidance given by
supervisor which helps in gathering information from various sources. But in this the
limitation is also faced due to not coordinating with supervisor at every step. As by not taking
proper feedback regarding the data gathered or not communicating with supervisor regarding
the information collected. It brings lot of consequences in respect of selecting the right and
useful information. This is also one of the major limitations which is identified at the time of
preparing the research report.
Ethical Consideration
While undertaking research study there are number of standards, rules and concepts which
are required to be complied with by the researcher. For successful completion of the research
project all the ethical norms and standards as laid down has been followed by the researcher
(Mackey and Gass, 2015). Data requisite to the subject matter of research topic has been
collected from number of different sources which are providing both the reliable as well as
accurate data. Furthermore, different websites have been used by the researcher from the
perspective of collecting and gathering of relevant as well as appropriate data pertaining to
the subject matter.
Further, data gathered by the researcher has been analysed properly and interpretation has
been made for its use by other scholars as well as researchers in their study. No data has been
used as it is for conducting of the whole research study. All the information and data gathered
has been used by the researcher after making its rephrasing has been done on totally basis. As
per the ethical norms and standards as laid down for successful completion of research study,
it has been considered essential on the part of researcher to make changes in the data as
gathered before using it in the study.
Also, approval has been obtained from different websites for using data as provided by them.
For mitigating the complication as faced by the researcher during undertaking of the whole
research project, many keywords have been used in by the researcher. By making use of
words such as Schedule delays, Cost Overrun, Globalisation etc. in relation with the subject
matter for completing it and delivering quality project. All the data gathered for research
purpose has been done with the help of primary sources (Quinlan and et.al., 2019).
Respondents viz. 20 contractors taking part in questionnaire has given their written consent
by filling in the participation form. Questionnaire prepared has been circulated among
23
different respondents with the aim of collecting appropriate as well as accurate data related to
the research topic.
Reliability and Validity
For every research project to become quality one, it is required to deliver reliable as well as
authentic data and information about the subject matter. Reliability and Validity are two main
factors which adds to the quality of whole research study (Gray and Malins, 2016). If
researcher is providing irrelevant data base, then it can result into wrong decision making of
its end users. Research of any type either qualitative or quantitative one should be capable of
delivering those data and information which are having characteristics of relevancy, accuracy
as well as appropriate for its end users. It should have ability to support the research study of
other scholars as well as researchers thereby fulfilling their needs as required in completing
the whole research study.
Reliability is one of the most important research concepts which is related with the
consistency factor. From the term reliability, it has been assessed by the researcher that by
making use of same research procedures, data analysis tools and techniques whatever result,
or conclusion is obtained is same for every time period it is used and applied in by the
researcher. Results obtained from conducting of Quantitative research is providing same
findings which is delivered by the methods as used for making analysis of the other research
study.
Validity means ensuring accuracy as well as correctness of study made thereby determining
whether outcome received from completion of research project is appropriate and meaningful
nature or not (Silverman, 2016). Also, with the help of such testing, ascertainment can be
done to the extent to which data collected are having feature related to plausibility, credibility
and trustworthy aspects. Validity of research ensures that all the tools, techniques and
methodologies used for completing research is appropriate and proper which helps in
delivering of correct outcomes and findings.
24
the research topic.
Reliability and Validity
For every research project to become quality one, it is required to deliver reliable as well as
authentic data and information about the subject matter. Reliability and Validity are two main
factors which adds to the quality of whole research study (Gray and Malins, 2016). If
researcher is providing irrelevant data base, then it can result into wrong decision making of
its end users. Research of any type either qualitative or quantitative one should be capable of
delivering those data and information which are having characteristics of relevancy, accuracy
as well as appropriate for its end users. It should have ability to support the research study of
other scholars as well as researchers thereby fulfilling their needs as required in completing
the whole research study.
Reliability is one of the most important research concepts which is related with the
consistency factor. From the term reliability, it has been assessed by the researcher that by
making use of same research procedures, data analysis tools and techniques whatever result,
or conclusion is obtained is same for every time period it is used and applied in by the
researcher. Results obtained from conducting of Quantitative research is providing same
findings which is delivered by the methods as used for making analysis of the other research
study.
Validity means ensuring accuracy as well as correctness of study made thereby determining
whether outcome received from completion of research project is appropriate and meaningful
nature or not (Silverman, 2016). Also, with the help of such testing, ascertainment can be
done to the extent to which data collected are having feature related to plausibility, credibility
and trustworthy aspects. Validity of research ensures that all the tools, techniques and
methodologies used for completing research is appropriate and proper which helps in
delivering of correct outcomes and findings.
24
CHAPTER 4: DATA ANALYSIS
Data analysis refers to the process of assessing the data by using the statistical and the
analytical tools in order to discover the useful information and helps in making the relevant
business decisions. There are various methods for analysing the data that includes text
analytics, data mining, data visualization and business intelligence. In this study, researcher
has adopted different methods like regression analysis, coefficient and correlation, standard
deviation and ANOVA analysis for evaluating the significance value. These methods help in
determining the relationship within the variables and also helps in developing the hypothesis
appropriately.
Hypothesis 1
H0: There is no significant different between frequency of schedule delay and its impact on
construction project.
H1: There is significant different between frequency of schedule delay and its impact on
construction project.
Variables Entered/Removed
Model Variables
Entered
Variables
Removed
Method
1 Schedule delay
frequencyb . Enter
a. Dependent Variable: Impact of schedule delay
on construction project
25
Data analysis refers to the process of assessing the data by using the statistical and the
analytical tools in order to discover the useful information and helps in making the relevant
business decisions. There are various methods for analysing the data that includes text
analytics, data mining, data visualization and business intelligence. In this study, researcher
has adopted different methods like regression analysis, coefficient and correlation, standard
deviation and ANOVA analysis for evaluating the significance value. These methods help in
determining the relationship within the variables and also helps in developing the hypothesis
appropriately.
Hypothesis 1
H0: There is no significant different between frequency of schedule delay and its impact on
construction project.
H1: There is significant different between frequency of schedule delay and its impact on
construction project.
Variables Entered/Removed
Model Variables
Entered
Variables
Removed
Method
1 Schedule delay
frequencyb . Enter
a. Dependent Variable: Impact of schedule delay
on construction project
25
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b. All requested variables entered.
Model Summary
Model R R Square Adjusted R
Square
Std. Error of the
Estimate
1 .812a .660 .648 .95748
a. Predictors: (Constant), Schedule delay frequency
ANOVA
Model Sum of
Squares
df Mean Square F Sig.
1
Regression 49.797 1 49.797 54.319 .000b
Residual 25.669 28 .917
Total 75.467 29
a. Dependent Variable: Impact of schedule delay on construction project
b. Predictors: (Constant), Schedule delay frequency
Coefficients
Model Unstandardized
Coefficients
Standardized
Coefficients
t Sig.
B Std. Error Beta
1
(Constant) .031 .334 .094 .926
Schedule delay
frequency 1.213 .165 .812 7.370 .000
a. Dependent Variable: Impact of schedule delay on construction project
Alternative hypothesis accepted.
Interpretation- From the above table it has been assessed that as the value of R resulted
as .812 which shows that there is a higher relationship in between the schedule delay and its
26
Model Summary
Model R R Square Adjusted R
Square
Std. Error of the
Estimate
1 .812a .660 .648 .95748
a. Predictors: (Constant), Schedule delay frequency
ANOVA
Model Sum of
Squares
df Mean Square F Sig.
1
Regression 49.797 1 49.797 54.319 .000b
Residual 25.669 28 .917
Total 75.467 29
a. Dependent Variable: Impact of schedule delay on construction project
b. Predictors: (Constant), Schedule delay frequency
Coefficients
Model Unstandardized
Coefficients
Standardized
Coefficients
t Sig.
B Std. Error Beta
1
(Constant) .031 .334 .094 .926
Schedule delay
frequency 1.213 .165 .812 7.370 .000
a. Dependent Variable: Impact of schedule delay on construction project
Alternative hypothesis accepted.
Interpretation- From the above table it has been assessed that as the value of R resulted
as .812 which shows that there is a higher relationship in between the schedule delay and its
26
influence on the construction project. The value of R square accounted as .660 which depicts
that changes in the schedule delay leads to impacts the changes in the construction project
with higher proportion. As the significance or P value resulting as lower than 0.05 resulting
as 0.00 which reflects that alternative hypothesis is accepted and the other one is rejected. It
indicates that that there is a significance difference present in between both the variables that
includes schedule delay and the construction project.
Hypothesis 2
H0: There is no correlation between schedule delay and project costing.
H1: There is correlation between schedule delay and project costing.
Correlations
Schedule delay
frequency
Cost elevation
in construction
project
Schedule delay
frequency
Pearson Correlation 1 .179
Sig. (2-tailed) .343
N 30 30
Cost elevation in
construction project
Pearson Correlation .179 1
Sig. (2-tailed) .343
N 30 30
Null hypothesis accepted there is no significant correlation between variables.
Interpretation- The above analysis depicts that the table is showing a lower relationship in
between schedule delay frequency and the cost elevation construction project as the value lies
in between 0.25- 0.75 evaluated as .179. It has also been the identified that as the significance
value resulting as higher than 0.05 so null hypothesis is been accepted and the other one is
rejected which in turn means that there is no significant correlation in between frequency of
schedule delay and the cost elevation project of construction.
Hypothesis 3
H0: There is no impact of labour strike on project cost.
27
that changes in the schedule delay leads to impacts the changes in the construction project
with higher proportion. As the significance or P value resulting as lower than 0.05 resulting
as 0.00 which reflects that alternative hypothesis is accepted and the other one is rejected. It
indicates that that there is a significance difference present in between both the variables that
includes schedule delay and the construction project.
Hypothesis 2
H0: There is no correlation between schedule delay and project costing.
H1: There is correlation between schedule delay and project costing.
Correlations
Schedule delay
frequency
Cost elevation
in construction
project
Schedule delay
frequency
Pearson Correlation 1 .179
Sig. (2-tailed) .343
N 30 30
Cost elevation in
construction project
Pearson Correlation .179 1
Sig. (2-tailed) .343
N 30 30
Null hypothesis accepted there is no significant correlation between variables.
Interpretation- The above analysis depicts that the table is showing a lower relationship in
between schedule delay frequency and the cost elevation construction project as the value lies
in between 0.25- 0.75 evaluated as .179. It has also been the identified that as the significance
value resulting as higher than 0.05 so null hypothesis is been accepted and the other one is
rejected which in turn means that there is no significant correlation in between frequency of
schedule delay and the cost elevation project of construction.
Hypothesis 3
H0: There is no impact of labour strike on project cost.
27
H1: There is impact of labour strike on project cost.
Variables Entered/Removed
Model Variables
Entered
Variables
Removed
Method
1
Labour strike
role in
schedule
delayb
. Enter
a. Dependent Variable: Labour strike and project
costing
b. All requested variables entered.
Model Summary
Model R R Square Adjusted R
Square
Std. Error of the
Estimate
1 .479a .229 .202 1.29557
a. Predictors: (Constant), Labour strike role in schedule
delay
ANOVA
Model Sum of
Squares
df Mean Square F Sig.
1
Regression 13.968 1 13.968 8.322 .007b
Residual 46.998 28 1.679
Total 60.967 29
a. Dependent Variable: Labour strike and project costing
b. Predictors: (Constant), Labour strike role in schedule delay
Coefficients
Model Unstandardized
Coefficients
Standardized
Coefficients
t Sig.
28
Variables Entered/Removed
Model Variables
Entered
Variables
Removed
Method
1
Labour strike
role in
schedule
delayb
. Enter
a. Dependent Variable: Labour strike and project
costing
b. All requested variables entered.
Model Summary
Model R R Square Adjusted R
Square
Std. Error of the
Estimate
1 .479a .229 .202 1.29557
a. Predictors: (Constant), Labour strike role in schedule
delay
ANOVA
Model Sum of
Squares
df Mean Square F Sig.
1
Regression 13.968 1 13.968 8.322 .007b
Residual 46.998 28 1.679
Total 60.967 29
a. Dependent Variable: Labour strike and project costing
b. Predictors: (Constant), Labour strike role in schedule delay
Coefficients
Model Unstandardized
Coefficients
Standardized
Coefficients
t Sig.
28
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B Std. Error Beta
1
(Constant) 1.201 .550 2.183 .038
Labour strike role in
schedule delay .597 .207 .479 2.885 .007
a. Dependent Variable: Labour strike and project costing
Alternative hypothesis accepted.
Interpretation- From the above evaluation, the value of R is resulting as .479 which depicts a
positive relationship between labour strike and the cost of project. Moreover, the value of R
square determined as .229 which means that labour strike highly influences the project cost.
The P value of resulting as 0.007 which is lower than 0.05 which in turn indicates that
alternative hypothesis is accepted, and null hypothesis is rejected. This shows that labour
strike influences the project cost as alternative hypothesis is been taken into consideration.
Hypothesis 4
H0: There is no significant impact of error in plan on project cost.
H1: There is significant impact of error in plan on project cost.
Variables Entered/Removed
Model Variables
Entered
Variables
Removed
Method
1
Error in plan
and schedule
delayb
. Enter
a. Dependent Variable: Impact of error in plan
on project costing
b. All requested variables entered.
Model Summary
Model R R Square Adjusted R
Square
Std. Error of the
Estimate
1 .755a .570 .554 .68637
a. Predictors: (Constant), Error in plan and schedule delay
29
1
(Constant) 1.201 .550 2.183 .038
Labour strike role in
schedule delay .597 .207 .479 2.885 .007
a. Dependent Variable: Labour strike and project costing
Alternative hypothesis accepted.
Interpretation- From the above evaluation, the value of R is resulting as .479 which depicts a
positive relationship between labour strike and the cost of project. Moreover, the value of R
square determined as .229 which means that labour strike highly influences the project cost.
The P value of resulting as 0.007 which is lower than 0.05 which in turn indicates that
alternative hypothesis is accepted, and null hypothesis is rejected. This shows that labour
strike influences the project cost as alternative hypothesis is been taken into consideration.
Hypothesis 4
H0: There is no significant impact of error in plan on project cost.
H1: There is significant impact of error in plan on project cost.
Variables Entered/Removed
Model Variables
Entered
Variables
Removed
Method
1
Error in plan
and schedule
delayb
. Enter
a. Dependent Variable: Impact of error in plan
on project costing
b. All requested variables entered.
Model Summary
Model R R Square Adjusted R
Square
Std. Error of the
Estimate
1 .755a .570 .554 .68637
a. Predictors: (Constant), Error in plan and schedule delay
29
ANOVA
Model Sum of
Squares
df Mean Square F Sig.
1
Regression 17.476 1 17.476 37.095 .000b
Residual 13.191 28 .471
Total 30.667 29
a. Dependent Variable: Impact of error in plan on project costing
b. Predictors: (Constant), Error in plan and schedule delay
Coefficients
Model Unstandardized
Coefficients
Standardized
Coefficients
t Sig.
B Std. Error Beta
1
(Constant) .877 .270 3.249 .003
Error in plan and
schedule delay .583 .096 .755 6.091 .000
a. Dependent Variable: Impact of error in plan on project costing
Alternative hypothesis accepted.
Interpretation- From the above calculation it has been stated that R value equated to .755
which reflects a positive value and indicates that there is a positive relationship in between
error in plan and the project cost. Furthermore, value of R square resulting as 0.570 which
means that there is high level of relationship between the variables. Moreover, the
significance value equates to 0.000 which is counted as lower than 0.05 and states that
alternative hypothesis is been accepted and null hypothesis is rejected and shows that there is
a significant influence of the error in plan on the cost of the project.
Hypothesis 5
H0: There is no significance difference between impact of intervention by outside agencies in
respect of project schedule delay and project costing
H1: There is significance difference between the impact of intervention by outside agencies
in respect of project schedule delay and project costing
30
Model Sum of
Squares
df Mean Square F Sig.
1
Regression 17.476 1 17.476 37.095 .000b
Residual 13.191 28 .471
Total 30.667 29
a. Dependent Variable: Impact of error in plan on project costing
b. Predictors: (Constant), Error in plan and schedule delay
Coefficients
Model Unstandardized
Coefficients
Standardized
Coefficients
t Sig.
B Std. Error Beta
1
(Constant) .877 .270 3.249 .003
Error in plan and
schedule delay .583 .096 .755 6.091 .000
a. Dependent Variable: Impact of error in plan on project costing
Alternative hypothesis accepted.
Interpretation- From the above calculation it has been stated that R value equated to .755
which reflects a positive value and indicates that there is a positive relationship in between
error in plan and the project cost. Furthermore, value of R square resulting as 0.570 which
means that there is high level of relationship between the variables. Moreover, the
significance value equates to 0.000 which is counted as lower than 0.05 and states that
alternative hypothesis is been accepted and null hypothesis is rejected and shows that there is
a significant influence of the error in plan on the cost of the project.
Hypothesis 5
H0: There is no significance difference between impact of intervention by outside agencies in
respect of project schedule delay and project costing
H1: There is significance difference between the impact of intervention by outside agencies
in respect of project schedule delay and project costing
30
Variables Entered/Removed
Model Variables
Entered
Variables
Removed
Method
1
Intervention
by outside
agencies and
project
schedule
delayb
. Enter
a. Dependent Variable: Intervention by outside
agencies and project costing
b. All requested variables entered.
Model Summary
Model R R Square Adjusted R
Square
Std. Error of the
Estimate
1 .574a .329 .305 1.13222
a. Predictors: (Constant), Intervention by outside agencies
and project schedule delay
ANOVA
Model Sum of
Squares
df Mean Square F Sig.
1
Regression 17.606 1 17.606 13.734 .001b
Residual 35.894 28 1.282
Total 53.500 29
a. Dependent Variable: Intervention by outside agencies and project costing
b. Predictors: (Constant), Intervention by outside agencies and project schedule
delay
Coefficients
Model Unstandardized
Coefficients
Standardized
Coefficients
t Sig.
31
Model Variables
Entered
Variables
Removed
Method
1
Intervention
by outside
agencies and
project
schedule
delayb
. Enter
a. Dependent Variable: Intervention by outside
agencies and project costing
b. All requested variables entered.
Model Summary
Model R R Square Adjusted R
Square
Std. Error of the
Estimate
1 .574a .329 .305 1.13222
a. Predictors: (Constant), Intervention by outside agencies
and project schedule delay
ANOVA
Model Sum of
Squares
df Mean Square F Sig.
1
Regression 17.606 1 17.606 13.734 .001b
Residual 35.894 28 1.282
Total 53.500 29
a. Dependent Variable: Intervention by outside agencies and project costing
b. Predictors: (Constant), Intervention by outside agencies and project schedule
delay
Coefficients
Model Unstandardized
Coefficients
Standardized
Coefficients
t Sig.
31
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B Std. Error Beta
1
(Constant) .827 .497 1.665 .107
Intervention by outside
agencies and project
schedule delay
.749 .202 .574 3.706 .001
a. Dependent Variable: Intervention by outside agencies and project costing
Alternative hypothesis accepted.
Interpretation- From the evaluation it has been identified that the value of R that shows the
relationship in both the variables resulting as .574 which is a positive value and in turn
depicts a positive relationship in between the variables. The value of R square equates to .329
which indicates that change in one variable has a high level of impact on the other variable.
Moreover, as supported by the ANOVA table, the significance or P-value accounted as 0.001
which is lower than 0.05 so alternative hypothesis is accepted, and the null hypothesis is
rejected. This clearly reflects that there presents a difference in between the intervention by
the outside agencies and the schedule delay of the project.
Hypothesis 6
H0: There is no significance difference in elevation cost and the profitability
H1: There is significance difference in elevation cost and the profitability
Variables Entered/Removed
Model Variables
Entered
Variables
Removed
Method
1
Cost elevation
in construction
projectb
. Enter
a. Dependent Variable: Elevation in cost and its
impact on profitability
b. All requested variables entered.
Model Summary
Model R R Square Adjusted R
Square
Std. Error of the
Estimate
32
1
(Constant) .827 .497 1.665 .107
Intervention by outside
agencies and project
schedule delay
.749 .202 .574 3.706 .001
a. Dependent Variable: Intervention by outside agencies and project costing
Alternative hypothesis accepted.
Interpretation- From the evaluation it has been identified that the value of R that shows the
relationship in both the variables resulting as .574 which is a positive value and in turn
depicts a positive relationship in between the variables. The value of R square equates to .329
which indicates that change in one variable has a high level of impact on the other variable.
Moreover, as supported by the ANOVA table, the significance or P-value accounted as 0.001
which is lower than 0.05 so alternative hypothesis is accepted, and the null hypothesis is
rejected. This clearly reflects that there presents a difference in between the intervention by
the outside agencies and the schedule delay of the project.
Hypothesis 6
H0: There is no significance difference in elevation cost and the profitability
H1: There is significance difference in elevation cost and the profitability
Variables Entered/Removed
Model Variables
Entered
Variables
Removed
Method
1
Cost elevation
in construction
projectb
. Enter
a. Dependent Variable: Elevation in cost and its
impact on profitability
b. All requested variables entered.
Model Summary
Model R R Square Adjusted R
Square
Std. Error of the
Estimate
32
1 .824a .679 .668 .44077
a. Predictors: (Constant), Cost elevation in construction
project
ANOVA
Model Sum of
Squares
df Mean Square F Sig.
1
Regression 11.527 1 11.527 59.332 .000b
Residual 5.440 28 .194
Total 16.967 29
a. Dependent Variable: Elevation in cost and its impact on profitability
b. Predictors: (Constant), Cost elevation in construction project
Coefficients
Model Unstandardized
Coefficients
Standardized
Coefficients
t Sig.
B Std. Error Beta
1
(Constant) .335 .156 2.145 .041
Cost elevation in
construction project .673 .087 .824 7.703 .000
a. Dependent Variable: Elevation in cost and its impact on profitability
Alternative hypothesis accepted.
Interpretation - the above analysis reflects the there is a highly positive relationship in
between the elevation cost and the profitability. The evaluation also indicates that as the
value of R square is .679 which means that there exist a higher relationship in both of the
variables. The P value resulting as 0.00 which indicates that there is the difference in between
the elevation cost and the profitability which in turn means that alternative hypothesis is been
accepted and null hypothesis is rejected.
Hypothesis 7
H0: There is no significant impact of changes initiated by owner on project cost.
H1: There is significant impact of changes initiated by owner on project cost.
33
a. Predictors: (Constant), Cost elevation in construction
project
ANOVA
Model Sum of
Squares
df Mean Square F Sig.
1
Regression 11.527 1 11.527 59.332 .000b
Residual 5.440 28 .194
Total 16.967 29
a. Dependent Variable: Elevation in cost and its impact on profitability
b. Predictors: (Constant), Cost elevation in construction project
Coefficients
Model Unstandardized
Coefficients
Standardized
Coefficients
t Sig.
B Std. Error Beta
1
(Constant) .335 .156 2.145 .041
Cost elevation in
construction project .673 .087 .824 7.703 .000
a. Dependent Variable: Elevation in cost and its impact on profitability
Alternative hypothesis accepted.
Interpretation - the above analysis reflects the there is a highly positive relationship in
between the elevation cost and the profitability. The evaluation also indicates that as the
value of R square is .679 which means that there exist a higher relationship in both of the
variables. The P value resulting as 0.00 which indicates that there is the difference in between
the elevation cost and the profitability which in turn means that alternative hypothesis is been
accepted and null hypothesis is rejected.
Hypothesis 7
H0: There is no significant impact of changes initiated by owner on project cost.
H1: There is significant impact of changes initiated by owner on project cost.
33
Variables Entered/Removeda
Model Variables
Entered
Variables
Removed
Method
1
Changes
initiated by
owner and its
role in project
schedule
delayb
. Enter
a. Dependent Variable: Changes initiated by
owner and project costing
b. All requested variables entered.
Model Summary
Model R R Square Adjusted R
Square
Std. Error of the
Estimate
1 .637a .406 .385 .82196
a. Predictors: (Constant), Changes initiated by owner and its
role in project schedule delay
ANOVA
Model Sum of
Squares
df Mean Square F Sig.
1
Regression 12.949 1 12.949 19.167 .000b
Residual 18.917 28 .676
Total 31.867 29
a. Dependent Variable: Changes initiated by owner and project costing
b. Predictors: (Constant), Changes initiated by owner and its role in project
schedule delay
34
Model Variables
Entered
Variables
Removed
Method
1
Changes
initiated by
owner and its
role in project
schedule
delayb
. Enter
a. Dependent Variable: Changes initiated by
owner and project costing
b. All requested variables entered.
Model Summary
Model R R Square Adjusted R
Square
Std. Error of the
Estimate
1 .637a .406 .385 .82196
a. Predictors: (Constant), Changes initiated by owner and its
role in project schedule delay
ANOVA
Model Sum of
Squares
df Mean Square F Sig.
1
Regression 12.949 1 12.949 19.167 .000b
Residual 18.917 28 .676
Total 31.867 29
a. Dependent Variable: Changes initiated by owner and project costing
b. Predictors: (Constant), Changes initiated by owner and its role in project
schedule delay
34
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Coefficients
Model Unstandardised
Coefficients
Standardized
Coefficients
t Sig.
B Std. Error Beta
1
(Constant) .819 .322 2.544 .017
Changes initiated by
owner and its role in
project schedule delay
.594 .136 .637 4.378 .000
a. Dependent Variable: Changes initiated by owner and project costing
Alternative hypothesis accepted
Interpretation - The above table shows that value of R resulting as 0.637 which shows a
positive relationship among the chosen variables that is influence of the initiated changes by
the owner and project cost. The value of R square equates to .406 which clearly reflects that
the relationship in between the variables is high and the P value the evaluated as 0.000, lower
than 0.05, indicates that alternative hypothesis is accepted and the other one is rejected and
this in turn means that there is a significant effect of the change that is initiated by owner on
the cost of the project.
Discussion
The Construction Industry plays an important role in the development of economy of every
country. All the operations undertaken by the construction industry mainly emphasises on
making significant difference in between current as well as future development. Operations
of construction industry has its basis mainly on the agreements of contractual nature and
frameworks. The term construction is defined as a process covering function related to
constructing any building, undertaking of infrastructure activities etc. It is considered as a
branch which is involved in the manufacturing and trading activities such as constructing new
buildings or apartments, maintaining, repairing, development, infrastructure etc. For every
economy, it is one of the most essential part which helps in growth and bringing in economic
development as well. It highly depends on the work nature & magnitude, job complexity,
needs in relation of specific designs, annual funds etc.
Delays in relation to construction activities of project are known as time lag which has
incurred while completing the whole activity of project. It includes either late completion or
late starting of activities in respect of baseline schedule having its main impact on cost as
specified for the project. These delays made in completion of project thus directly aids to
extension of time which will be required for completing whole project work. As a result of
35
Model Unstandardised
Coefficients
Standardized
Coefficients
t Sig.
B Std. Error Beta
1
(Constant) .819 .322 2.544 .017
Changes initiated by
owner and its role in
project schedule delay
.594 .136 .637 4.378 .000
a. Dependent Variable: Changes initiated by owner and project costing
Alternative hypothesis accepted
Interpretation - The above table shows that value of R resulting as 0.637 which shows a
positive relationship among the chosen variables that is influence of the initiated changes by
the owner and project cost. The value of R square equates to .406 which clearly reflects that
the relationship in between the variables is high and the P value the evaluated as 0.000, lower
than 0.05, indicates that alternative hypothesis is accepted and the other one is rejected and
this in turn means that there is a significant effect of the change that is initiated by owner on
the cost of the project.
Discussion
The Construction Industry plays an important role in the development of economy of every
country. All the operations undertaken by the construction industry mainly emphasises on
making significant difference in between current as well as future development. Operations
of construction industry has its basis mainly on the agreements of contractual nature and
frameworks. The term construction is defined as a process covering function related to
constructing any building, undertaking of infrastructure activities etc. It is considered as a
branch which is involved in the manufacturing and trading activities such as constructing new
buildings or apartments, maintaining, repairing, development, infrastructure etc. For every
economy, it is one of the most essential part which helps in growth and bringing in economic
development as well. It highly depends on the work nature & magnitude, job complexity,
needs in relation of specific designs, annual funds etc.
Delays in relation to construction activities of project are known as time lag which has
incurred while completing the whole activity of project. It includes either late completion or
late starting of activities in respect of baseline schedule having its main impact on cost as
specified for the project. These delays made in completion of project thus directly aids to
extension of time which will be required for completing whole project work. As a result of
35
which, it will leads to charging of fine amount along with increase in the amount of cost
arises due to rise in inflation. Furthermore, sometime it also results in termination of the
whole contract or project as followed by making of court case due to delay made which thus
creates delay damages or combination of every factors.
There are number of factors which can contributes to delay in the completion of the whole
project activities. It is very much important on the part of contractor to analyse all those
factors causing delays so that its impact can be minimized. Most of the delays made in
construction projects are of complicated nature for which researcher as well as contractor is
required to make focus on the amount of cost as incurred along with risk associated therein.
Any delay made in the context of design approval and its revision makes impact on the
completion of overall project. Another factors which contributes in making delay in
successful completion of project activities includes:
Financing and payment related activities undertaken for the work which is required to
be completed by the owner.
Inadequate or lack of experience with the contractor
Changes as made by the owner or by their clients, agent during construction in the
design.
Poor and inability of the contractor in conducting operational, management as well as
supervision activities in respect of a particular site.
Changes order made too frequently by the owner thus impacting project completion.
Construction related delays or non-timely completion of project as per its actual time
schedule creates negative effect on the whole project. The main causes of such delay can be
of internal or external types. Internal delays made in project mainly comprises of all the
factors as well as causes which has been emerging due to four parties pertinent to enter into
the project. These four causes mainly include consultants, clients, contractors as well as
designers. On the other hand, factors which are of non-controllable nature comes under the
category of external causes which creates negative impact in successful completion of
project. These external causes cover factors such as weather conditions, suppliers,
government as well. Thus, from construction delay it can be stated that it is slipping of
project activities in relation to its schedule as planned for effective as well as efficient
completion of the whole project work. Such delays are considered as one the most common
aspects in business operations of the construction industries.
Delay has been categorized of different types such as excusable and non-excusable delay,
critical delay, concurrent delay as well as compensable delay etc. Strike as undertaken by the
labour is also another factor which can adds to the delay problem of construction business.
For every business organization, its labour, employees as well as workers are considered as
one of the most important human assets which are required to be understand. By analysing
factors which are providing motivation and satisfaction to these human assets can business in
growing at much faster pace. As per the thoughts of Shehu, Endut and Akintoye, (2014), by
determining their strengths and weaknesses can help the contractor in successful completion
of the whole construction activities. Sometimes, delay made in respect of progress payment
36
arises due to rise in inflation. Furthermore, sometime it also results in termination of the
whole contract or project as followed by making of court case due to delay made which thus
creates delay damages or combination of every factors.
There are number of factors which can contributes to delay in the completion of the whole
project activities. It is very much important on the part of contractor to analyse all those
factors causing delays so that its impact can be minimized. Most of the delays made in
construction projects are of complicated nature for which researcher as well as contractor is
required to make focus on the amount of cost as incurred along with risk associated therein.
Any delay made in the context of design approval and its revision makes impact on the
completion of overall project. Another factors which contributes in making delay in
successful completion of project activities includes:
Financing and payment related activities undertaken for the work which is required to
be completed by the owner.
Inadequate or lack of experience with the contractor
Changes as made by the owner or by their clients, agent during construction in the
design.
Poor and inability of the contractor in conducting operational, management as well as
supervision activities in respect of a particular site.
Changes order made too frequently by the owner thus impacting project completion.
Construction related delays or non-timely completion of project as per its actual time
schedule creates negative effect on the whole project. The main causes of such delay can be
of internal or external types. Internal delays made in project mainly comprises of all the
factors as well as causes which has been emerging due to four parties pertinent to enter into
the project. These four causes mainly include consultants, clients, contractors as well as
designers. On the other hand, factors which are of non-controllable nature comes under the
category of external causes which creates negative impact in successful completion of
project. These external causes cover factors such as weather conditions, suppliers,
government as well. Thus, from construction delay it can be stated that it is slipping of
project activities in relation to its schedule as planned for effective as well as efficient
completion of the whole project work. Such delays are considered as one the most common
aspects in business operations of the construction industries.
Delay has been categorized of different types such as excusable and non-excusable delay,
critical delay, concurrent delay as well as compensable delay etc. Strike as undertaken by the
labour is also another factor which can adds to the delay problem of construction business.
For every business organization, its labour, employees as well as workers are considered as
one of the most important human assets which are required to be understand. By analysing
factors which are providing motivation and satisfaction to these human assets can business in
growing at much faster pace. As per the thoughts of Shehu, Endut and Akintoye, (2014), by
determining their strengths and weaknesses can help the contractor in successful completion
of the whole construction activities. Sometimes, delay made in respect of progress payment
36
can result in arising of conflicts in between many labours, suppliers and other parties engaged
in the business of construction.
Thus, it can be said that the construction industry is subject to huge risk and losses which can
be arises due to advancement and development made in techniques, processes, operations
along with the complexity associated with it. The most important effect of such delay is made
on the goodwill and image of the contractor and on its business operations as it is impossible
for such contractor to manage both cost as well as time factors after delay made. Along with
the time factor, one of the most important elements which adds to delay damages is Cost
overrun. The term Cost overrun basically arises as a result of delay made by the contractor in
completion of the whole activities relevant for a particular project. It is a situation in which
the amount as specified as well as decided for the completing project exceeds the available
budget thus resulting in increase in overall construction cost. Thus, if the project comes up
with both the cost overrun and time factor, it made negative impact on the mind set of clients
and other related partners.
Construction delay or late completion of the project activities gives rise to lack of trust,
interest on the part of many clients and customers. Thus, resulting in decline in the level of
overall customer base for such construction company. In case of the contractor itself, such
delay can hamper the overall business production as well as manufacturing functions. Also, it
can result in decrease in the level of profit margins for a particular time period. Both the cost
– time over run factor are interrelated with the schedule delay. With the increase in the delay
made in project work, it results in increase in both the time as well as cost factor.
Before incorporating any business operations, it is very much important to formulate a sound
and effective strategies, plans in line with the business objectives and aims. By adopting
inappropriate plans, it can have its impact on business productivity as well as profitability
aspects. After making any plan, it should be closely examined or monitored for determining
any error or loophole if any therein so that preventive measures can be taken for making
corrections in it. Before implementing any strategy, error needs to be identified so that its
impact can be mitigated in the coming future period. Operations of the construction business
required a solid base for proper working and execution of the project activities.
Factor such as intervention made by agencies operating outside the business era also plays an
important role in making delay in completion of project. Intervention can be made by
agencies having regulatory powers and authority to impact the whole business operations. In
case of the construction industry, the business gets affected by stringent rules and regulations
which are imposed by regulatory bodies, agencies or by the government.
Being a quantitative research, researcher has made use of Deductive approach for
undertaking this research study in appropriate manner. By formulating hypotheses as per the
research aims and objectives, it has provided ease to the researcher in making proper
interpretation of all the data gathered. Also, it has supported many other scholars as well as
researchers in completing their researcher study in more effective as well as efficient manner.
Furthermore, with the help of Positivism philosophy of research, analysis of causes and
factors which has made schedule delays can be done. Also, it helps in evaluating
interrelationship in between effect of schedule delays and cost overrun in respect of the
construction project, if any. 20 Contractors has been selected for sampling purpose as well as
for collecting relevant and appropriate data. After gathering of data, the researcher has used
37
in the business of construction.
Thus, it can be said that the construction industry is subject to huge risk and losses which can
be arises due to advancement and development made in techniques, processes, operations
along with the complexity associated with it. The most important effect of such delay is made
on the goodwill and image of the contractor and on its business operations as it is impossible
for such contractor to manage both cost as well as time factors after delay made. Along with
the time factor, one of the most important elements which adds to delay damages is Cost
overrun. The term Cost overrun basically arises as a result of delay made by the contractor in
completion of the whole activities relevant for a particular project. It is a situation in which
the amount as specified as well as decided for the completing project exceeds the available
budget thus resulting in increase in overall construction cost. Thus, if the project comes up
with both the cost overrun and time factor, it made negative impact on the mind set of clients
and other related partners.
Construction delay or late completion of the project activities gives rise to lack of trust,
interest on the part of many clients and customers. Thus, resulting in decline in the level of
overall customer base for such construction company. In case of the contractor itself, such
delay can hamper the overall business production as well as manufacturing functions. Also, it
can result in decrease in the level of profit margins for a particular time period. Both the cost
– time over run factor are interrelated with the schedule delay. With the increase in the delay
made in project work, it results in increase in both the time as well as cost factor.
Before incorporating any business operations, it is very much important to formulate a sound
and effective strategies, plans in line with the business objectives and aims. By adopting
inappropriate plans, it can have its impact on business productivity as well as profitability
aspects. After making any plan, it should be closely examined or monitored for determining
any error or loophole if any therein so that preventive measures can be taken for making
corrections in it. Before implementing any strategy, error needs to be identified so that its
impact can be mitigated in the coming future period. Operations of the construction business
required a solid base for proper working and execution of the project activities.
Factor such as intervention made by agencies operating outside the business era also plays an
important role in making delay in completion of project. Intervention can be made by
agencies having regulatory powers and authority to impact the whole business operations. In
case of the construction industry, the business gets affected by stringent rules and regulations
which are imposed by regulatory bodies, agencies or by the government.
Being a quantitative research, researcher has made use of Deductive approach for
undertaking this research study in appropriate manner. By formulating hypotheses as per the
research aims and objectives, it has provided ease to the researcher in making proper
interpretation of all the data gathered. Also, it has supported many other scholars as well as
researchers in completing their researcher study in more effective as well as efficient manner.
Furthermore, with the help of Positivism philosophy of research, analysis of causes and
factors which has made schedule delays can be done. Also, it helps in evaluating
interrelationship in between effect of schedule delays and cost overrun in respect of the
construction project, if any. 20 Contractors has been selected for sampling purpose as well as
for collecting relevant and appropriate data. After gathering of data, the researcher has used
37
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SPSS tool for making analysis as well as better interpretation of such statistical data having
complex nature.
As per the findings of data analysis, there is a significance difference present in between
variables including schedule delay and construction project. Also due to such difference,
impact has been created by delay on construction project in form of cost and time overrun. As
per views of Sambasivan and et.al., (2017), cost overrun in construction project arises due to
improper planing, cost estimation of design, planing error, inefficiency of labour etc. Delay
made in starting of project is followed by increase in time, cost as well as risk factors as
associated with the process of project activities. Both the factors are highly interrelated with
each other i.e. any delay made in scheduled time and cost will bring direct impact on the
construction project as well. As a result of such schedule delay, it hampers the image of
contractor and construction business enterprises thereby declining their productivity as well
as profitability level. Also, customers lack trust and interest in such company which is
making delay in completing construction project.
Furthermore, it has been assessed from the results that there is no correlation existing in
between the schedule delay made and project costing factor. The delay can be made because
of mismanagement done by the contractor by taking so many projects at the same time thus
resulting in non-completion of such projects. Also, it can be because of lack of experience or
knowledge of contractor which has made labour unable to understand the whole business
scenario thus making them incompetent. On the other hand, increase in project costing can be
arises due to shortage of raw material, breakdown of machinery equipments, lack of expertise
knowledge, outsourcing activity etc. Also, in the view points of Al-Hazim, Salem and Ahmad
(2017), the cause and effect of schedule delay differs from the one construction project to
another construction project. Thus, from such findings it can be concluded that no correlation
exists in between project cost and schedule delay made on part of the contractor.
Results also evaluated that there are number of factors which contributes to the project cost
amount. One of the major factors as per Turner, Clack and Roberts, (2017) is labour strike as
done by the labour in respect of their business operations. For every business, its workers,
employees, labours are considered as one of the most important business assets which need to
be considered from time to time so as to assess any changes they are expecting from the
company. By understanding their needs, strengths and weaknesses, every business
organisation can brings changes in their business production level. Non fulfilment of labour
demands results in strikes, lock outs which directly affects the operations of construction
business thus making delay in its completion process. Furthermore, such delay made can adds
to increase in the level of cost elevation of the whole project due to time overrun factor.
Therefore, it should be on the part of company to monitor activities of its labours and
employees for making changes required if any for the betterment of business operations.
Planning is considered as one of the most important business tool with the help of which
every business enterprises can grow. Therefore, for making business operations more
effective and efficient it is essential to formulate strong business plans and strategies in line
with business aims and objectives. Any error or inappropriate planing can hamper business
growth thus resulting in decline in the level of profitability aspects for the future time period.
As per the findings there is a significant impact of error in the plan which has created impact
on the overall cost of the project. Planning should be done keeping in mind current as well as
38
complex nature.
As per the findings of data analysis, there is a significance difference present in between
variables including schedule delay and construction project. Also due to such difference,
impact has been created by delay on construction project in form of cost and time overrun. As
per views of Sambasivan and et.al., (2017), cost overrun in construction project arises due to
improper planing, cost estimation of design, planing error, inefficiency of labour etc. Delay
made in starting of project is followed by increase in time, cost as well as risk factors as
associated with the process of project activities. Both the factors are highly interrelated with
each other i.e. any delay made in scheduled time and cost will bring direct impact on the
construction project as well. As a result of such schedule delay, it hampers the image of
contractor and construction business enterprises thereby declining their productivity as well
as profitability level. Also, customers lack trust and interest in such company which is
making delay in completing construction project.
Furthermore, it has been assessed from the results that there is no correlation existing in
between the schedule delay made and project costing factor. The delay can be made because
of mismanagement done by the contractor by taking so many projects at the same time thus
resulting in non-completion of such projects. Also, it can be because of lack of experience or
knowledge of contractor which has made labour unable to understand the whole business
scenario thus making them incompetent. On the other hand, increase in project costing can be
arises due to shortage of raw material, breakdown of machinery equipments, lack of expertise
knowledge, outsourcing activity etc. Also, in the view points of Al-Hazim, Salem and Ahmad
(2017), the cause and effect of schedule delay differs from the one construction project to
another construction project. Thus, from such findings it can be concluded that no correlation
exists in between project cost and schedule delay made on part of the contractor.
Results also evaluated that there are number of factors which contributes to the project cost
amount. One of the major factors as per Turner, Clack and Roberts, (2017) is labour strike as
done by the labour in respect of their business operations. For every business, its workers,
employees, labours are considered as one of the most important business assets which need to
be considered from time to time so as to assess any changes they are expecting from the
company. By understanding their needs, strengths and weaknesses, every business
organisation can brings changes in their business production level. Non fulfilment of labour
demands results in strikes, lock outs which directly affects the operations of construction
business thus making delay in its completion process. Furthermore, such delay made can adds
to increase in the level of cost elevation of the whole project due to time overrun factor.
Therefore, it should be on the part of company to monitor activities of its labours and
employees for making changes required if any for the betterment of business operations.
Planning is considered as one of the most important business tool with the help of which
every business enterprises can grow. Therefore, for making business operations more
effective and efficient it is essential to formulate strong business plans and strategies in line
with business aims and objectives. Any error or inappropriate planing can hamper business
growth thus resulting in decline in the level of profitability aspects for the future time period.
As per the findings there is a significant impact of error in the plan which has created impact
on the overall cost of the project. Planning should be done keeping in mind current as well as
38
future market needs so as to gain competitive advantage. Before implementation of plans
formulated, it should be tested for its accuracy and for determining variances and changes
which are need to made therein. Wrong planning can adds to increase in project cost and
decline in profit margin.
From the findings it has been identified that there is a significance difference in between the
impact of intervention by the outside agencies in respect of the project schedule delay and
project costing. According to the thoughts of Arditi, Nayak and Damci, (2017) any changes
as mentioned by the agencies and other regulatory bodies in the context of overall
construction business operations are required to be adopted by the contractor in its business
project as well. Adoption of specified business norms and standards by such outside agencies
needs to be done by the contractor for mitigating unnecessary delays and losses. This results
in the increase in the level of project cost as new concepts and frameworks are required to be
followed by the contractor as specified therein. In case of non-compliance made if any related
to the rules, regulations and systems which has been laid down by these outside agencies can
result in penal provision on contractor which directly affects the goodwill and increase in the
project cost as well.
It has been assessed from the findings that there is a significance difference among the
project elevation cost and profitability aspect of the business project. With increase in the
level of cost factor of the project it results in the decline in the level of profit margin for the
contractor from the same project activities. For contractor it is very much important to
formulate a business plan and budget for successful completion of the whole project and its
related activities. Furthermore, if proper planning is not made related to the course of action it
can affect business operations by adding to unnecessary business expenses and decline in the
level of overall business of the contractor as well.
As per the result section, it has been assessed that there is a significant impact of changes as
initiated by the owner on the cost of the overall project and its related activities. With
constant changes in the plans, strategies and course of action, it affects the effectiveness of
the whole project. Also, such ongoing changes hampers the efficiency of the contractor in
making focus on a specific business plans and strategies to be implemented in completing the
construction work. Also, with changes in the design documents by the client, customer or
owner itself can make delay in starting of the construction work and in its successful
completion as well. Thus, as per the findings of data analysis it can be stated that with
changes made in design or plan by the owner can bring impact on the project costing.
39
formulated, it should be tested for its accuracy and for determining variances and changes
which are need to made therein. Wrong planning can adds to increase in project cost and
decline in profit margin.
From the findings it has been identified that there is a significance difference in between the
impact of intervention by the outside agencies in respect of the project schedule delay and
project costing. According to the thoughts of Arditi, Nayak and Damci, (2017) any changes
as mentioned by the agencies and other regulatory bodies in the context of overall
construction business operations are required to be adopted by the contractor in its business
project as well. Adoption of specified business norms and standards by such outside agencies
needs to be done by the contractor for mitigating unnecessary delays and losses. This results
in the increase in the level of project cost as new concepts and frameworks are required to be
followed by the contractor as specified therein. In case of non-compliance made if any related
to the rules, regulations and systems which has been laid down by these outside agencies can
result in penal provision on contractor which directly affects the goodwill and increase in the
project cost as well.
It has been assessed from the findings that there is a significance difference among the
project elevation cost and profitability aspect of the business project. With increase in the
level of cost factor of the project it results in the decline in the level of profit margin for the
contractor from the same project activities. For contractor it is very much important to
formulate a business plan and budget for successful completion of the whole project and its
related activities. Furthermore, if proper planning is not made related to the course of action it
can affect business operations by adding to unnecessary business expenses and decline in the
level of overall business of the contractor as well.
As per the result section, it has been assessed that there is a significant impact of changes as
initiated by the owner on the cost of the overall project and its related activities. With
constant changes in the plans, strategies and course of action, it affects the effectiveness of
the whole project. Also, such ongoing changes hampers the efficiency of the contractor in
making focus on a specific business plans and strategies to be implemented in completing the
construction work. Also, with changes in the design documents by the client, customer or
owner itself can make delay in starting of the construction work and in its successful
completion as well. Thus, as per the findings of data analysis it can be stated that with
changes made in design or plan by the owner can bring impact on the project costing.
39
CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Conclusion
It has been identified from the above research that researcher effectively explains all the term
used in the project and able to achieve the aim of the project that is to identify the relation
between the costs overrun and schedule delay. At the end it can be found that researcher use
different methods to accomplish the project effectively and efficiently. Schedule delay and
cost overrun are positively related and make negative impact on completion of the project.
Increase in cost of the project also increase the time in completion of project because
contractor has to identify the different sources from which they can raise the fund. Inadequate
plan, poor labour, shortage of resources etc. increases the cost of the project and also
increases the time period to complete the project within the specified project.
It can be concluded from the literature review that there are various factors which cause the
schedule delay and cost overrun in construction project. Labour strike, owner interest and
changers are some internal factor which increases the time in completion of the project.
Owner change the design of the project according to its interest which require additional time
and cost to complete the project on time which directly results to schedule delay. As per the
study it also concluded that schedule delay is differed from one nation to another because of
the different equipment, climate, policy and economic condition. The differences in the
opinion of labour and contractor result to create dispute and dissatisfaction with the job which
generate the situation of labour strike. Labour strike increases the time period to complete the
project and also increases the cost. It can be interpreted from the literature review section that
most of the author found that there is positive relation between the cost overrun and schedule
delay. The delay in schedule is result to the exceeding cost of the project. Author conclude
that contractor has to undertake the useful measure and strategies to minimize the schedule
delay. Understanding of each and every component in the project help the contractor to
40
Conclusion
It has been identified from the above research that researcher effectively explains all the term
used in the project and able to achieve the aim of the project that is to identify the relation
between the costs overrun and schedule delay. At the end it can be found that researcher use
different methods to accomplish the project effectively and efficiently. Schedule delay and
cost overrun are positively related and make negative impact on completion of the project.
Increase in cost of the project also increase the time in completion of project because
contractor has to identify the different sources from which they can raise the fund. Inadequate
plan, poor labour, shortage of resources etc. increases the cost of the project and also
increases the time period to complete the project within the specified project.
It can be concluded from the literature review that there are various factors which cause the
schedule delay and cost overrun in construction project. Labour strike, owner interest and
changers are some internal factor which increases the time in completion of the project.
Owner change the design of the project according to its interest which require additional time
and cost to complete the project on time which directly results to schedule delay. As per the
study it also concluded that schedule delay is differed from one nation to another because of
the different equipment, climate, policy and economic condition. The differences in the
opinion of labour and contractor result to create dispute and dissatisfaction with the job which
generate the situation of labour strike. Labour strike increases the time period to complete the
project and also increases the cost. It can be interpreted from the literature review section that
most of the author found that there is positive relation between the cost overrun and schedule
delay. The delay in schedule is result to the exceeding cost of the project. Author conclude
that contractor has to undertake the useful measure and strategies to minimize the schedule
delay. Understanding of each and every component in the project help the contractor to
40
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identify the measure and techniques which reduces the project cost and time in completing
the project.
Researcher uses the different tools and techniques to complete the project and identify the
relation between the different variables. Researcher uses the deductive-approach method to
ensure the reliability and validity of the project by making the hypothesis from the different
theories. The SPSS tool helps the researcher to interpret the collected data and help the
researcher for their further study. It has been concluded that to complete the research with the
efficiency and effectiveness they use both primary and secondary data to collect information
from the different sources and respondents. It helps them to minimize the cost and time of the
project by collecting data through primary source and maintain the reliability and accuracy of
the research project by collecting data from primary method. It can be concluded from the
ethical consideration and consent form that the collected data or information is free from any
biases and researcher collect them by the proper consent of respondent. All the 20 contractors
are volunteer participate in the research without any pressure and force. The selection of 20
contractors as respondents help them to get the deeper knowledge’s regarding the subject area
of research and conclude the information on the basis of the data provided by the contractors.
Researcher has to face various limitation while conducting the research such as time
constraint, limited budget, sample size etc. The limitation of project affects the reliability and
validity of the project. It can be finalized that researcher use various techniques and methods
to minimize the limitation of the project. To minimize the time and cost constraints they
prepare proper time line by assigning cost and time to each and every activity and monitor
them to complete the project within the assign time. Researcher selects the specified sample
size from the population so the result are according to the aims and objectives of the study. It
helps them to get the accurate and reliable information from the 20 contractors.
From the data analysis part of the study it has been found that researcher use the various tools
and methods like SPSS, ANOVA etc. to identify the relation between the cost overrun and
schedule delay. The frequency of schedule delay of the project make a huge impact on the
construction project. It increases the time of the project which requires additional cost to
complete the project on time. The different factors such as labour strike, outside agencies, etc.
increases the cost of the project. Outsider agencies and their activities influence the
construction project which impact to increases the cost of the project. The ANOVA method
of the data analyse help to understand the impact of outsider agencies on the project. From
the research it has been concluded that schedule delay and project cost are correlated.
Increase or decrease in schedule delay results to increase and decrease in the cost of the
project respectively. The data analysis part help the researcher to get the deeper knowledges
by interpreting the information gathered from the data collected from contractors.
It also concluded from the study that there is significance difference in elevation cost and
profitability of the project. The increase in elevation cost reduces the profitability of the
project. Contractor uses different methodologies and techniques to reduce the cost of
elevation cost, so they can increase their profitability and maintain the performance. It can be
identified from the project that inadequate planning of contractor and intervention of owner
in the project increases the cost of the project. It can be concluded that contractor has to plan
the activity according to the time, cost and availability of the human and material resources.
It helps them to control and monitor the activity on regular time interval, so they can identify
41
the project.
Researcher uses the different tools and techniques to complete the project and identify the
relation between the different variables. Researcher uses the deductive-approach method to
ensure the reliability and validity of the project by making the hypothesis from the different
theories. The SPSS tool helps the researcher to interpret the collected data and help the
researcher for their further study. It has been concluded that to complete the research with the
efficiency and effectiveness they use both primary and secondary data to collect information
from the different sources and respondents. It helps them to minimize the cost and time of the
project by collecting data through primary source and maintain the reliability and accuracy of
the research project by collecting data from primary method. It can be concluded from the
ethical consideration and consent form that the collected data or information is free from any
biases and researcher collect them by the proper consent of respondent. All the 20 contractors
are volunteer participate in the research without any pressure and force. The selection of 20
contractors as respondents help them to get the deeper knowledge’s regarding the subject area
of research and conclude the information on the basis of the data provided by the contractors.
Researcher has to face various limitation while conducting the research such as time
constraint, limited budget, sample size etc. The limitation of project affects the reliability and
validity of the project. It can be finalized that researcher use various techniques and methods
to minimize the limitation of the project. To minimize the time and cost constraints they
prepare proper time line by assigning cost and time to each and every activity and monitor
them to complete the project within the assign time. Researcher selects the specified sample
size from the population so the result are according to the aims and objectives of the study. It
helps them to get the accurate and reliable information from the 20 contractors.
From the data analysis part of the study it has been found that researcher use the various tools
and methods like SPSS, ANOVA etc. to identify the relation between the cost overrun and
schedule delay. The frequency of schedule delay of the project make a huge impact on the
construction project. It increases the time of the project which requires additional cost to
complete the project on time. The different factors such as labour strike, outside agencies, etc.
increases the cost of the project. Outsider agencies and their activities influence the
construction project which impact to increases the cost of the project. The ANOVA method
of the data analyse help to understand the impact of outsider agencies on the project. From
the research it has been concluded that schedule delay and project cost are correlated.
Increase or decrease in schedule delay results to increase and decrease in the cost of the
project respectively. The data analysis part help the researcher to get the deeper knowledges
by interpreting the information gathered from the data collected from contractors.
It also concluded from the study that there is significance difference in elevation cost and
profitability of the project. The increase in elevation cost reduces the profitability of the
project. Contractor uses different methodologies and techniques to reduce the cost of
elevation cost, so they can increase their profitability and maintain the performance. It can be
identified from the project that inadequate planning of contractor and intervention of owner
in the project increases the cost of the project. It can be concluded that contractor has to plan
the activity according to the time, cost and availability of the human and material resources.
It helps them to control and monitor the activity on regular time interval, so they can identify
41
the gap and rectify it in proper time. From the above study it can overall concluded that the
researcher is able to achieve the aim and objective of the study and provide the useful
material and information to the different contractors, researcher, scholar and student to
understand the study and its subject area in deeper sense.
Recommendations
• In order to avoid delay within the construction process, careful planning is been
considered as of great importance which helps in determining the blockers prior to
implementation of the project and for preventing in facing an obstacle.
• By making improvements in the management methods, the issue delay could be
avoided as the managers of an organization should create project plan which includes the
required elements in relation to the task to be performed and the manner in which the project
is to be completed within the particular time period. A construction manager should juggle
various aspects of the detailed project plan which results in minimizing delays and will help
in removing the blockers that could hold the progress.
• Assigning roles and the responsibility appropriately clearly also helps in avoiding
delays and in making an effective completion of the project. Managers should establish
accountability in respect of planning and preparing for the timeline under which he should
focus on what task has to be performed and whom will be responsible in performing it.
• Contractors should have the direct communication with the team of project
management and the stakeholders as poor communication in between the parties resulted as
big delays in resolving and communicating the problem as early as possible. It is has been
recommended that contractor has to assign the duties and responsibilities to the different
personnel and communicate with them regarding their job role and their satisfaction or
dissatisfaction with the job. It will help them to minimize the labour strike which ultimately
manage the cost overrun and schedule delay.
• A labour management relations plan should be implemented which refers to
compliance of state and the federal employment laws along with facilitating the platform for
the labour in discussing their grievances and corrective procedures should be adopted for
resolving their grievances. This in turn helps the company in avoiding the labour strike or
reduces the chances of strike against an organization.
• Construction manager should create a culture that unites and inspires the labour
prevents strike as strong culture increases cooperation, motivation and the collaboration
which leads to improvement in the decision-making, communication and in providing
adequate tools for solving the problem more effectively.
• Providing an adequate amount of the wages to the labour is also an essential
component that an enterprise should consider for encouraging initiatives among the workers
which in turn prevents strike and leads business towards growing success. This also helps in
increasing the satisfaction among the workers and in decreasing likelihood of strike. It will
help the contractor to manage and maintain the relation between the labour and contractor. It
improves the performance of the labour and reduces labour strike as well as schedule delay.
• Constructor has to regulate all the activities of the project on regular time interval to
identify the gap in project plan. The systematic schedule of all the activities in the
42
researcher is able to achieve the aim and objective of the study and provide the useful
material and information to the different contractors, researcher, scholar and student to
understand the study and its subject area in deeper sense.
Recommendations
• In order to avoid delay within the construction process, careful planning is been
considered as of great importance which helps in determining the blockers prior to
implementation of the project and for preventing in facing an obstacle.
• By making improvements in the management methods, the issue delay could be
avoided as the managers of an organization should create project plan which includes the
required elements in relation to the task to be performed and the manner in which the project
is to be completed within the particular time period. A construction manager should juggle
various aspects of the detailed project plan which results in minimizing delays and will help
in removing the blockers that could hold the progress.
• Assigning roles and the responsibility appropriately clearly also helps in avoiding
delays and in making an effective completion of the project. Managers should establish
accountability in respect of planning and preparing for the timeline under which he should
focus on what task has to be performed and whom will be responsible in performing it.
• Contractors should have the direct communication with the team of project
management and the stakeholders as poor communication in between the parties resulted as
big delays in resolving and communicating the problem as early as possible. It is has been
recommended that contractor has to assign the duties and responsibilities to the different
personnel and communicate with them regarding their job role and their satisfaction or
dissatisfaction with the job. It will help them to minimize the labour strike which ultimately
manage the cost overrun and schedule delay.
• A labour management relations plan should be implemented which refers to
compliance of state and the federal employment laws along with facilitating the platform for
the labour in discussing their grievances and corrective procedures should be adopted for
resolving their grievances. This in turn helps the company in avoiding the labour strike or
reduces the chances of strike against an organization.
• Construction manager should create a culture that unites and inspires the labour
prevents strike as strong culture increases cooperation, motivation and the collaboration
which leads to improvement in the decision-making, communication and in providing
adequate tools for solving the problem more effectively.
• Providing an adequate amount of the wages to the labour is also an essential
component that an enterprise should consider for encouraging initiatives among the workers
which in turn prevents strike and leads business towards growing success. This also helps in
increasing the satisfaction among the workers and in decreasing likelihood of strike. It will
help the contractor to manage and maintain the relation between the labour and contractor. It
improves the performance of the labour and reduces labour strike as well as schedule delay.
• Constructor has to regulate all the activities of the project on regular time interval to
identify the gap in project plan. The systematic schedule of all the activities in the
42
construction project will help them to identify the constraints which increases the cost of the
project and also help to reduce the cost overrun and schedule delay.
• It recommends to the researcher that contractor also has to control the external
activities which impact on the completion of project such as intervention of outsider agencies.
Some outsider agencies interfere in the construction which increases the time and cost of the
project. So, contractor has to control and monitor the outsider work as well as.
REFERENCES
Books and Journals
Al - Hazim, N., Salem, Z. A. and Ahmad, H., (2017). Delay and cost overrun in
infrastructure projects in Jordan. Procedia Engineering. 182. pp.18-24.
Alford, M., Barrientos, S. and Visser, M., (2017). Multi‐scalar labour agency in global
production networks: Contestation and crisis in the South African fruit sector. Development
and Change. 48(4), pp.721-745.
Amusan, L. M. and et.al., (2018). Data exploration on factors that influences construction
cost and time performance on construction project sites. Data in brief. 17. pp.1320-1325.
Ansah, R. H., Sorooshian, S. and Mustafa, S. B., (2016). Lean construction: an effective
approach for project management. ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences.
11(3). pp.1607-1612.
Antwi, S. K. and Hamza, K., (2015). Qualitative and quantitative research paradigms in
business research: A philosophical reflection. European Journal of Business and
Management. 7(3). pp.217-225.
Arditi, D., Nayak, S. and Damci, A., (2017). Effect of organizational culture on delay in
construction. International Journal of Project Management. 35(2). pp.136-147.
Aziz, R. F. and Abdel-Hakam, A. A., (2016). Exploring delay causes of road construction
projects in Egypt. Alexandria Engineering Journal. 55(2). pp.1515-1539.
43
project and also help to reduce the cost overrun and schedule delay.
• It recommends to the researcher that contractor also has to control the external
activities which impact on the completion of project such as intervention of outsider agencies.
Some outsider agencies interfere in the construction which increases the time and cost of the
project. So, contractor has to control and monitor the outsider work as well as.
REFERENCES
Books and Journals
Al - Hazim, N., Salem, Z. A. and Ahmad, H., (2017). Delay and cost overrun in
infrastructure projects in Jordan. Procedia Engineering. 182. pp.18-24.
Alford, M., Barrientos, S. and Visser, M., (2017). Multi‐scalar labour agency in global
production networks: Contestation and crisis in the South African fruit sector. Development
and Change. 48(4), pp.721-745.
Amusan, L. M. and et.al., (2018). Data exploration on factors that influences construction
cost and time performance on construction project sites. Data in brief. 17. pp.1320-1325.
Ansah, R. H., Sorooshian, S. and Mustafa, S. B., (2016). Lean construction: an effective
approach for project management. ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences.
11(3). pp.1607-1612.
Antwi, S. K. and Hamza, K., (2015). Qualitative and quantitative research paradigms in
business research: A philosophical reflection. European Journal of Business and
Management. 7(3). pp.217-225.
Arditi, D., Nayak, S. and Damci, A., (2017). Effect of organizational culture on delay in
construction. International Journal of Project Management. 35(2). pp.136-147.
Aziz, R. F. and Abdel-Hakam, A. A., (2016). Exploring delay causes of road construction
projects in Egypt. Alexandria Engineering Journal. 55(2). pp.1515-1539.
43
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Bagaya, O. and Song, J., (2016). Empirical study of factors influencing schedule delays of
public construction projects in Burkina Faso. Journal of Management in Engineering. 32(5).
p.05016014.
Ballesteros - Pérez, P., and et.al., (2015). Climate and construction delays: case study in
Chile. Engineering, construction and architectural management. 22(6). pp.596-621.
Brookes, N. J. and Locatelli, G., (2015). Power plants as megaprojects: Using empirics to
shape policy, planning, and construction management. Utilities Policy. 36. pp.57-66.
Choi, S. Y. and Cho, Y., (2017). Generating counter-public spheres through social media:
Two social movements in neoliberalised South Korea. Javnost-The Public. 24(1). pp.15-33.
Ciribini, A. L. C., Ventura, S.M. and Paneroni, M., (2016). Implementation of an
interoperable process to optimise design and construction phases of a residential building: A
BIM Pilot Project. Automation in Construction. 71. pp.62-73.
Crossan, J. M. and et.al., (2016). Trade union banners and the construction of a working‐
class presence: notes from two labour disputes in 1980s Glasgow and North Lanarkshire.
Area. 48(3). pp.357-364.
Dinakar, A., (2014). Delay analysis in construction project. International Journal of
Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering. 4(5). pp.784-788.
Durdyev, S., Omarov, M. and Ismail, S., (2017). Causes of delay in residential construction
projects in Cambodia. Cogent Engineering. 4(1). p.1291117.
Eriksson, P. and Kovalainen, A., (2015). Qualitative methods in business research: A
practical guide to social research. Sage.
Faghihi, V. and et.al., (2015). Automation in construction scheduling: a review of the
literature. The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology. 81(9-12).
pp.1845-1856.
Fernandes, S., (2017). Stories and Statecraft: Afghan Women’s Narratives and the
Construction of Western Freedoms. Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society. 42(3).
pp.643-667.
Flick, U., (2015). Introducing research methodology: A beginner's guide to doing a research
project. Sage.
Forbes, I. and Hoffman, M. eds., (2016). Political theory, international relations, and the
ethics of intervention. Springer.
Gray, C. and Malins, J., (2016). Visualizing research: A guide to the research process in art
and design. Routledge.
Greener, S., (2018). Research limitations: the need for honesty and common
sense. Interactive Learning Environments. 26(5). pp.567-568.
Halpin, D. W., Lucko, G. and Senior, B. A., (2017). Construction management. John Wiley
& Sons.
44
public construction projects in Burkina Faso. Journal of Management in Engineering. 32(5).
p.05016014.
Ballesteros - Pérez, P., and et.al., (2015). Climate and construction delays: case study in
Chile. Engineering, construction and architectural management. 22(6). pp.596-621.
Brookes, N. J. and Locatelli, G., (2015). Power plants as megaprojects: Using empirics to
shape policy, planning, and construction management. Utilities Policy. 36. pp.57-66.
Choi, S. Y. and Cho, Y., (2017). Generating counter-public spheres through social media:
Two social movements in neoliberalised South Korea. Javnost-The Public. 24(1). pp.15-33.
Ciribini, A. L. C., Ventura, S.M. and Paneroni, M., (2016). Implementation of an
interoperable process to optimise design and construction phases of a residential building: A
BIM Pilot Project. Automation in Construction. 71. pp.62-73.
Crossan, J. M. and et.al., (2016). Trade union banners and the construction of a working‐
class presence: notes from two labour disputes in 1980s Glasgow and North Lanarkshire.
Area. 48(3). pp.357-364.
Dinakar, A., (2014). Delay analysis in construction project. International Journal of
Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering. 4(5). pp.784-788.
Durdyev, S., Omarov, M. and Ismail, S., (2017). Causes of delay in residential construction
projects in Cambodia. Cogent Engineering. 4(1). p.1291117.
Eriksson, P. and Kovalainen, A., (2015). Qualitative methods in business research: A
practical guide to social research. Sage.
Faghihi, V. and et.al., (2015). Automation in construction scheduling: a review of the
literature. The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology. 81(9-12).
pp.1845-1856.
Fernandes, S., (2017). Stories and Statecraft: Afghan Women’s Narratives and the
Construction of Western Freedoms. Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society. 42(3).
pp.643-667.
Flick, U., (2015). Introducing research methodology: A beginner's guide to doing a research
project. Sage.
Forbes, I. and Hoffman, M. eds., (2016). Political theory, international relations, and the
ethics of intervention. Springer.
Gray, C. and Malins, J., (2016). Visualizing research: A guide to the research process in art
and design. Routledge.
Greener, S., (2018). Research limitations: the need for honesty and common
sense. Interactive Learning Environments. 26(5). pp.567-568.
Halpin, D. W., Lucko, G. and Senior, B. A., (2017). Construction management. John Wiley
& Sons.
44
Henjewele, C., Sun, M. and Fewings, P., (2014). Comparative performance of healthcare and
transport PFI projects: Empirical study on the influence of key factors. International Journal
of Project Management. 32(1). pp.77-87.
Hughes, J. A. and Sharrock, W. W., (2016). The philosophy of social research. Routledge.
Hwang, B. G., Zhao, X. and Tan, L. L. G., (2015). Green building projects: Schedule
performance, influential factors and solutions. Engineering, Construction and Architectural
Management. 22(3). pp.327-346.
Kumar, R., (2019). Research methodology: A step-by-step guide for beginners. Sage
Publications Limited.
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p.04015032.
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construction projects: Evidence from New Zealand. Journal of Management, Economics and
Industrial Organization. 1(2). pp.63-82.
Liu, J. and et.al., (2017). Impact of design risk on the performance of design-build
projects. Journal of Construction Engineering and Management. 143(6). p.04017010.
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Mackey, A. and Gass, S. M., (2015). Second language research: Methodology and design.
Routledge.
Mahamid, I., Al - Ghonamy, A. and Aichouni, M., (2015). Research Article Risk Matrix for
Delay Causes in Construction Projects in Saudi Arabia. Research. Journal of Applied
Sciences, Engineering and Technology. 9(8). pp.665-670.
Malejacq, R., (2016). Warlords, intervention, and state consolidation: a typology of political
orders in weak and failed states. Security Studies. 25(1). pp.85-110.
Oseghale, B. O., Abiola - Falemu, J. O. and Oseghale, G. E., (2015). An Evaluation of
Skilled Labour shortage in selected construction firms in Edo state, Nigeria. American.
Journal of Engineering Research. 1(4). pp.156-167.
Owolabi, J. D. and et.al., (2014). Causes and effect of delay on project construction delivery
time. International Journal of Education and Research. 2(4). pp.197-208.
Pallesen, T. and Jenle, R. P., (2018). Organizing consumers for a decarbonized electricity
system: Calculative agencies and user scripts in a Danish demonstration project. Energy
Research & Social Science. 38. pp.102-109.
Parvan, K., Rahmandad, H. and Haghani, A., (2015). Inter-phase feedbacks in construction
projects. Journal of Operations Management. 39. pp.48-62.
45
transport PFI projects: Empirical study on the influence of key factors. International Journal
of Project Management. 32(1). pp.77-87.
Hughes, J. A. and Sharrock, W. W., (2016). The philosophy of social research. Routledge.
Hwang, B. G., Zhao, X. and Tan, L. L. G., (2015). Green building projects: Schedule
performance, influential factors and solutions. Engineering, Construction and Architectural
Management. 22(3). pp.327-346.
Kumar, R., (2019). Research methodology: A step-by-step guide for beginners. Sage
Publications Limited.
Larsen, J. K. and et.al., (2015). Factors affecting schedule delay, cost overrun, and quality
level in public construction projects. Journal of Management in Engineering. 32(1).
p.04015032.
Ledford, J. R. and Gast, D. L., (2018). Single case research methodology: Applications in
special education and behavioral sciences. Routledge.
Lessing, B., Thurnell, D. and Durdyev, S., (2017). Main factors causing delays in large
construction projects: Evidence from New Zealand. Journal of Management, Economics and
Industrial Organization. 1(2). pp.63-82.
Liu, J. and et.al., (2017). Impact of design risk on the performance of design-build
projects. Journal of Construction Engineering and Management. 143(6). p.04017010.
Long, Q., (2016). A novel research methodology for supply network collaboration
management. Information Sciences. 331. pp.67-85.
Mackey, A. and Gass, S. M., (2015). Second language research: Methodology and design.
Routledge.
Mahamid, I., Al - Ghonamy, A. and Aichouni, M., (2015). Research Article Risk Matrix for
Delay Causes in Construction Projects in Saudi Arabia. Research. Journal of Applied
Sciences, Engineering and Technology. 9(8). pp.665-670.
Malejacq, R., (2016). Warlords, intervention, and state consolidation: a typology of political
orders in weak and failed states. Security Studies. 25(1). pp.85-110.
Oseghale, B. O., Abiola - Falemu, J. O. and Oseghale, G. E., (2015). An Evaluation of
Skilled Labour shortage in selected construction firms in Edo state, Nigeria. American.
Journal of Engineering Research. 1(4). pp.156-167.
Owolabi, J. D. and et.al., (2014). Causes and effect of delay on project construction delivery
time. International Journal of Education and Research. 2(4). pp.197-208.
Pallesen, T. and Jenle, R. P., (2018). Organizing consumers for a decarbonized electricity
system: Calculative agencies and user scripts in a Danish demonstration project. Energy
Research & Social Science. 38. pp.102-109.
Parvan, K., Rahmandad, H. and Haghani, A., (2015). Inter-phase feedbacks in construction
projects. Journal of Operations Management. 39. pp.48-62.
45
Perera, N. A., Sutrisna, M. and Yiu, T. W., 2016. Decision-making model for selecting the
optimum method of delay analysis in construction projects. Journal of Management in
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APPENDIX
Questionnaire
Demographic information
Name: _________________
Age: ________________
Gender: _____________
1.) Often in the project schedule delay happened.
• Strongly agree
• Agree
• Neutral
• Disagree
• Strongly disagree
2.) How frequently schedule delay happened in the project?
• Most of times
• Less frequent
3.) Schedule delay have very high impact on the construction project.
• Strongly agree
• Agree
• Neutral
• Disagree
• Strongly disagree
47
Questionnaire
Demographic information
Name: _________________
Age: ________________
Gender: _____________
1.) Often in the project schedule delay happened.
• Strongly agree
• Agree
• Neutral
• Disagree
• Strongly disagree
2.) How frequently schedule delay happened in the project?
• Most of times
• Less frequent
3.) Schedule delay have very high impact on the construction project.
• Strongly agree
• Agree
• Neutral
• Disagree
• Strongly disagree
47
4.) Cost often increased in the construction project.
• Strongly agree
• Agree
• Neutral
• Disagree
• Strongly disagree
5.) Due to increase in cost significant decline is observed in project profitability.
• Strongly agree
• Agree
• Neutral
• Disagree
• Strongly disagree
6.) Which of below given factor in your opinion is mainly responsible for cost overrun and
schedule delay?
• Labour strike
• Changes initiated by owner
• Error in plan
• Intervention by outside agencies
7.) Labour strike is highly responsible for project schedule delay?
• Strongly agree
• Agree
• Neutral
• Disagree
• Strongly disagree
8.) Labour strike lead to heavy increase in project costing.
• Strongly agree
• Agree
• Neutral
48
• Strongly agree
• Agree
• Neutral
• Disagree
• Strongly disagree
5.) Due to increase in cost significant decline is observed in project profitability.
• Strongly agree
• Agree
• Neutral
• Disagree
• Strongly disagree
6.) Which of below given factor in your opinion is mainly responsible for cost overrun and
schedule delay?
• Labour strike
• Changes initiated by owner
• Error in plan
• Intervention by outside agencies
7.) Labour strike is highly responsible for project schedule delay?
• Strongly agree
• Agree
• Neutral
• Disagree
• Strongly disagree
8.) Labour strike lead to heavy increase in project costing.
• Strongly agree
• Agree
• Neutral
48
• Disagree
• Strongly disagree
9.) Changes initiated by owner is highly responsible for project schedule delay?
• Yes
• No
10.) Changes initiated by owner lead to heavy increase in project costing.
• Yes
• No
11.) Error in plan is highly responsible for project schedule delay?
• Strongly agree
• Agree
• Neutral
• Disagree
• Strongly disagree
12.) Rate below impact of error in plan on project costing.
• Very high impact
• Moderate impact
• Low impact
• No impact
13.) Extent to which intervention by outside agencies is highly responsible for project
schedule delay?
• To great extent
• Moderately responsible for schedule delay
• May be
• Not responsible for project schedule delay
14.) Intervention by outside agencies lead to heavy increase in project costing.
• Strongly agree
• Agree
• Neutral
• Disagree
• Strongly disagree
49
• Strongly disagree
9.) Changes initiated by owner is highly responsible for project schedule delay?
• Yes
• No
10.) Changes initiated by owner lead to heavy increase in project costing.
• Yes
• No
11.) Error in plan is highly responsible for project schedule delay?
• Strongly agree
• Agree
• Neutral
• Disagree
• Strongly disagree
12.) Rate below impact of error in plan on project costing.
• Very high impact
• Moderate impact
• Low impact
• No impact
13.) Extent to which intervention by outside agencies is highly responsible for project
schedule delay?
• To great extent
• Moderately responsible for schedule delay
• May be
• Not responsible for project schedule delay
14.) Intervention by outside agencies lead to heavy increase in project costing.
• Strongly agree
• Agree
• Neutral
• Disagree
• Strongly disagree
49
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