Effect of ULEZ on Private Hirer Drivers in London

Running head: EFFECT OF ULEZ ON PRIVATE HIRER DRIVERS IN LONDON
EFFECT OF ULEZ ON PRIVATE HIRER DRIVERS IN LONDON
Name of the Student
Name of the University
Author Note

1EFFECT OF ULEZ ON PRIVATE HIRER DRIVERS IN LONDON
Acknowledgement
I am grateful to everyone who has helped me and encouraged me throughout this study. I would
like to express my heartiest appreciation to my supervisor ......................... without whose
guidance, support and patience the dissertation would not be successful. My deepest thanks to all
members of the ... [Mention your university/college name], both staff and students, whose
continuous and persistent support and guidance have made this study possible.
I would like to thank all the participants who have taken part in the study: students, teachers,
common people and Local Education Authorities, for their valuable time and effort given
throughout. Without their active involvement, this thesis would have been impossible. In this
regard, I must thank all of them, whose previously executed research work has helped me to
carry out this paper well.
Finally, I acknowledge my family and almighty God, for whom I was able to begin and complete
this study. You are always there for me whenever I need you; thank you.

2EFFECT OF ULEZ ON PRIVATE HIRER DRIVERS IN LONDON
Abstract
This dissertation study examines the effect of the implementation of ULEZ in central
London on the private hirer drivers. It is well known that air pollution in London has increased at
an alarming rate in the last few years, as a result of which the entire population is suffering
tremendously for it. They are suffering from serious lung diseases, COPD, inhalation problem,
asthma among others. Though previously Government has tried several ways to control it
making various rules and imposing various charges, but ultimately it was not successful. This
implementation of ULEZ is a new plan of the Mayor of London to fight with air pollution. This
ULEZ implementation allows imposing additional daily charges on the drivers of old vehicles
that mainly contribute to the air pollution of the city, indirectly forcing them to switch to new
vehicles having better emission standard.
The researcher in this project throws light on determining and discussing the effect of
such ULEZ implementation on the private hirer drivers of the city whose vehicles do not meet
the current vehicle emission standard. Beside this, through the research, it is also tried to be
achieved the effect of ULEZ on controlling air pollution. The researcher on this project tried to
find out these objectives by using primary data collection method by which researcher has been
able to interview people and gather information from them. Thus based on the results of
interview of the common people, the researcher tries to shed light on the approach of the people
to this new implementation of law by the TfL.
From the data collection method, it can be concluded that the implementation of ULEZ
has positive outcome on controlling air pollution as majority of the people is ready to welcome
and accept it for the sake of better health and better future.

3EFFECT OF ULEZ ON PRIVATE HIRER DRIVERS IN LONDON
Table of Contents
Chapter 1: Introduction....................................................................................................................7
1.0 Overview................................................................................................................................7
1.1 Problem Statement.................................................................................................................7
1.2 Research Aim.........................................................................................................................8
1.3 Research objectives...............................................................................................................8
1.4 Research Questions................................................................................................................9
1.5 Rationale of the Research......................................................................................................9
1.6 Structure of Research...........................................................................................................11
1.7 Summary..............................................................................................................................12
Chapter 2: Literature review..........................................................................................................13
2.1 Overview..............................................................................................................................13
2.2 Background of the implementation of ULEZ in London:...................................................13
2.3 Air Pollution in London before ULEZ:...............................................................................14
2.4 ULEZ: About.......................................................................................................................17
2.4.1 Implementation of ULEZ in London:...........................................................................17
2.4.2 The Concept of ULEZ:.................................................................................................18
2.4.3 The ULEZ Standards for EURO 4 and EURO 6:.........................................................18
2.4.4 The Daily Charges:.......................................................................................................20
2.4.5 Increase of Transport Cost:...........................................................................................21

4EFFECT OF ULEZ ON PRIVATE HIRER DRIVERS IN LONDON
2.4.5 Provisions of discount or exemption in ULEZ:............................................................21
2.4.6 Procedure of Implementation Practically:....................................................................22
2.5.7 Effect of New law of ULEZ:............................................................................................22
2.5.7.1 Lesser Traffic:............................................................................................................22
2.5.7.2 Decrease in Pollution:................................................................................................23
2.6 Effect of T-charge on air quality:........................................................................................25
2.7 Future Research:..................................................................................................................26
2.8 Summary:.............................................................................................................................27
Chapter 3: Research Methodology................................................................................................28
3.1 Introduction..............................................................................................................................28
3.2 Research Philosophy................................................................................................................28
3.3 Research Approach..............................................................................................................29
3.4 Research Design..................................................................................................................30
3.5 Data Collection Methods.....................................................................................................30
3.6 Sampling Methods...............................................................................................................31
3.7 Data Analysis.......................................................................................................................32
3.8 Ethical Consideration...........................................................................................................34
3.9 Summary..............................................................................................................................36
Chapter 4: Results..........................................................................................................................37
4.1 Graphs..................................................................................................................................37

5EFFECT OF ULEZ ON PRIVATE HIRER DRIVERS IN LONDON
4.2 Qualitative data....................................................................................................................40
Chapter 5: Discussion and Data Analysis......................................................................................45
5.1 Interview..............................................................................................................................45
5.2 Summary..............................................................................................................................51
Chapter 5: Conclusion and Recommendation...............................................................................52
6.0 Conclusion...........................................................................................................................52
6.1 Positive Impact:...................................................................................................................52
6.1.1 Environment:................................................................................................................52
6.1.2 Health and wellbeing:...................................................................................................53
6.1.3 Positive Impact on people:............................................................................................53
6.1.4 Economic:.....................................................................................................................53
6.2 Negative impact:..................................................................................................................54
6.2.1 Private Vehicles Drivers:..............................................................................................54
6.2.2 Environment.................................................................................................................54
6.2.3 Population and Equality:...............................................................................................55
6.2.4 Economy.......................................................................................................................55
6.3 Recommendations for betterment:.......................................................................................55
References......................................................................................................................................57

6EFFECT OF ULEZ ON PRIVATE HIRER DRIVERS IN LONDON
List of Figures
Figure 1: Proposed ULEZ for London 17
Figure 2: ULEZ requirements by vehicle type 19
Figure 3: ULEZ standard for each type of vehicle 20
Figure 4: Air Pollution in London 24
Figure 5: Stations on the Map 24
Figure 6: Air Quality Index 25

7EFFECT OF ULEZ ON PRIVATE HIRER DRIVERS IN LONDON
Chapter 1: Introduction
1.0 Overview
One of the major causes of the global warming in today’s world is air pollution
(D’Amato et al. 2016). Due to the growing consumption of fossil fuels worldwide, the level of
carbon dioxide in the air has increased sharply since 1900, and such rate is accelerating steadily
(Laybourn-Langton, Quilter-Pinner and Ho 2016.). Though many living creatures breathe out
carbon dioxide, this gas is regarded as a pollutant when it is coupled with cars, vehicles, planes,
power plants and other human activities that comprises of burning of those fossil fuels like
gasoline, natural gas among others. Carbon dioxide is the most common greenhouse gases that
hold heat in the atmosphere and result into climate change. Transport is the main source of air
pollution (D’amato et al. 2015). Surface transport accounts for a quarter of the UK emissions of
carbon dioxide which is the major contributor to climate change. Emission from the vehicles
contributes greatly to the air pollution (Zhang et al. 2017). In order to combat this issue by
improving air quality London has employed the Ultra Low Emission Zone (ULEZ). With this,
Transport for London (TFL) plans to reduce the number of polluting cars in the capital city.
1.1 Problem Statement
It was almost 10 years ago in 2008; the first Low Emissions Zone or LEZ was placed in
United Kingdom (Wood et al. 2015.). It was implemented in London and it had impact only on
buses and few commercial vehicles. Passenger cars were not included under the effect of LEZ
(Holman, Harrison and Querol 2015). Poor quality of air was becoming major problem for the
capital city. There was a great need to do something to restrict older and dirtier vehicles that did
not comply with modern regulations. The problem with the old cars and vehicles is that worst