List of figures: Figure 1 - Effect of exercise on respiratory rate………………6 Figure 2 - Effect of exercise on pulse pressure……………….7 Figure 3 - Effect of exercise on FeCO2…………………………8 3
Introduction: During short-term exercise different systems like cardiovascular, respiratory and muscular systems work in integration. Muscles must extensively during exercise and it consume more oxygen. Respiratory system responds quickly and lungs breath faster to improve intake of oxygen. Hence, it results in the increase in the breathing rateandtidalvolume.Heartalsocarrymoreoxygenatedblood.Heartinitiate pumping of the blood at the faster rate and it produces augmented heart rate. It results in the increased stroke volume and cardiac output. It leads to raised blood pressure during exercise. Exercise lead to more activity of musculoskeletal system. Cardiovascular system and respiratory system are helpful in maintaining sustained movement during the exercise. Physiological adaptation of both cardiovascular and respiratory system is responsible for the Improvement in the efficiency and capability ofthehumanbody.Usually,cardiovascularandrespiratorysystembecome responsive to reduced rate of work. However, both these systems are not responsive toincreasedrateofwork.Augmentedoxygenrequirementleadstoincreased cardiac output. However, raised cardiac output remains stagnant after reaching its maximum value (Plowman & Smith, 2013; Ehrman et al., 2013). Augmented rate of work leads to raised skeletal muscle oxygen requirement and oxygen uptake (VO2). Raised oxygen requirement lead to augmented cardiovascular parameters like cardiac output, heart rate and blood pressure because most the cardiovascular parameters influence each other. Cardiac output is defined as total volume of blood pumped by the left ventricle per minute. Cardiac output is the product of heart rate and stroke volume. Volume of blood pumped per heart beat is called as stroke volume (Plowman & Smith, 2013). Difference between the total oxygen in arterial and mixed venous blood is termed as arterial-mixed venous oxygen. Human-being’s maximum oxygen uptake depends on cardiac output and arterial-mixed venous oxygen. All the cardiovascular parameters do not increase to same proportion during exercise. There is full extent augmentation in the cardiac outputand heart rate;however,maximaloxygenuptakeincreases upto50% (Ehrman et al., 2013). 4
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It is evident that, only systolic blood pressure increases during exercise. Diastolic blood pressure does not increase during exercise. Blood pressure increases upto 200 to 240 mmHg during exercise(Plowman & Smith, 2013). Pulse pressure is defined as the difference between systolic and diastolic blood pressure.There is increase in the pulse pressure due to increase in the systolic blood pressure. Pulse pressure in resting is approximately 30 – 40 mmHg and it raisestoapproximately100mmHgduringexercise(Kinnear&Blakey,2014). Exercise produces sudden increase in the pulmonary ventilation. It is mediated throughstimulationofrespiratorycentresinthebrainthroughmotorcortex. Moreover, feedback from joints and muscles of extremities during exercise are responsible for the stimulation of the respiratory system. It is evident that increase in the tidal volume during exercise is mainly responsible for the augmentation of the pulmonary ventilation. During short duration exercise, there would be increase in the pulmonary ventilation form 10 litres per minute to 100 litres per minute (Kinnear & Blakey, 2014). Aim of this study is to assess effect of short-term exercise on the physiology of cardiovascular and respiratory system. Objectives of this study is to assess effect of short-term exercise on respiratory rate blood pressure, heart rate, gas composition and gas volume. It has been hypothesized that there would be augmentation in different physiological parametersofbothcardiovascularandrespiratorysystemduringshort-term exercise. Results: Results demonstrated that few of participants exhibited heart rate less than 60 and more than 100 beats per minute. Data for such participants need to be excluded during the analysis of the results because normal heart rate in the healthy human is between 60 to 100 beats per minute. Results exhibited that few of the participants demonstrated respiratory rate less than 12 and more than 20 breaths per minute. Dataforsuchparticipantsneedtobeexcludedduringanalysisoftheresults because normal range of respiratory rate is between 12 to 20 breaths per minute. Few of the participants exhibited systolic blood pressure less than 120 and more 5
than 140 mmHg. Blood pressure data for such participants need to be excluded because normal systolic blood pressure range is between 120 to 140 mmHg. Respiratory rate data is presented in figure 1 and it is expressed as breath per minute. Data is presented for the entire 15 minutes duration of the exercise. This type of graphical representation of the data is helpful in assessing impact of exercise on change in breath rate at each minute. During resting period, breath rate data didn’t change noteworthily and it remained in the range of 19.912 to 21.316 breath per minute. Observed breath rate at 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 minutes was 20.895, 19.912, 20.0, 21.316 and 21.316 breath per minute respectively. During 5 minutes duration of exercise, breath rate was increased progressively at every minute except at 8thminute. Observed breath rate at 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10 minutes was 27.053, 30.719, 30.298, 31.518 and 31.911 breath per minute respectively. During 5 minutes duration of post exercise, breath rate was decreased gradually from 11 to 15 minutes. Observed breath rate at 11, 12, 13, 14 and 15 minutes was 24.429, 23.429, 22.107 and 23.0 breath per minute respectively. Figure 1: Effect of exercise on respiratory rate. 123456789101112131415 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 Effect of Exercise on Respiratory rate (BPM) Minutes Respiratory Rate (BPM) Pulse pressure (mmHg) was calculated by formula : systolic blood pressure – diastolic blood pressure. Pulse pressure was calculated for all phases of study like 6
resting condition, during exercise and post exercise and it was 38.523, 48.063 and 41.738 mmHg respectively for resting condition, during exercise and post exercise. Figure 2: Effect of exercise on pulse pressure. 7 1 - Resting2 - Exercise3 – Post-Exercise
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Expired CO2(FeCO2, as a %) was measured at rest and during exercise. Obtained FeCO2was 2.4156 and 3.399 at rest and during exercise respectively. Figure 3: Effect of exercise on FeCO2. Chartgraphsareusedforthepresentationofdataforrespiratoryrate,pulse pressure and expired CO2. Presentation of data in the form chart graph is easy to understand because it demonstrates results in the form of visuals. This type of presentationishelpfulinmemorizingthecollecteddata.Moreover,graphical representation of data is useful for comparison of data among different groups. Discussion: Results of this study demonstrated that there was augmentation in the different physiological parameters of both cardiovascular and respiratory system. It reflects hypothesis was met which was made at the beginning of the study. Results of this study demonstrated that heart rate and respiratory rate increased in the gradual manner with respect to time and duration of exercise. In the initial 5-minute phase of the exercise, there was no noteworthy change in the heart rate and respiratory rate. In the first 5-minutes physiological parameters didn’t achieve peak values. It was observed that there was gradual decline in the respiratory rate and heart rate. From the literature, it is evident that exercise results in the augmentation in the systolic 8 1 - Resting2 - Exercise
blood pressure with no change in the diastolic blood pressure (Durrani & Fatima, 2015;Carpio-Rivera et al., 2016). Results of this study also demonstrated consistent results with the literature. In this study also, there was augmentation in the systolic blood pressure with no change in the diastolic blood pressure. Exercise also resulted in the alteration in the blood gas composition. Results demonstrated that there was increaseintheCO2concentrationwithdecreaseintheO2concentration.O2 concentration in the blood reduced as a result of increased consumption due to increased physiological requirement (Gill et al., 2014). Central and peripheral chemo receptors get sensitised due to reduced levels of O2 (hypoxia) and increased levels of CO2(hypercapnia). In the present and earlier studies, it was demonstrated that exercise lead to argumentation in CO2levels and reduced levels of O2(Roman et al., 2016; Lehtonen and Burnett, 2016). Usually, air movesfromthehigh-pressureareatolowpressurearea.Duringbreathing, diaphragm gets contracted and flattened. During inspiration, external intercostal muscle gets contracted. During expiration, inspiratory muscles get relaxed which lead to elastic recoil of lungs. It is helpful in pressure equilibrium before initiating next exercise cycle. In pulmonary ventilation, alveoli are the site of gaseous exchange. More usage of oxygen lead to augmented partial pressure of O2 in the atmosphere as compared to bloodstream. Moreover, it lead to more partial pressure of CO2 in bloodstream as compared to the atmosphere. This lowered levels of O2 lead lungs to breath at faster rate to compensate deficiency of O2. It indicates, exercise results in increased breathing rate (Kinnear & Blakey, 2014; Ehrman et al., 2013). Oxygen-transportsystemconsistofheart,lungs,arteriesandveinswhich experience high stress during bike exercise. However, efficiency of a person become more during bike exercise. Higher efficiency during bike exercise reflects more oxygen requirement and consumption at reduced rate in comparison to the other types of exercise. Two types of muscle fibres are there in the human body and these are aerobic and anaerobic muscle fibres. These two fibres exhibit variation in the O2 consumption.Aerobicmusclefibresproducemechanicalenergybydirectly consuming oxygen from the blood. Conversely, anaerobic muscle fibres work without sufficient supply of oxygen. Resting muscle fibres work with inadequate blood supply andoxygensupply(Pateletal.,2017).Duringperformingbikeexercise,itis necessary to increase pedal force for maximum duration without utilizing anaerobic 9
fibres. Aerobic muscle fibres are mainly responsible for the augmentation of heart rate and respiratory rate during bike exercise. Maximal level augmentation in the heart rate and respiratory rate do not lead to exhaustion in the person because during bike exercise oxygen consumption is with less rate. Requirement of muscle force and muscle speed is more during bike exercise as compared to the walking and running. Likewise, leg muscle extension and contraction are more during bike exercise in comparison to the running or walking (Porcari et al., 2015). Alteration in the cardiovascular and respiratory physiological factors occur due to diverse factors. Age and metabolic disorders have noteworthy influence on the physiology of cardiovascular and respiratory systems. More insight on the age dependent influence of exercise on cardiovascular and respiratory physiology would have been obtained by recruiting participants with different age groups. Collected data didn’t provide information about age dependent influence of exercise on the cardiovascular and respiratory physiology. From the collected data, it is difficult to distinguish whether alteration in cardiovascular and respiratory physiological factors are due to exercise or metabolic disorder (Fresiello et al., 2016). Measurement of body temperature and electrolyte levels could have provided more insight in this study because body temperature and electrolyte balance influence cardiovascular and respiratory physiological factors (Moghetti et al., 2016). Objectiveofthestudyandavailableresourcesmainlyinfluenceresource requirements. Objectives of the study should be decided based on the available resources. Reference data from the literature is useful to validate the resource instrument. Resource instrument need to be operated by experienced and skilled technician or professional. Blood pressure and heart rate measurement need to be measured by skilled technician or professional to avoid its inaccurate measurement. References with valid evidence need to be incorporated from the peer reviewed journals with high impact factors. Research mentioned in these journals need to be conducted at the recognised organisations and institutes. From this study, I gathered that each member of the research group should have comprehensive knowledge of the study. However, person with specific skills need to be appointed for particular task. Research investigator need to identify appropriate competency of a person to perform specific tasks. Improved outcome is possible 10
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through effective communication and coordination among different members of the research team. Researcher with ample experience in the relevant field need to take leadership role during process of the study. 11
References: Carpio-Rivera, E., Moncada-Jiménez, J., Salazar-Rojas, W., & Solera-Herrera, A. (2016). Acute Effects of Exercise on Blood Pressure: A Meta-Analytic Investigation. Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia, 106(5), pp. 422–433. Durrani, A. M., & Fatima, W. (2015). Effect of Physical Activity on Blood Pressure Distribution among School Children.Advances in Public Health, 379314, pp. 1- 4.https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/379314. Ehrman, J. K., Gordon, P. M., Visich, P. S., & Keteyian, S. J. (2013). Clinical Exercise Physiology. Human Kinetics. Fresiello,L.,Meyns,B.,DiMolfetta,A.,&FerrariG.(2016).AModelof the CardiorespiratoryResponsetoAerobicExerciseinHealthyandHeartFailure Conditions.Frontiers in Physiology, 7(189), doi: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00189. Gill, M., Natoli, M.J., Vacchiano, C., MacLeod, D.B., Ikeda, K., et al. (2014). Effects of elevated oxygen and carbon dioxide partial pressures on respiratory function and cognitive performance.Journal of Applied Physiology, 117(4), pp. 406-12. Kinnear, W., & Blakey, J. (2014). A Practical Guide to the Interpretation of Cardio- Pulmonary Exercise Tests. OUP Oxford. Lehtonen, M.P., and Burnett,L.E. (2016). Effects of Hypoxia and Hypercapnic Hypoxia on Oxygen Transport and Acid-Base Status in the Atlantic Blue Crab, Callinectessapidus,DuringExercise.JournalofExperimentalZoologyPartA Ecological Genetics and Physiology, 325(9), pp. 598-609. Moghetti, P., Bacchi, E., Brangani, C., Donà, S., and Negri, C. (2016). Metabolic Effects of Exercise.Frontiers of Hormone Research, 47, pp. 44-57. Patel, H., Alkhawam, H., Madanieh, R., Shah, N., Kosmas, C.E., & Vittorio, T.J. (2017). Aerobic vs anaerobic exercise training effects on the cardiovascular system. World Journal of Cardiology, 9(2), pp. 134-138. Plowman, S. A., & Smith, D. L. (2013). Exercise Physiology for Health Fitness and Performance. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Porcari, J., Bryant, C., & Comana, F. (2015). Exercise Physiology. F.A. Davis. Roman, M.A., Rossiter, H.B., & Casaburi, R. (2016). Exercise, ageing and the lung. European Respiratory Journal, 48(5), pp. 1471-1486. 12