Effect of ULEZ on Private Hirer Drivers in London

This dissertation study examines the effect of the implementation of ULEZ in central London on the private hirer drivers. It analyzes the impact of ULEZ on air pollution control and the approach of the people towards this new law.

Running head: EFFECT OF ULEZ ON PRIVATE HIRER DRIVERS IN LONDON
EFFECT OF ULEZ ON PRIVATE HIRER DRIVERS IN LONDON
Name of the Student
Name of the University
Author Note

1EFFECT OF ULEZ ON PRIVATE HIRER DRIVERS IN LONDON
Acknowledgement
I am grateful to everyone who has helped me and encouraged me throughout this study. I would
like to express my heartiest appreciation to my supervisor ……………………. without whose
guidance, support and patience the dissertation would not be successful. My deepest thanks to all
members of the … [Mention your university/college name], both staff and students, whose
continuous and persistent support and guidance have made this study possible.
I would like to thank all the participants who have taken part in the study: students, teachers,
common people and Local Education Authorities, for their valuable time and effort given
throughout. Without their active involvement, this thesis would have been impossible. In this
regard, I must thank all of them, whose previously executed research work has helped me to
carry out this paper well.
Finally, I acknowledge my family and almighty God, for whom I was able to begin and complete
this study. You are always there for me whenever I need you; thank you.

2EFFECT OF ULEZ ON PRIVATE HIRER DRIVERS IN LONDON
Abstract
This dissertation study examines the effect of the implementation of ULEZ in central
London on the private hirer drivers. It is well known that air pollution in London has increased at
an alarming rate in the last few years, as a result of which the entire population is suffering
tremendously for it. They are suffering from serious lung diseases, COPD, inhalation problem,
asthma among others. Though previously Government has tried several ways to control it
making various rules and imposing various charges, but ultimately it was not successful. This
implementation of ULEZ is a new plan of the Mayor of London to fight with air pollution. This
ULEZ implementation allows imposing additional daily charges on the drivers of old vehicles
that mainly contribute to the air pollution of the city, indirectly forcing them to switch to new
vehicles having better emission standard.
The researcher in this project throws light on determining and discussing the effect of
such ULEZ implementation on the private hirer drivers of the city whose vehicles do not meet
the current vehicle emission standard. Beside this, through the research, it is also tried to be
achieved the effect of ULEZ on controlling air pollution. The researcher on this project tried to
find out these objectives by using primary data collection method by which researcher has been
able to interview people and gather information from them. Thus based on the results of
interview of the common people, the researcher tries to shed light on the approach of the people
to this new implementation of law by the TfL.
From the data collection method, it can be concluded that the implementation of ULEZ
has positive outcome on controlling air pollution as majority of the people is ready to welcome
and accept it for the sake of better health and better future.

3EFFECT OF ULEZ ON PRIVATE HIRER DRIVERS IN LONDON
Table of Contents
Chapter 1: Introduction....................................................................................................................7
1.0 Overview................................................................................................................................7
1.1 Problem Statement.................................................................................................................7
1.2 Research Aim.........................................................................................................................8
1.3 Research objectives...............................................................................................................8
1.4 Research Questions................................................................................................................9
1.5 Rationale of the Research......................................................................................................9
1.6 Structure of Research...........................................................................................................11
1.7 Summary..............................................................................................................................12
Chapter 2: Literature review..........................................................................................................13
2.1 Overview..............................................................................................................................13
2.2 Background of the implementation of ULEZ in London:...................................................13
2.3 Air Pollution in London before ULEZ:...............................................................................14
2.4 ULEZ: About.......................................................................................................................17
2.4.1 Implementation of ULEZ in London:...........................................................................17
2.4.2 The Concept of ULEZ:.................................................................................................18
2.4.3 The ULEZ Standards for EURO 4 and EURO 6:.........................................................18
2.4.4 The Daily Charges:.......................................................................................................20
2.4.5 Increase of Transport Cost:...........................................................................................21

4EFFECT OF ULEZ ON PRIVATE HIRER DRIVERS IN LONDON
2.4.5 Provisions of discount or exemption in ULEZ:............................................................21
2.4.6 Procedure of Implementation Practically:....................................................................22
2.5.7 Effect of New law of ULEZ:............................................................................................22
2.5.7.1 Lesser Traffic:............................................................................................................22
2.5.7.2 Decrease in Pollution:................................................................................................23
2.6 Effect of T-charge on air quality:........................................................................................25
2.7 Future Research:..................................................................................................................26
2.8 Summary:.............................................................................................................................27
Chapter 3: Research Methodology................................................................................................28
3.1 Introduction..............................................................................................................................28
3.2 Research Philosophy................................................................................................................28
3.3 Research Approach..............................................................................................................29
3.4 Research Design..................................................................................................................30
3.5 Data Collection Methods.....................................................................................................30
3.6 Sampling Methods...............................................................................................................31
3.7 Data Analysis.......................................................................................................................32
3.8 Ethical Consideration...........................................................................................................34
3.9 Summary..............................................................................................................................36
Chapter 4: Results..........................................................................................................................37
4.1 Graphs..................................................................................................................................37

5EFFECT OF ULEZ ON PRIVATE HIRER DRIVERS IN LONDON
4.2 Qualitative data....................................................................................................................40
Chapter 5: Discussion and Data Analysis......................................................................................45
5.1 Interview..............................................................................................................................45
5.2 Summary..............................................................................................................................51
Chapter 5: Conclusion and Recommendation...............................................................................52
6.0 Conclusion...........................................................................................................................52
6.1 Positive Impact:...................................................................................................................52
6.1.1 Environment:................................................................................................................52
6.1.2 Health and wellbeing:...................................................................................................53
6.1.3 Positive Impact on people:............................................................................................53
6.1.4 Economic:.....................................................................................................................53
6.2 Negative impact:..................................................................................................................54
6.2.1 Private Vehicles Drivers:..............................................................................................54
6.2.2 Environment.................................................................................................................54
6.2.3 Population and Equality:...............................................................................................55
6.2.4 Economy.......................................................................................................................55
6.3 Recommendations for betterment:.......................................................................................55
References......................................................................................................................................57

6EFFECT OF ULEZ ON PRIVATE HIRER DRIVERS IN LONDON
List of Figures
Figure 1: Proposed ULEZ for London 17
Figure 2: ULEZ requirements by vehicle type 19
Figure 3: ULEZ standard for each type of vehicle 20
Figure 4: Air Pollution in London 24
Figure 5: Stations on the Map 24
Figure 6: Air Quality Index 25

7EFFECT OF ULEZ ON PRIVATE HIRER DRIVERS IN LONDON
Chapter 1: Introduction
1.0 Overview
One of the major causes of the global warming in today’s world is air pollution
(D’Amato et al. 2016). Due to the growing consumption of fossil fuels worldwide, the level of
carbon dioxide in the air has increased sharply since 1900, and such rate is accelerating steadily
(Laybourn-Langton, Quilter-Pinner and Ho 2016.). Though many living creatures breathe out
carbon dioxide, this gas is regarded as a pollutant when it is coupled with cars, vehicles, planes,
power plants and other human activities that comprises of burning of those fossil fuels like
gasoline, natural gas among others. Carbon dioxide is the most common greenhouse gases that
hold heat in the atmosphere and result into climate change. Transport is the main source of air
pollution (D’amato et al. 2015). Surface transport accounts for a quarter of the UK emissions of
carbon dioxide which is the major contributor to climate change. Emission from the vehicles
contributes greatly to the air pollution (Zhang et al. 2017). In order to combat this issue by
improving air quality London has employed the Ultra Low Emission Zone (ULEZ). With this,
Transport for London (TFL) plans to reduce the number of polluting cars in the capital city.
1.1 Problem Statement
It was almost 10 years ago in 2008; the first Low Emissions Zone or LEZ was placed in
United Kingdom (Wood et al. 2015.). It was implemented in London and it had impact only on
buses and few commercial vehicles. Passenger cars were not included under the effect of LEZ
(Holman, Harrison and Querol 2015). Poor quality of air was becoming major problem for the
capital city. There was a great need to do something to restrict older and dirtier vehicles that did
not comply with modern regulations. The problem with the old cars and vehicles is that worst

8EFFECT OF ULEZ ON PRIVATE HIRER DRIVERS IN LONDON
pollutants are emitted with the car exhaust that includes nitrogen oxides (NOx), carbon
monoxide (CO), particulate matter (PM) and hydrocarbons (HC).
The new ultra ultra- low emission zone (ULEZ) is being introduced in London, with the
aim of reducing harmful traffic emissions and thereby improving air quality (Laybourn-Langton,
Quilter-Pinner and Ho 2016.). The objective behind ULEZ is crystal clear; many people live in
places with pollution levels much above the legal limits prescribed by the European Union (EU).
It will help to address London’s toxic air health crisis that currently results into thousands of
premature deaths annually and increases the risk of asthma, cancer, lung diseases and dementia
(London City Hall, 2019).
1.2 Research Aim
The aim of the research is to investigate and analyze how the London private hirer drivers
will be affected by the implementation of new law for Ultra Low Emission Zone in London.
1.3 Research objectives
The objectives of this study are as follows:
 To identify and evaluate the meaning of low emission zone in the capital city of London;
 To explore and assess the reason behind the introduction and implementation of Ultra-
Low Emission Zone by the Mayor of London;
 To analyze the effect of Ultra Low Emission Zone on the private hirer drivers of
Transport for London(TFL);
 To understand whether such implementation of Ultra Low Emission Zone has helped to
reduce the air pollution level in the city.

9EFFECT OF ULEZ ON PRIVATE HIRER DRIVERS IN LONDON
1.4 Research Questions
The research questions are:
 What are the main reasons is the meaning of low emission zone in the city of London?
 What is the reason behind introduction and implementation of Ultra Low Emission Zone
by the Mayor of London?
 What are the effects of Ultra Low Emission Zone on the private hirer drivers of Transport
for London (TFL)?
 Whether the implementation of Ultra Low Emission Zone has helped to reduce the air
pollution level in the city?
1.5 Rationale of the Research
The rationale of this research is to identify the reason behind the increase of air pollution
and also to analyze why the Mayor of United Kingdom on behalf of the Government introduced
Ultra Low Emission Zone in the capital city.
ULEZ is implemented in London to reduce the harmful toxic emissions from the vehicles
and thereby enhance the air quality (Laybourn-Langton, Quilter-Pinner and Ho 2016.). People
who are driving polluting vehicles into London will have to pay a charge of 12.50 pounds daily
for vans, cars and motorcycles, and 100 pounds for coaches, lorries and buses in addition to
existing congestion fee.
The reason behind implementing ULEZ is quite prominent (Beevers et al. 2016). Air
pollution is the most delicate challenge that is faced by London. Several hundreds of deaths per
year are attributed to the air pollution related diseases and it affects the functioning and
development of lungs in children and it increases the chance of strokes and dementia in later life.

10EFFECT OF ULEZ ON PRIVATE HIRER DRIVERS IN LONDON
It was the pledge of London mayor to improve the quality of air and health of all the
people of London by making the Low Emission Zone (LEZ) stronger and expanding the radius
of ULEZ requirements for the vehicles (Consultations.tfl.gov.uk, 2019). This includes the
introduction of Euro VI emission standard all over London for heavy duty vehicles like buses,
heavy goods vehicles, coaches and other specialized vehicles from October 2020 and enlarging
ULEZ for light duty transport systems like cars, motor cycles and vans such that all vehicles are
subject to the emission standards for the area bounded by the North and South Circular Roads
from October 2021 (Moody and Tate 2017).
However, another important aspect of such introduction of ULEZ is its effect on the
private hirer drivers of London (Quilter-Pinner, Laybourn-Langton and Ho 2016). According to
some, not only these drivers but the entire poorer section will be hit hardest by this
implementation. About 3.5 million people reside in this zone and many more people passes
through it daily. For the residents, every time they turn on the ignition power, they will have to
pay 12.50 pounds which is equivalent to an extra tax burden of 4500 pounds in a
year(Consultations.tfl.gov.uk, 2019). People will not be able to afford to upgrade their vehicles
due to this imposition. Moreover, minicab drivers are against this as they believe that they are
subject to discrimination by the government. In addition to these, the TFL proposals impose
serious threats on London tourism. To some people, it is a stealth tax and has nothing to do with
air pollution (Consultations.tfl.gov.uk, 2019). At this stage, the Government is at a very critical
situation where it has to prove that this introduction of ULEZ has no intention to affect the hirer
drivers but main objective of control of air pollution.

11EFFECT OF ULEZ ON PRIVATE HIRER DRIVERS IN LONDON
1.6 Structure of Research
The entire dissertation paper is categorized into five chapters, which includes
introduction, literature review, research methodology, data analysis, conclusion and
recommendations.
Introduction- The introduction chapter provides a brief discussion about the air pollution
scenario and its effects in United Kingdom, or in London to be more specific. It also emphasizes
the effect of introduction of ULEZ on such air pollution and also on the hirer drivers along with
common people of London. The chapter further provides research aims and objectives, questions
based on which the entire research work has been conducted.
Literature review- This chapter provides a detailed evaluation of the effect of air pollution on
people in the UK. It discusses about the impact of the implementation of ULEZ on the private
hirer drivers. It further provides a detailed explanation of the prevailing and proposed legal
framework including legal statutes and policies that have been developed to exercise a control
over air pollution and minimize its effect on common people including the private hirer drivers.
Research Methodology- In this chapter, the researcher mentions the different types of research
methodologies that can be used for carrying out the research and collecting required relevant data
in a successful manner. Additionally, the chapter further highlights the justification of the
selected research method that has been used to conduct the research successfully.
Data Analysis- This chapter discusses about the analysis of the collected data by using the most
appropriate data analysis tools and techniques.

12EFFECT OF ULEZ ON PRIVATE HIRER DRIVERS IN LONDON
Conclusion and Recommendation- This chapter concludes the research by inferring from the
information provided in the literature review chapter and in the data analysis chapter. It also
provides recommendations that are suitable for this research.
1.7 Summary
Thus in this chapter, it can be summarized that air pollution is a major issue in London as
it is slowly affecting the entire population adversely, mainly the children and the old age group.
This is mainly due to the emission from the older vehicles that has outdated system of exhaust.
The government had implemented various measures previously to control air pollution caused by
auto mobile exhaust but they were not very successful. recently, the government has introduced
ULEZ in central London to fight with air pollution by imposing additional charges on the private
hirer vehicles to indirectly force them to change their vehicles if they do not meet the required
standards. Thus, in this research the aim is identifying and discussing the effects of such
implementation of ULEZ not only on the air pollution control but also on the private hirer
drivers.

13EFFECT OF ULEZ ON PRIVATE HIRER DRIVERS IN LONDON
Chapter 2: Literature review
2.1 Overview
In this chapter, the researcher throws light on identifying and analyzing the effects of the
implementation of the new law related to ULEZ on the London private hirer drivers
(Consultations.tfl.gov.uk, 2019). The above chapter has revealed that the reason behind the
application of this new law is to reduce the emission caused by old vehicles that are being used
in the city. This new law will impose fines on the drivers of the vehicles at a daily basis. As a
result of these, theses drivers will be indirectly forced to change their existing transport and buy
new vehicles in which pollution will be caused less. The above chapter shows that the emission
from old vehicles is a major cause for increasing air pollution that has led to causing several
kinds of diseases. In this chapter, the LEZ and the ULEZ zones are identified and analyzed. It
also focuses on the reason behind the implementation of the new laws; whether such law will
actually cause the reduction of air pollution. This particular chapter enumerates a critical analysis
of the implementation of the ULEZ in London, thereby helping to develop better and deep
understanding about this research topic (Longhurst and Hayes 2019).
2.2 Background of the implementation of ULEZ in London:
The Mayor of London has launched the Ultra Low Emission Zone in central London on
8th April in the year 2019. Mayor has launched this project with the aim of improving the health
of the people of London by cleaning up the toxic air of the city that leads to the early death of
thousands of people every year.
Before the launching of the ULEZ, the city of London had seen a number of schemes in
order to check the air pollution of the city thereby improving the health conditions of the people

14EFFECT OF ULEZ ON PRIVATE HIRER DRIVERS IN LONDON
(Wood et al. 2015). Since the year 1993, the monitoring of the air pollution was coordinated by
the London Air Quality network of King’s College London over 30 London boroughs together
with Heathrow, and has noted that in the years of 2005-2006, approximately all roads and
pavements across the city has exceeded the average annual limits of Nitrogen dioxide of 21ppb
with 11 sites exceeding hourly limits of 105ppb.
At the end of 2006, the then Mayor of London proposed to change the congestion charge
fee from a flat rate for all vehicles to being based on the band of Vehicle Excise Duty. VED
bands for new vehicles are made on the basis of the results of a laboratory test.
The LEZ came into effect on 4th February 2008 by introducing tough emission standards
(Wood et al. 2015) The regulations were made stricter on July 2008 with more types of vehicles
were included. However the London Mayor Boris Johnson announced to cancel the 3rd phase of
LEZ comprising of vans from 2010 and this was finally implemented on 3rd January 2012.
For London buses, the new LEZ was adopted since January 2012. This new LEZ was
carried out from 2015 such that all the Euro II vehicles and Euro III without catalytic standards
were terminated.
In February 2017, the then Mayor Sadiq Khan announced the introduction of a new
toxicity charge called T charge of amount 10 pounds after it is seen that London suffered a
record level of air pollution in January of 2017. This charge was to be levied on Central London
on top of 11.50 pounds congestion charge.
2.3 Air Pollution in London before ULEZ:
Though London’s air mostly appears clear and smog free in naked eyes but the city is
suffering tremendously from very high illegal air pollution levels since the year of 2010, with a

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very high level of Nitrogen dioxide in particular. The nitrogen oxide mainly comes out vehicles
emission (Wood et al. 2015). The summer season being unexpectedly hot and sunny has resulted
in increase in ozone, which is produced when sunlight reacts with this nitrogen dioxide that
caused several pollution warning.
While cities like New Delhi or Beijing attract more headlines for excessive air pollution,
the present level of air pollution of London indicates that it is not lagging behind (Korten,
Ramsey and Latzin 2017). Though in terms of smog, New Delhi and Beijing beat London but in
terms of nitrogen oxide, London is as bad as the capitals of China and India and much worse
than developed cities of New York or Madrid (Wood et al. 2015). This is in spite of London’s
change in transport policy by implementing cycling and congestion charge that helped to
decrease the number of vehicles on the roads in London by 25 percent in the last decade.
With increase in the research and political control on air pollution, experts and
researchers tried to draw an analogy to the way the Great Smog of 1952 changed the concept on
how the city thought about its air. In present day, though it cannot be seen in naked eyes, due to
the fact that the particles are very small in size, but result is more serious on the actual health of
the people(Korten, Ramsey and Latzin 2017). This pollution problem not only brought thousands
of deaths at an early age but also pernicious, chronic diseases that are charging the health
services a lot of money. It has tremendous ill effect on the quality of life.
In London, latest survey shows about 9000 deaths are caused prematurely every year due
to the air pollution. Though the air monitoring stations of London indicates that the pollution is
slowly improving in the present years because of the several measures, yet it can be said that the
individual exposure can be worse than what is suggested by those monitors. The present mayor

16EFFECT OF ULEZ ON PRIVATE HIRER DRIVERS IN LONDON
since his appointment has made air pollution control a priority. He made a commitment to spend
800m pounds on air quality initiatives over the period of 5 years.
Previously, diesel was initially termed as a cleaner fuel as it gives out less carbon dioxide
as emission. In London, the congestion has increased the effect of the diesel exhaust. Although
the number of vehicles entering in central London has fallen in present years by almost 30%
since the introduction of congestion charge, the number of private hire vehicles that are
exempted from the charge, entering into central London has almost quadrupled in the same
period.
Political disability is also responsible for air pollution. In the last ten years, air pollution
was not been given highest priority. When Boris Johnson was the mayor in the period of 2008
and 2016, he cancelled the extension of the congestion zone and also made unnecessary delay fo
the implementation of the low emission zone. The present mayor has put the pollution problem at
a position of higher priority. He implemented the imposition of T charge over the congestion
charge on the polluting vehicles.
Brexit can put a challenge on London to reduce air pollution as the EU laws have strictest
standard for air quality that UK has to follow. But as the previous experience has showed, air
pollution in London is found to be very stubborn(Korten, Ramsey and Latzin 2017). Even if the
emissions from the vehicles are controlled, matters such as pollution from aircraft and agriculture
could prove to be more challenging. Hence the Mayor has planned to impose the ULEZ in
London.

17EFFECT OF ULEZ ON PRIVATE HIRER DRIVERS IN LONDON
2.4 ULEZ: About
Figure 1: Proposed ULEZ for London
Source: The Guardian
2.4.1 Implementation of ULEZ in London:
The Mayor Boris Johnson first considered the concept of Ultra Low Emissions Zone in
2014 and in February 2017, Mayor Sadiq Khan announced the planning of expanding the ultra

18EFFECT OF ULEZ ON PRIVATE HIRER DRIVERS IN LONDON
low emission zone in April 2019 beyond Central London (Cityoflondon.gov.uk, 2019). Drivers
are not required to pay both the ULEZ and the new 10 pound T charge but they are still subject
to the London Congestion Charge. ULEZ was introduced in April 2019.
2.4.2 The Concept of ULEZ:
The Ultra Low Emission Zone has been regarded as one of the most dynamic, anti
pollution, environment friendly policies in the world. It presently covers centre of London and is
planned to include the suburbs by 25th October 2021. A poll in April by YouGov held that 72%
of the Londoners supported it as they found it necessary to control air pollution and congestion
(Taylor and Sedghi 2019).
2.4.3 The ULEZ Standards for EURO 4 and EURO 6:
The ULEZ is a 24/7 traffic management and emission reduction scheme formulated by
the London government to curb air pollution. If a certain vehicle does not comply with the ULEZ
standards, the driver has to pay a daily charge to travel within the area(Korten, Ramsey and
Latzin 2017). This standard is based on European emission standards. As a thumb rule, one will
have to pay the ULEZ charge if he owns and rides a car or van which is pre-Euro 6 diesel
manufactured before September of 2015 or a pre-Euro 4 petrol made after 2005 (London City
Hall, 2019).
Euro 4 for petrol cars, vans, minibuses and other special types of vehicles for pre- 2006 vehicles,
Euro 6 for diesel cars, minibuses, vans and other specialist vehicles for pre- 2015 vehicles,
These criteria are strict than that of LEZ standards currently existing for larger vans, minibuses,
buses, lorries and other heavy specialist vehicles.

19EFFECT OF ULEZ ON PRIVATE HIRER DRIVERS IN LONDON
The ULEZ also applies to the non- Euro 3 motorbikes and also Euro 6 lorries, buses and
coaches. These larger vehicles have to pay 100 pound to enter into ULEZ. Drivers of vans,
motorbikes and cars who cannot pay ULEZ charge within time will be liable to pay fine of 160
dollar, however will be reduced to pay 80 dollars if paid within 14 days. Similarly, drivers of
lorries, buses and coaches will be fined 1000 pounds which will be reduced to 500 pounds if paid
within a period of 14 days.
Figure 2: ULEZ requirements by vehicle type
Source: Government website

20EFFECT OF ULEZ ON PRIVATE HIRER DRIVERS IN LONDON
Figure 3: ULEZ standard for each type of vehicle
Source: Government website
2.4.4 The Daily Charges:
The daily charge will be around 12.50 pounds for vehicles under 3.5 tones such as cars,
motorcycles and vans and the daily charge for Lorries and buses or coaches over 5 tones will be
100 pounds (Laybourn-Langton, Quilter-Pinner and Ho 2016.). This charge is going to replace
the previous T- charge but will be paid in addition to weekday congestion charge and Low
Emission Zone (LEZ) Charge. All the money thus collected through this project will be used for
cleaning up and maintaining a greener transport system and reducing the pollution across the
transport network (Korten, Ramsey and Latzin 2017). If anyone failed to pay such fine, they will
be fined 160 pound as a penalty. Lorries will be charged 100 pounds per day and a fine of 1000
pound will be imposed on failure to pay such fine on time.

21EFFECT OF ULEZ ON PRIVATE HIRER DRIVERS IN LONDON
2.4.5 Increase of Transport Cost:
The imposition of the ULEZ in London will automatically increase the transport charge
of the vehicles on which the ULEZ charges are applicable (Zone and Zones 2017). The drivers
are likely to reimburse the penalty charges from the riders or users of those vehicles. Since the
drivers of old vehicles are liable to pay fines for entering into ULEZ, they are likely to increase
the fare of these vehicles otherwise, else they will incur very little or no profit at all(Korten,
Ramsey and Latzin 2017).
2.4.5 Provisions of discount or exemption in ULEZ:
Residents living with Congestion Charging Zone and those who are registered for a
Congestion Charge discount will be allowed a 100% discount on ULEZ charge till 24th October
2021. After this date, residents with a non complying vehicle will need to pay the ULEZ charge
daily.
‘Disabled’ or ‘disabled passenger use’ tax class registered vehicles will be excluded from
the ULEZ charge up to 26th October of 2025 as long the tax class is not changed. After this date
all non ULEZ compliant vehicles in these tax classes will be liable to pay ULEZ charge daily
(Laybourn-Langton, Quilter-Pinner and Ho 2016.).
Nonresident Blue badge holders will not be given any exemption from the daily ULEZ
charge but only will receive a discount if the vehicle is registered with DVLA together with a
‘disabled’ or ‘disabled passenger use’ tax class.
The London licensed taxis are not included under the charge of ULEZ.

22EFFECT OF ULEZ ON PRIVATE HIRER DRIVERS IN LONDON
The designated wheelchair accessible Private Hire Vehicles will not be included in the
purview of daily ULEZ charge till 26th October 2025. But the PHVs will only be exempted when
carrying out a private hire booking for a TFL licensed PHV operator.
2.4.6 Procedure of Implementation Practically:
Transport for London (TFL) has installed around 1000 cameras already in the zone of
congestion charge. However, the expanded ULEZ will be about 18 times bigger in area than the
previous type. The process of monitoring this expanded zone is still not clear. The TfL has not
yet mentioned how many more cameras are needed for this expansion (Kirby 2016). But it has
plans to utilize the present infrastructure and cameras that can be transported. The TfL may also
use the ANPR cameras that are currently installed in the buses to find out the cars that use the
bus lanes wrongfully (Laybourn-Langton, Quilter-Pinner and Ho 2016.).
Moreover, the TfL has planned to erect about hundreds of road signs to warn the drivers
of the vehicles that they have entered into the ULEZ on the present congestion charge zone
(Mokashi, Okeke and Mohan 2017). The reason behind this is there will not be any barriers or
toll booths to let the drivers know that they have entered into the ULEZ Zone. The cameras will
read the number plates and will check if such vehicle complies with the ULEZ criteria.
2.5.7 Effect of New law of ULEZ:
2.5.7.1 Lesser Traffic:
The forecasting made by TfL suggests that there will be about 5% reduction in overall
traffic in central part of London when ULEZ will come into effect totally (Cityoflondon.gov.uk,
2019). The congestion charge zone that was implemented almost 15 years ago has resulted in
about 30% lesser private vehicles entering into the city centre. But it has been diminished due to

23EFFECT OF ULEZ ON PRIVATE HIRER DRIVERS IN LONDON
the increase of the Uber and other private hire vehicles that are entering into the city. The
number of these private hirer vehicles ranges from 4,000 per day to up to 18,000. Previously they
do not need to pay the congestion charge but they will be paying additional charge from 8th April
of 2019 after the implementation of ULEZ (Beevers et al. 2016).
2.5.7.2 Decrease in Pollution:
The main reason behind the implementation of ULEZ in London is to cut down the toxic
levels of the air pollution of the city (Korten, Ramsey and Latzin 2017). The excessive pollution
has caused thousands of premature deaths across the country and the capital city is one of the
most affected cities of the world. The aim is to discourage the drivers from driving highly
polluting vehicles in the city indirectly by imposing extra charges on him. In this way the project
is aimed at bringing down the air pollution level and thereby decreasing health related diseases
(Rossati 2017). Almost half of the emissions of the nitrogen oxides and particulate matters are
exhausted from the transport and these have been related to various diseases from shorter life
expectancy to mental conditions. According to a study, the children residing in the capital being
exposed to high pollution level were developing 5% smaller lung capacity than other children of
the same age (Korten, Ramsey and Latzin 2017). London has several times infringed the legal
targets of air pollution several times and hence, the authorities have introduced the low emission
zones previously to cope up with the air pollutants in the atmosphere (Fowler, Dise and Sheppard
2016).

24EFFECT OF ULEZ ON PRIVATE HIRER DRIVERS IN LONDON
Figure 3: Air Pollution in London
Source: the Guardian
Figure 4: Stations on the Map
Source: The Guardian

25EFFECT OF ULEZ ON PRIVATE HIRER DRIVERS IN LONDON
Figure 5: Air Quality Index
Source: The Guardian
2.6 Effect of T-charge on air quality:
In the term ‘T charge’, T means toxicity. It is imposed to improve air quality in the
capital city of UK and it is applied to diesel and petrol vehicles, whose registration was done
before 2006. Older vehicles that drive in central London are required to meet minimum Euro
emission standards else they will be liable to pay the T charge on the existing congestion charge,
making the cost up to 21.50 pound. One has to pay an extra 10 pounds daily if driving in the
Congestion Zone between 7am and 6pm, Monday to Friday. However, there is no charge on
weekdays, public holidays, in Christmas holidays or between 6pm and 7am on weekdays.
If one fails to pay the T charge, one will be liable to pay a penalty of 130 pounds which
will be reduced to 65 pounds if paid within 14 days. If one does not pay the charge within
28days, he will receive a charge certificate of 195 pounds.

26EFFECT OF ULEZ ON PRIVATE HIRER DRIVERS IN LONDON
However, taxis and private hire vehicles licensed with TfL are not required to T charge.
London buses are also excluded as they meet the emission standards. Motorcycles are also not
included in this as they are not road taxed (Fowler, Dise and Sheppard 2016). In the same way,
the blue badge holders are also not covered under the T charge.
The money collected from the imposition of the T charge are said to be reused into the
transport system of the city. It has been replaced by the ULEZ that came into force in April 8,
2019.
2.7 Future Research:
The effect of the policies mentioned above is likely to combat the air pollution problem
in London that may result into better legal compliance and may also lay the foundation stone for
the future where the capital city can considerably decrease the air pollution to minimum level.
By doing it, the city will help the citizens to lead a better health and life style (Fowler, Dise and
Sheppard 2016).
There is much that can be done by the city government to cope up with the air pollution;
action is also needed at both the national and EU level to bring the air pollution level within
control. The UK imports many of its vehicles with a negative trade balance in cars, most of
which come from EU and hence it must have direct effect on the air quality control of the
country of UK.
London is highly affected by across boundary air pollution, caused by the emissions from
the sources outside the city and blown inside by prevailing winds and air (Fowler, Dise and
Sheppard 2016). Action must be taken within the city borders to curtail such air pollution
occurring outside London.

27EFFECT OF ULEZ ON PRIVATE HIRER DRIVERS IN LONDON
2.8 Summary:
Thus in this chapter, it can be summarized London is suffering from high level of air
pollution for the past few years that not only affect the air quality of the city but also on the life
and health of its citizen. The Government has applied several measures to curb this problem but
was not fully successful in controlling it. It has thus implemented the new laws in the ULEZ to
have better outcome. In this chapter, the causes, effects, charges, background of the ULEZ have
been analyzed together with other charges. It can be assumed that implementation of the
Transport for London’s new law of ULEZ will have positive impact on the control of air
pollution in the capital city.

28EFFECT OF ULEZ ON PRIVATE HIRER DRIVERS IN LONDON
Chapter 3: Research Methodology
3.1 Introduction
Research methodology, it is one of the most important part of any social study. A research is
required to study the laws for implementation of ULEZ. This chapter hereby presents research
techniques which are applied for the study. In this chapter each methods used are elaborately
discussed with regards to the study and thereby adequate justifications are provided for the
selection of each method (Mackey and Gass 2015).
3.2 Research Philosophy
Research philosophy is one of the widest topics. But here only the basics are stated.
Discussing research philosophy in this dissertation includes the below:
In this dissertation research philosophy of the study must be specified. Research
philosophy can include pragmatism, interpretivism, positivism and realism. They are discussed
below. Here reasons for the philosophical classifications of study must be provided.
Implications of research philosophy regarding research strategy must be mentioned in
general. Choice of the primary data collection ways must be stated in particular. Practical
implications impact the choice of particular research philosophy. There are some important
philosophical variations among studies which focus on the facts as well as numbers as well as
qualitative studies like analysis of the leadership style with regards to employee motivation for
different organizations. Choice between the positivist and the interpretivist research
philosophies, between the quantitative and the qualitative research methodizes has been

29EFFECT OF ULEZ ON PRIVATE HIRER DRIVERS IN LONDON
traditionally represented as a major point with regards to debate. But, with the newest
developments in practice of conducting different studies have enhanced the popularity with
regards to pragmatism as well as realism (Hughes et al 2016). In this research study, the
positivism theory is applied as it helps to quantify the outcome of the implementation of ULEZ
in the city to measure its impact on the drivers (Creswell et al 2017. It is based on statistical and
mathematical outcomes which are taken from the observations of the people of the city and
analyze them by qualitative methods.
3.3 Research Approach
Discussion with regards to research approach is an important part of a scientific study
with regards to the specific research area.
Research approach is divided into three parts. They are as follows:
 Deductive Research: If the group of hypotheses of the dissertation needs to be
either confirmed or rejected which the research process is going on then the
deductive approach must be used.
 Inductive Research: With regards to the inductive approach it does not engage
with the formulation with regards to hypotheses. It starts with aims and objectives
as well as the research questions which are needed to be achieved while process
of research is going on.
 Abductive Research: In this abductive approach, the process for research involves
explanations with regards to ‘incomplete observations’, ‘surprising facts’ or
‘puzzles’ which are specified in the beginning of study (Marshall 2017).

30EFFECT OF ULEZ ON PRIVATE HIRER DRIVERS IN LONDON
In this research, the inductive approach has been employed where detailed observations
of the world is made. There is no scope of hypothesis at the initial stage of the research.
Here the existing reviews and study reports are considered together with different survey
analysis.
3.4 Research Design
Many authors have considered research design to be the choice between the quantitative
and qualitative research methods. Some authors argue that by the term research design choice of
particular methods of data are collected as well as analyzed. In this dissertation a generalized
plan regarding the research design and the subject of study is given. Elements of research design
include “research strategies”, “methods related to data collection” and “analysis”. Research
design is divided into two parts. They are exploratory part and conclusive part. The exploratory
research is just like its name. It explores the particular aspects of area of the research. Conclusive
research is divided into two parts. They are descriptive and causal. Descriptive research design,
describes the specific elements, phenomena, causes of a particular research area. Casual research
design is conducted on the study of “cause-and-effect relationships” (Creswell et al 2017).
3.5 Data Collection Methods
There are two methods of Data Collection; the Primary method and the Secondary
method. In this dissertation Primary method of data collection is used.
Primary data collection method is divided into two parts. They are quantitative and
qualitative. “Quantitative data collection method” is based on the mathematical calculations by
using various formats (Creswell et al 2017. This includes questionnaires which contains closed-
ended questions, methods relating to correlation as well as regression, mean, median and mode.

31EFFECT OF ULEZ ON PRIVATE HIRER DRIVERS IN LONDON
It is much cheaper to use. This method is applied for shorter time than compared to the
qualitative methods.
“Qualitative research methods” does not relate to numbers or any other mathematical
calculations. It ensures better depth of understanding. This qualitative data collection method
includes interviews questionnaires presentation, observation, case studies (Lowry 2016). In this
research project, quantitative method is chosen for data collection.
3.6 Sampling Methods
Sampling is a specific principle which is used to select the member of population which
is included in this particular study.
The process which is involved for sampling with regards to primary data collection
requires the stages which are stated below:
1. To define target population. Target population means a particular segment which is
present among the wider population. It is best positioned for serving with regards to primary data
source of research.
2. To choose a sampling frame. Sampling frame means the list of the people who are
present among the target population. They contribute to research study.
3. Determination of sampling size. It is a number of individuals who are present from the
sampling frame. These individuals will thereby participate in primary data collection process.
The following elements must be considered while determining the sample size:
a) The rate of the sampling error may be decreased by the way of increasing the sample
size.

32EFFECT OF ULEZ ON PRIVATE HIRER DRIVERS IN LONDON
b) The greater sample size requires in a survey-based study more than an experimental
study.
c) Big sample size must be provisioned with regards to mailed questionnaires. This is
because percentage with regards to responses might be very low. It can be 20 to 30 per cent low.
d) One of the important factors for determining sample size includes the subject
availability as well as cost factors.
Selection of sampling method means the particular methods by which people for
interview are selected and they are going to participate in the study. The next step is to apply the
method which is thereby chosen in practice.
Sampling methods can be classified into two parts. They are:
1. Probability
2. Non-probability.
In the case of probability sampling, each and every member of the population has a
chance to participate in the study (Agresti 2018). The probability sampling method includes
simple, multistage, stratified systematic as well as cluster sampling methods.
In the case of non-probability sampling method, the sampling members of the group are
selected in a non-random way. Therefore each and every population member does not have the
chance to participate in the study. The Non-probability sampling method includes purposive,
quota, snowball as well as convenience sampling methods. (Valerio et al 2016).

33EFFECT OF ULEZ ON PRIVATE HIRER DRIVERS IN LONDON
3.7 Data Analysis
Data analysis can be divided into two parts. They are as follows:
 Qualitative Data Analysis
 Quantitative Data Analysis
In the case of qualitative researches analysis, interviews, experiments, focus groups are
used. Here data analysis will be involving identifying of the common patterns during the
responses as well as critically analyzing the responses in an order for achieving the aims and
objectives of the study.
Data analysis with regards to quantitative studies, involve the critical analysis as well as
interpretation of the figures along with the numbers, for making attempts for finding rationale
behind emergence of the main findings.
Comparisons with regards to the primary research findings and to the literature review
findings are critically important with respect of both the types of studies that is qualitative data
analysis and quantitative data analysis. Data analysis method in which there is an absence of
primary data collection, can thereby involve the discussing patterns which are in common along
with controversies which are present within the secondary data can directly be related to the
research area (Agresti 2018). In this research, primary method of data analysis is being
employed. The primary data collected in such interview are relevant and very much original as
they are the raw data collected by the researched. The methods used to collect the primary data
can be in the form of interviews, telephone surveys, direct observations and others. Here
interview is being conducted among the common people of the city to collect the primary data
for this particular research.

34EFFECT OF ULEZ ON PRIVATE HIRER DRIVERS IN LONDON
Interview can be expressed as a research method by which intensive questioning of small
number of persons called respondent is done to find out their opinion or perspective on a
particular matter, idea or situation (Agresti 2018). There are mainly three types of interviews;
structured, unstructured and semi structured.
Structured interviews comprises of a set of pre decided questions that all respondents or
the interviewees answer in a particular order. here data analysis is done in a very straightforward
manner.
Unstructured interviews are the least dependable from the point of view of research as in
this type, no questions are prepared before hand and data collection is done in an informal way. it
is associated with very high level of bias and comparing answers provided by various
respondents are very difficult because of the differences in the question formulation.
The semi structured interviews consists of both structured and unstructured interviews. In
this category, the interviewer makes a set of questions that are to be given to all the interviewees
who are asked similar questions. However additional questions can be asked to clear or elaborate
certain matters if there lies any confusion or ambiguity.
3.8 Ethical Consideration
Ethical Considerations are defined as the most important part of the study. Dissertations
can be even cancelled on the failure of ethical consideration or if this particular part is missing.
It is stated by Bryman and Bell that the following points represent most important
principles with regards to the ethical considerations in a particular dissertation.
1. The participants who are involved in the research study must not be subjected to any harm.

35EFFECT OF ULEZ ON PRIVATE HIRER DRIVERS IN LONDON
2. Respect and dignity of participants who are involved in the research study must be prioritised.
3. Prior to the study full free consent of participants who will be involved in the study must be
obtained.
4. Protection of privacy with regards to participants who are involved in the study must be
ensured beforehand.
5. Adequate level with regards to the confidentiality of the particular research data must be
ensured.
6. Anonymity of the individuals as well as the organizations those who are participating in the
study must be ensured.
7. Any deception or exaggeration with regards to the aims as well as the objectives of the study
should be avoided.
8. Affiliations with respect of any forms or with regards to any sources of funding, along with
any possible conflicts with regards to the interests must be declared.
9. Any kind of communication with regards to the research study must be done in an honest
manner along with enough transparency.
10. Any kind of misleading information, with regards to the representation of the primary data
findings which are done in the biased should be avoided.
For addressing the ethical considerations of the dissertation in the effective way the
following points must be discussed (Armstrong et al 2017):

36EFFECT OF ULEZ ON PRIVATE HIRER DRIVERS IN LONDON
1. The voluntary participation of the respondents in study is important. Participants have the
rights to withdraw from research any time.
2. Respondents must participate by informed consent. Informed consent means providing
sufficient information about taking part in the study according to their free will.
3. In formulation of Questionnaire or Interview or Focus group questions offensive,
discriminating or discriminatory languages must not be used.
4. Privacy is of paramount importance.
5. Acknowledgement of the works of the other authors used the dissertation must be stated in
Harvard or APA or Vancouver referencing system.
6. The paper must be objective.
7. Study must be according to Data Protection Act1998 (Armstrong et al 2017).
3.9 Summary
Thus in this chapter, it can be summarized that appropriate tools of methodology is being
chosen by the researcher to carry out the research. The use of the above mentioned methods have
been justified as it has given the researcher the chance and option to determine and realize the
effect of the implementation of ULEZ on the hirer drivers. Due to this, the researcher was
successful in achieving the aims and objectives of the research, thereby identifying and
understanding the probable impact of ULEZ on air pollution and whether its implementation
would actually lead to any positive change in the air pollution scenario of the city.

37EFFECT OF ULEZ ON PRIVATE HIRER DRIVERS IN LONDON

38EFFECT OF ULEZ ON PRIVATE HIRER DRIVERS IN LONDON
Chapter 4: Results
4.1 Graphs
50%
30%
20%
Age
18-35
36-45
46-54
55 and above
40%
60%
Gender
Male
Female

39EFFECT OF ULEZ ON PRIVATE HIRER DRIVERS IN LONDON
60%
40%
Car Type
Diesel
Petrol
70%
30%
Support TFL law
yes
No

40EFFECT OF ULEZ ON PRIVATE HIRER DRIVERS IN LONDON
70%
30%
Awareness of daily emission charges
Yes
No
70%
30%
Affordability
Yes
No

41EFFECT OF ULEZ ON PRIVATE HIRER DRIVERS IN LONDON
4.2 Qualitative data
Questions Comments
Do you drive in Central London? “ Yes, most of the times I do drive to central
London”
“ Occasionally I drive to central London”
“ I drive almost every day to central London”
“ Yes, I work in central London so I have to”
“ I do not drive to central London”
“ I do not”
“ I do drive to central London as I work there”
“ I do not “
“ I do drive very frequently to central London”
“I do not”
“ I do not”
Are you aware of the new law of TFL the Ultra
Law Emission Zone?
“ Yes, I am aware of ULEZ and it will make a
huge difference for reducing carbon emission”
“ Yes, I am aware of ULEZ and the regulations
that will be implemented from April 8th”
“Yes, I am aware of ULEZ as I travel most of the
times to Central London.”
“ Yes, I am aware of it but it won’t affect me as I
hardly travel to central London”
“Yes, I know that the rule is being applicable from
8th April and the fine amount that needs to be
paid.”
“ No, I am not aware”
“No, I am not”
“ Yes I am aware and I am ready to pay the
charges”
“ No I am aware”
Do you think you will be affected by this new
law? Explain why
“Yes, I will be affected because is Euro 4 based
model and I will have to change my car before
time. I thought of using it more atleast 1 more

42EFFECT OF ULEZ ON PRIVATE HIRER DRIVERS IN LONDON
year. “
“No, I won’t be affected much as I have a Euro 6
Diesel vehicle and I am currently using a vehicle
that is clean.”
“ No, I will not be affected cause I am using the
latest cars have very low emission rate”
“Yes, I will be highly affected as I will have to
change my car model and I don’t have the
financial capability of purchasing a new car new
at this moment. I have no choices but to pay the
charges.”
“ No, I won’t be affected as I use a Euro 6 model”
“Yes, I will be affected by ULEZ and I have made
a decision of purchasing a new car. However, I
did not have the plan to do so at this moment but
as per the circumstance I have to change”
“ No, I will not be affected cause I am using the
latest cars have very low emission rate”
“ No, I will not be affected cause I am using the
latest cars have very low emission rate”
“ No, I will not be affected cause I am using the
latest cars have very low emission rate”
“ No, I will not be affected cause I am using the
latest cars have very low emission rate”
Do you think that this will increase the
transport cost and why?
“ This will definitely increase the cost of
transportation for me as I will have to pay charges
every day for travelling to work”
“Yes, it will. I cannot afford to change my car
right now so I will have to pay whenever I travel
and I travel quite frequently.”
“No, it won’t for me as I am using a Euro 6
model.”
“It definitely will increase the cost of transport as
majority of the people travelling to central London

43EFFECT OF ULEZ ON PRIVATE HIRER DRIVERS IN LONDON
will have to pay as their cars will not meet the
standard regulations.”
“No, it won’t affect that much as majority won’t
travel to central London frequently.”
“Yes, it will not have any major implication for
me but in general the transport cost will increase.”
“Yes it will increase the cost of transportation for
many people who still use Euro 4 and 5 vehicles.”
“Yes, it will increase the transportation cost as I
will have to pay charges each time I travel to
central London.”
“Yes it increase the transportation cost in general
but I will not be affected as I use a Euro 6
vehicle.”
“Yes, It will have major implications for the
people travelling to central London on a daily
basis and transportation cost will increase
significantly.”
Do you think daily charges will decrease
pollution in central London?
“Yes, it will reduce the charges significantly as
drivers will use have to abide the regulations.”
“No, it will not have much effect as drivers will
use their older models as long as possible.”
“No, until and unless, the ULEZ zone is expanded
all over London, it won’t have significant impact
on greenhouse emission.”
“Yes, it will reduce the carbon emission
effectively as they will be forced to use new
models.”
“Yes it will reduce the greenhouse emission.”
“Transport sector contributes to majority of the
greenhouse emission and this measure may seem
drastic but will decrease carbon emission.”
“This regulation will only put monetary pressure
on the drivers and population in London but I

44EFFECT OF ULEZ ON PRIVATE HIRER DRIVERS IN LONDON
hardly doubt that it will have any significant to the
pollution in London.”
“Yes it will reduce the greenhouse emission.”
“I expect that we will witness reduction in
greenhouse gas emission.”
“It is bound to decrease as the government has
forced everyone to use cleaner cars.”
Do you think by paying T charges, London will
be improved?
“Yes, it will improve the air quality in London.”
“No, it will not. It will increase the burden of
general population.”
“Yes it will as the number of outdated cars will be
reduced significantly.”
“Yes, it will improve the air quality in London.”
No, it will not. It will increase the burden of
general population.”
“Yes it will as the number of outdated cars will be
reduced significantly.”
No, it will not. It will increase the burden of
general population.”
“T charges will reduce the number of vehicles
purchased before 2006 so carbon emission will
decrease when general population starts using
latest cars.”
“It will reduce the number of older models so I
expect that it will reduce the greenhouse
emission.”
“Yes, it will because as the zone expands, more
and more drivers will be forced to change their
vehicles to newer models.”
Do you think that could be an alternative
measure to enhance air quality in Central
London?
“Nope, It has been used but as along as the people
are not conscious enough nothing will be
changed.”
“It is being used to reduce the population and
control emission but we already know that the

45EFFECT OF ULEZ ON PRIVATE HIRER DRIVERS IN LONDON
transport industry contribute to the maximum air
pollution.”
“It has not and it won’t as transport industry has
not changed much and still contributes to 26% air
pollutant emission in UK.”
“It could be used but I have my doubts.”
“It will not make much difference so point
considering it as an alternate strategy.”
“It will contribute to the emission control but
cannot be considered as an alternate strategy.”
“I don’t think it’s been there for a long time and it
has not made any difference.”
“Nope, I has not and wont either. Otherwise, the
mayor would not have implemented the ULEZ
norm.”
“Transportation industry in UK has not
contributed to the sustainability of the
environment and society which shows the
inability of the T charge to control emission.”
“It will not make much difference so point
considering it as an alternate strategy.”

46EFFECT OF ULEZ ON PRIVATE HIRER DRIVERS IN LONDON
Chapter 5: Discussion and Data Analysis
5.1 Interview
1. What is your age category?
It has been identified that almost 5 respondents out of 10 have mentioned that they
belong to the age group between 18 to 35 years, while almost 3 respondents out of 10
have mentioned that they belong to the age group 36 years to 45 years and 2 respondents
out of 10 have mentioned about they belong to age 55 and above. This data fact
indicatesthat a large percentage of the consumers have belong to an age group which is
effective for the target population of business and marketers. This means marketers can
target this age group for their own business strategies. One of the drivers have mentioned
the fact that changes in the law is often a big challenge for the private hirer drivers in
London, as the market requirement is for drivers’ vehicles are rapidly changing. The city
of London had seen a number of schemes in order to check the air pollution of the city
thereby improving the health conditions of the people. Drivers or the consumers belong
to the stated age category feels the differences.
2. What is your gender?
In the interview, it was found that almost 6 individuals have mentioned that they are
female, while almost 4 individuals have mentioned that they are male. According to the
data facts, drivers of private vehicles in London are female and their percentage is rapidly
increasing, laws regarding the ultra-low emission rate is highly required. Nonetheless, the
air pollution is significant concern in London and changes in the application should be
applicable to all categories of drivers in London. One of the respondents in the interview

47EFFECT OF ULEZ ON PRIVATE HIRER DRIVERS IN LONDON
has stated the fact that major focus of the application should be about the low or limited
use of ultra-low emission rate. It can be added that regulatory framework should cover all
sort of citizens living in London and their health concerns. In the review, it was found
that the city is suffering tremendously from very high illegal air pollution levels since the
year of 2010, with a very high level of Nitrogen dioxide in particular. Therefore, the
regulation should take care of these norms when applying the law to the context.
3. Do you drive in Central London?
Almost 6 individuals out of 10 have mentioned that the fact that they drive in central
London regions, while 4 drivers out of 10 have stated the fact that they do not drive in the
central London. If the data is compared to the rate or percentage of people who drive in
central London it can be observed that it can be stated that number of vehicle in the
central London is relatively high compared to other large cities of UK. Thus, one of the
respondents in the interview has stated the fact that as the number of drivers in UK is
relatively high, it can be stated that the rate of ultra-low emission rate could be high in the
stated regions. In the review, it was found that larger vehicles have to pay 100 pound to
enter into ULEZ. Drivers of vans, motorbikes and cars who cannot pay ULEZ charge
within time will be liable to pay fine of 160 dollar, however will be reduced to pay 80
dollars if paid within 14 day. Thus, such strong implementation of the law would make a
difference to limit the rate of pollution.
4. Do you own a diesel or a patrol car?
In the interview, out of 4 respondents out of 10 have mentioned that they own petrol car,
while 6 respondents have mentioned that they own diesel car. On the basis of this car, it
can be mentioned that the number of diesel vehicle in London is relatively high. In the

48EFFECT OF ULEZ ON PRIVATE HIRER DRIVERS IN LONDON
interview, one of the respondents have mentioned the fact that both petrol and diesel have
the same rate of air pollution and the level of ultra-low emission is a challenge to the
maintenance. However, one of the respondents have mentioned the fact that stiff
implementation of the new law of ultra-low emission zone could discourage many
drivers. Consequently, many private vehicle owners cannot go against the laws and this
might affect their usual habits of using the private vehicles.
5. Are you aware of the new law of TFL the Ultra Law Emission Zone?
As per the data provided in the interview, helps to observe the fact that almost 7
respondents out of 10 have mentioned that they are quite aware of ULEZ, while 3
respondents out 10 have no clue about the application of new regulatory norms. In the
interview, one of the respondents have added the fact that it is certain that apart from the
application of the regulatory framework, people, vehicle owners in Central London
should be aware of the rate of ultra-low emission. According to the respondents, unless
the public is aware of such initiative, hardly a change can be made to the context.
Respondents have also added the fact that if the drivers are not aware or they do not
follow the same, adequate penalty needs to be imposed upon them. For example, in the
literature review, it was found that larger vehicles have to pay 100 pound to enter into
ULEZ. Drivers of vans, motorbikes and cars who cannot pay ULEZ charge within time
will be liable to pay fine of 160 dollar, however will be reduced to pay 80 dollars if paid
within 14 days.
6. Is your car EURO 4 (Petrol) or Euro 6 diesel?
According to the findings of the interview data, it can be mentioned that almost 6
individual out of 50 have mentioned that they own Euro 4, while 4 individuals out of 10

49EFFECT OF ULEZ ON PRIVATE HIRER DRIVERS IN LONDON
have mentioned that they hold Euro 6. In the review of existing papers, it was studied that
EURO 4 is comparatively older than the next version of Euro which is Euro 6. According
to the interview data provided by the respondents who are owning Euro 6 have the
perspectives that Euro 6 causes less pollution. In the literature review, it was also studied
that older vehicles that drive in central London are required to meet minimum Euro
emission standards else they will be liable to pay the T charge on the existing congestion
charge, making the cost up to 21.50 pound.
7. Do you think you will be affected by this new law? Explain why
One of the respondent in the interview has mentioned the fact that most he will be
affected by the new law of ultra-emission and the respondent has also stated that fact that
the drivers or the individuals holding Euro 4 is mostlikely to be affected because
according to the regulatory framework, If a certain vehicle does not comply with the
ULEZ standards, the driver has to pay a daily charge to travel within the area. This
standard is based on European emission standards. So, drivers who do not comply with
the standards are most likely to be penalized.
8. Are you aware of the daily emission charges?
In the interview, almost 7 individuals have mentioned that they are highly aware of the daily
emission charges, while 3 individuals have mentioned that they are not aware of the norms or
the charges. However, before implementing the regulatory framework, the government of the
nation should disclose and make it public for drivers and vehicle owners about the charges of
emission. Acceding to the respondents, this initiative will help to enhance awareness among
public, so that the rate of emission can be prevented. In the review, it was found one will

50EFFECT OF ULEZ ON PRIVATE HIRER DRIVERS IN LONDON
have to pay the ULEZ charge if he owns and rides a car or van which is pre-Euro 6 diesel
manufactured before September of 2015 or a pre-Euro 4 petrol made after 2005 (London City
Hall, 2019).
9. Do you think that this will increase the transport cost and why?
Almost 8 respondents out of 10 have mentioned the fact that application of law on ultra-low
emission is most likely to enhance the cost of transport, while only 2 respondents out of 10
disagree to the fact. Once the regulation is implemented, the vehicle owners are most likely
to be financially affected because people using Euro 4 is supposed to disregard the personal
vehicle. In literature review, it was found that imposition of the ULEZ in London will
automatically increase the transport charge of the vehicles on which the ULEZ charges are
applicable. The drivers are likely to reimburse the penalty charges from the riders or users of
those vehicles.
10. Do you think daily charges will decrease pollution in central London?
A large percentage of respondents in the interview have stated the fact that when the penalty
against the imposition of law will be charged, drivers will certainly aloud the activities that are
not mentionedin the norms. As the degree of penalty is relatively high, it is certain that drivers
are most likely to comply with the norms such as avoiding the model that pollute the
environment at greater extent, as penalty is not an easy or suitable option for the drivers in
Central London. In the literature, it was learnt that Residents living with Congestion Charging
Zone and those who are registered for a Congestion Charge discount will be allowed a 100%
discount on ULEZ charge till 24th October 2021. After this date, residents with a non-complying
vehicle will need to pay the ULEZ charge daily.

51EFFECT OF ULEZ ON PRIVATE HIRER DRIVERS IN LONDON
11. Do you support the TFL law?
Most of the respondents in the interview has mentioned the fact that almost they support
Transport for London as this regulation provides a large security for the vehicle operation in
London. As the purpose of limit ultra-emission this regulation could help to supervise the
level of pollution in the nation. Moreover, in the literature review, it was also found that
Transport for London (TFL) has installed around 1000 cameras already in the zone of
congestion charge. However, the expanded ULEZ will be about 18 times bigger in area than
the previous type.
12. Do you think by paying T charges, London will be improved?
Almost 7 respondents out of 10 has mentioned the fact that t charges is an effective
initiative for enhancing the quality of air across the nation. In the existing papers, it was
found that T charges was imposed to improve air quality in the capital city of UK and it is
applied to diesel and petrol vehicles, whose registration was done before 2006. Thus, the
collection of primary data states the similar fact that Toxicity charge does a number of
things for the contribution of transport such as creates awareness among the users or
drivers that air control should be stopped.
13. Can you afford pay T charges every day?
Almost 7 respondent out of 10 have mentioned that they are able to provide the T charges
when necessary for the convenience of transportation and the concern of air quality. Such
positive responses indicate the fact that the rate of pollution might decrease in the city of
London. Findings of existing papers indicate the fact that Older vehicles that drive in central

52EFFECT OF ULEZ ON PRIVATE HIRER DRIVERS IN LONDON
London are required to meet minimum Euro emission standards else they will be liable to
pay the T charge on the existing congestion charge, making the cost up to 21.50 pound.
21. Do you think that could be an alternative measure to enhance air quality in Central
London?
Almost 6 respondents out of 10 has mentioned that the policy of T charges is no longer
working and it provide no effective return to the transportation in the present days. According to
the respondents, changing environment in UK is creating a more stringer impact on the auto-
mobile sector and consequently, as per the new norms of ultra-emission law, T charge might not
generate a positive impact on transportation. So, the chance of air-quality improvement with the
implementation of T charge is very less.
5.2 Summary
From the above interview, it can be summarized that the people of Central London is
looking for a positive change through the implementation of the ULEZ. They are well aware of
the negative impacts of air pollution on their lives. Though the private hirer group section is
apprehensive about effect of the imposition of the additional charges on them, they will also be
convinced in long run as they will be benefitted if the air pollution in the city becomes negligible
or nil in future.

53EFFECT OF ULEZ ON PRIVATE HIRER DRIVERS IN LONDON
Chapter 5: Conclusion and Recommendation
6.0 Conclusion
In this research, it can be concluded that the air pollution in UK has become a serious
problem in the capital city of London. The growth and development of any country depends on
its people who are the backbones of the nation. Air pollution not only affects the environment
and atmosphere but also has tremendous ill effects on the lives of the people residing in it.
Automobile exhausts contribute largely to the air pollution. The older the vehicle is, more
harmful is its emission. In addition to this, older automobiles are also liable for excessive
emission. As a result, the city with more number of old outdated vehicles will automatically
result in more pollution. London is not an exception to this. The positive impacts that have
resulted from ULEZ are summarized as follows:
6.1 Positive Impact:
6.1.1 Environment:
From this research, it is revealed that the implementation of ULEZ would definitely bring
positive impacts on health issues related to air pollution and would be successful to improve the
air quality of the city limiting the interconnected health problems. Clean air will make people
lead better lifestyle and maintain good health. This is evident from the analysis which shows that
the implementation of the new law will reduce the amount of NO2 in the atmosphere, thereby
reducing the scope of NO2 born diseases. In addition to this, ULEZ would also cause direct
decrease of emission of CO2 through increased use of the low or zero emission vehicles and
greater compliance with more strict EURO fuel standards. Indirect reductions of CO2 through
greater use of other types of transport like public or non- motorized transport.

54EFFECT OF ULEZ ON PRIVATE HIRER DRIVERS IN LONDON
Moreover, by the introduction of the hybrid buses as a result of ULEZ, can offer decrease
in noise levels as compared to conventional petroleum based engines. ULEZ also has a positive
impact on the diversified habitats and nature conservation sites like woodland, grassland, health
land and wetland habitats of London.
Another important positive impact of ULEZ is seen in cultural heritage features in
London by the decrease in the NOx emissions. This NOx emission is highly responsible for
causing acid rain and reduction in PM10. All these have negative impacts on soiling and
discoloration of historic buildings. Thus the historical sites will be saved from the ill effects of
acid rain.
6.1.2 Health and wellbeing:
Improved quality of air means London to be a better and more pleasant place to live,
work and visit, encouraging people to stay there and outsiders to visit the country more
frequently. It would further encourage people for better well being by applying increased use of
public transport, walking and cycling as alternate methods of travel.
6.1.3 Positive Impact on people:
The ULEZ would also have a positive impact on the health of old people, children,
teenagers, pregnant women, sick people who are more affected by the high levels of CO2, NOx in
the air. Due to their delicate age and health conditions, they are more susceptible to diseases
caused by increase of these harmful gases in the air.
6.1.4 Economic:
Better health condition means less expenditure in health issues. Hence, the ULEZ is
expected to have indirect effect on the economy of the city. When the number of people falling

55EFFECT OF ULEZ ON PRIVATE HIRER DRIVERS IN LONDON
ill becomes less, the government has to invest less in the health sector, as a result of which, the
city government has opportunities to invest in other fields.
6.2 Negative impact:
As discussed above, besides the positive effect, this ULEZ project is supposed to have
some negative impacts too. These are discussed below.
6.2.1 Private Vehicles Drivers:
The drivers of the private vehicles will be mostly affected by the implementation of the
ULEZ as they are liable to pay the extra charge daily for riding older vehicles. They will either
have to bear the charges or buy new models of automobiles that are in compliance with the
present standards. In both the conditions, they are going to be affected negatively. They will be
financially at loss. The Government must consider these aspects and provide suitable support to
them to recover in this situation.
6.2.2 Environment
The most probable of the ULEZ is the high demand of the Low or Zero emission vehicles
in compliance with the present standard. As a result of this, environment will be affected as the
material inputs will be needed to manufacture the new models. Moreover, the waste materials
that are produced from the disposal of the existing automobiles will also account for e-waste of
the environment.
Introduction of low or zero emission vehicles and electric vehicles will also have
negative effect on the environment as the demand for electricity together with electric charging
facilities and other accompanying infrastructure in the city. ULEZ may also introduce the use of

56EFFECT OF ULEZ ON PRIVATE HIRER DRIVERS IN LONDON
hydrogen vehicles, for this also proper infrastructure is required. Before installing these new
infrastructures, an adequate study of the landscape and streetscape is needed.
6.2.3 Population and Equality:
Previously the female night shift workers could easily board the private hirer vehicles for
returning back home. Presently, they will either have to pay extra charge for the non ULEZ
compliant vehicle or board new ULEZ compliant vehicles which are less in number in the city.
They may not be able to afford extra charge of the first category of vehicles mentioned above.
School children belonging to low income group parents will also have to bear the extra
cost of the vehicles. Handicapped persons may find difficulties in looking for alternate mode of
vehicles to central London. Due to the decrease in the number of vehicles, there will be problem
in commuting inside the city. Older taxi drivers may opt to retire early instead of up[grading to a
new ULEZ compliant vehicle.
6.2.4 Economy
ULEZ would result into economic cost to be felt by SMEs in addition to the tourism
category as a result of the financial implications for the coach operators. Proper mitigating
factors must be recognized and considered so as to minimize these effects.
6.3 Recommendations for betterment:
The following factors can be considered that can result in the enhancement of the benefits
of the ULEZ. Proper investigation can be made for the potential expansion of ULEZ by raising
the present standards of ULEZ in the future, that is, after 2025. This could result into more
improvement of air quality. Moreover, better investigation and research must be done to utilize
the scrap materials out of the discarded vehicles that do not meet the present criteria. In respect

57EFFECT OF ULEZ ON PRIVATE HIRER DRIVERS IN LONDON
of the TfL vehicles, the existing facilities must be used like recovering the expensive metals like
cobalt, copper, batteries among others. Moreover, the Government must look into methods for
giving financial securities to the old model car owners to replace their old outdated vehicles and
buy new compliant models.

58EFFECT OF ULEZ ON PRIVATE HIRER DRIVERS IN LONDON
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